Catalytic alcohols synthesis from CO and H2O on TiO2 catalysts calcined at various temperatures

The reaction performance for CO hydration on a TiO2 catalyst under different calcination temperatures was investigated. Under reaction conditions of T = 573 K, P = 0.5 MPa, CO flow rate of 30 ml min(-1), TOS = 12 h, and CO/H2O (g) = 3/2 (mol), the TiO2 catalyst with a futile content of 18% shows a maximum alcohols STY of 1.81 Mg m(-2) h(-1). In addition, the catalyst deactivation and regeneration were discussed.

Novel activity of TiO2 for catalytic conversion of CO and H2O to alcohols in the presence of K2CO3

In the presence of K2CO3, TiO2 shows good catalytic activity and stability for the alcohols synthesis from CO and H2O. CO conversion of 7.6% and the STY of MeOH (about 24 mg g(-1) h(-1)) and EtOH (about 8 mg g(-1) h(-1)) are obtained under reaction conditions of T = 573 K, P = 0.5 MPa, CO flow rate of 30 ml min(-1) and CO/H2O = 3/2 during the period of 12 h to 44 h time-on-stream.

Up-conversion spectrum properties of the oxy-fluoride glass co-doped with Er3+ and Yb3+

Up-conversion of 45PbF(2)-45GeO(2)-10WO(3) oxy-fluoride glasses co-doped with Yb3+ and Er3+ ions were prepared by fusion method through melting at 1223 K and then annealing at 653 K for 4 h. Transmittance of the undoped host glass was beyond 73% in a range of 0.6-2.5 mu m and the co-doped glasses still provided good transmittance beyond 50%. Refractive indices of the host and co-doped glasses were 1.517 and 1.650, respectively. Blue, green and red fluorescence spectra were observed in a range of 400-700 nm under 980 nm diode laser excitation. Up-conversion spectra at about 410, 518, 530and 650 nm were assigned to the 4f electron transitions of H-2(9/2) -> I-4(15)/(2), H-2(15/2) -> I-4(15/2) S-4(3/2) -> I-4(15/2) and F-4(9/2) -> I-4(15/2) of Er3+ ion, respectively. The mechanism of energy transfer between Yb3+ and Er3+ ions in the glass was analyzed. Raman shift shows the non-radiative relaxation of the glass sample is low.

Structure and properties of the ordered double perovskites Sr2MWO6 (M = Co, Ni) by sol-gel route

The single-phase double perovskites Sr2MWO6 (M=Co, Ni) were prepared by sol-gel method. Crystal Structure, magnetic properties and the morphology of Sr2CoWO6 and Sr2NiWO6 were investigated. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis shows single phase structure for Sr2MWO6 (M=Co, Ni) without any traces of impurities and the crystal structure of all the samples belongs to the tetragonal I4/m space group. SEM image for Sr2MWO6 (M=Co, Ni) indicate that the grains are homogeneous and connect each other very well. The Neel temperature for Sr2CoWO6 and Sr2NiWO6 are 23 K and 59 K, respectively. Magnetic measurements showed that the magnetic moment in these double perovskites originates mainly from the interactions between Ni ions and Co ions.

Catalytic reduction of NO, by CO on hydrotalcites-derived mixed oxides CoAlM and MgAlM (M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu)

Two series of mixed oxides, CoAlM and MgAlM (M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu), were prepared by calcining their corresponding hydrotalcite-like compounds (HTLc). The ratio of Mg: Al: M (or Co: Al: hi) was 3:1:1. The catalytic activity of all samples for the reaction of NO + CO was investigated. The results showed that the activity of CoAlM was much higher than that of MgAlM. The structure and the property of redox were characterized by XRD and H-2-TPR. The results indicated that only MgO phase was observed after calcining MgAlM hydrotalcites, and the transition metals became more stable. The spinel-like phase appeared in all of CoAlM samples after the calcination, and the transition metals were changed to be more active, and easily reduced. The activities of three series of mixed oxides CoAlCu obtained from different preparation methods, different ratio of Co:Al: Cu and at different calcination temperatures, were studied in detail for proposing the mechanism of reaction. The ability of adsorption of NO and CO were investigated respectively for supporting the mechanism.

Studies of catalyzed reaction mechanism between co-polyether (THF/EO) and N-100 by NMR - Interaction and complex formation between reactants and catalysts

To elucidate the mechanism of the catalyzed reaction of co-polyether (EO/THF) with N-100, the interaction and complex formation between reactants and catalysts were investigated by means of NMR spectroscopy. It is shown that the resonance peak of isocyanate carbon splits into two parts when the solutions of N-100 and co-polyether were mixed. The disappearing of proton resonance peak of hydroxyl group in NMR spectra when dibutyltin dilaurate(DBTDL) were added to the copolyether(THF/EO) solution indicates the complex formation, This interaction appears to be a bonding of tin to the oxygen of hydroxyl and make the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group very mobile and active, then exchange with other protons, In the case of triphenyl bismuth(TPB), the high field shift and intensity enhancement of proton peak were observed, which suggest a nucleophilic attack of the bismuth to the hydroxyl hydrogen.

High-throughput screening of HZSM-5 supported metal-oxides catalysts for the coupling of methane with CO to benzene and naphthalene

High-throughput screening of HZSM-5 supported metal-oxides catalysts were carried out for the coupling reaction of methane with CO to aromatics in a multi-stream reactor system. Zn/HZSM-5 and Mo/HZSM-5 were observed to be rather effective for the catalytic formation of aromatics from the coupling reaction of methane with CO. Temperature-programmed reaction has further proven the efficiency of the coupling of methane and CO over Zn/HZSM-5 catalyst. The results were also validated in a conventional fixed-bed reactor coupled with GC. The results propose that the coupling methane with CO toward benzene and naphthalene can be catalyzed by Zn/HZSM-5 at 500 ° C. Both methane and CO are needed for the formation of reactive coke on the catalyst, and the reactive coke may be the initial product in the producing of hydrocarbons. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Missionary survey as an aid to intelligent co-operation in foreign missions, by Roland Allen, and Thomas Cochrane.

http://www.archive.org/details/missionarysurvey13360gut

Co-regulation of Gremlin and Notch signalling in diabetic nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy is currently the leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide, and occurs in approximately one third of all diabetic patients. The molecular pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy has not been fully characterized and novel mediators and drivers of the disease are still being described. Previous data from our laboratory has identified the developmentally regulated gene Gremlin as a novel target implicated in diabetic nephropathy in vitro and in vivo. We used bioinformatic analysis to examine whether Gremlin gene sequence and structure could be used to identify other genes implicated in diabetic nephropathy. The Notch ligand Jagged1 and its downstream effector, hairy enhancer of split-1 (Hes1), were identified as genes with significant similarity to Gremlin in terms of promoter structure and predicted microRNA binding elements. This led us to discover that transforming growth factor-beta (TGFß1), a primary driver of cellular changes in the kidney during nephropathy, increased Gremlin, Jagged1 and Hes1 expression in human kidney epithelial cells. Elevated levels of Gremlin, Jagged1 and Hes1 were also detected in extracts from renal biopsies from diabetic nephropathy patients, but not in control living donors. In situ hybridization identified specific upregulation and co-expression of Gremlin, Jagged1 and Hes1 in the same tubuli of kidneys from diabetic nephropathy patients, but not controls. Finally, Notch pathway gene clustering showed that samples from diabetic nephropathy patients grouped together, distinct from both control living donors and patients with minimal change disease. Together, these data suggest that Notch pathway gene expression is elevated in diabetic nephropathy, co-incident with Gremlin, and may contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease.

Understanding the Effects of Ionicity in Salts, Solvates, Co-Crystals, Ionic Co-Crystals, and Ionic Liquids, Rather than Nomenclature, Is Critical to Understanding Their Behavior

The incorporation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) into multicomponent solid forms (such as salts and co-crystals) or liquid forms (such as ionic liquids (ILs) or deep eutectic mixtures) is important in optimizing the efficacy and delivery of APIs. However, there is a current debate regarding the classification of these multicomponent systems based on their ionicity which could interfere with their consideration in important applications. Multicomponent systems of intermediate ionicity can show a combination of properties, leading to behavior that is neither strictly typical of either purely ionic or purely neutral compounds, nor easily described as intermediate between the two. In this perspective, we attempt to illustrate the problems in classifying multicomponent APIs based on one of two categories by discussing selected literature regarding solid and liquid multicomponent APIs and presenting the crystal structures of some relevant systems as case studies. It is clear that a focus on restrictive nomenclature carries with it the risk that a thorough examination of the physicochemical properties of the compounds will be overlooked.

A matter of time: Phases of customer co-creation community participation and their impact on customer behavior

Despite the growing relevance of co-creating customer communities only little scientific evidence is available on their impact on transactional behavior of participants. Previous research has mostly used self-reported data or distinguished only between during and pre-community phases obtaining mixed results. However, the author proposes that co-creating community activity takes place in five distinguishable phases and changes in transactional behavior are limited to certain phases. Using 33 months of transactional data of a Dutch online auction provider a study was conducted covering all five phases of the community co-creation process from community planning over community set-up, co-development and co-testing to post-launch. The overall results indicate mixed effects of community participation on the different transactional variables during the co-creation process. Community participation had positive effects on auctions listing behavior at the community set-up, co-development and post-launch phases, whereby the number of auctions listed peaked during the community set-up phase. These results suggest that the impact on transactional behavior differs between co-creation phases and different psychological mechanism limited to certain phases might trigger the respective changes.

Julius Caesar

UANL

Phase mixing and phase separation accompanying the catalytic oxidation of CO on Ir{100}

The co-adsorption of CO and O on the unreconstructed (1 x 1) phase of Ir {100} was examined by low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). When CO is adsorbed at 188 K onto the Ir{100} surface precovered with 0.5 ML O, a mixed c(4 x 2)-(2O + CO) overlayer is formed. All CO is oxidised upon heating and desorbs as CO2 in three distinct stages at 230 K, 330 K and 430 K in a 2:1:2 ratio. The excess oxygen left on the surface after all CO has reacted forms an overlayer with a LEED pattern with p(2 x 10) periodicity. This overlayer consists of stripes with a local p(2 x 1)-O arrangement of oxygen atoms separated by stripes of uncovered It. When CO is adsorbed at 300 K onto the surface precovered with 0.5 ML O an apparent (2 x 2) LEED pattern is observed. LEED IV analysis reveals that this pattern is a superposition of diffraction patterns from islands of c(2 x 2)-CO and p(2 x 1)-O structures on the surface. Heating this co-adsorbed overlayer leads to the desorption of CO, in two stages at 330 K and 430 K; the excess CO (0.1 ML) desorbs at 590 K. LEED IV structural analysis of the mixed c(4 x 2) O and CO overlayer shows that both the CO molecules and the O atoms occupy bridge sites. The O atoms show significant lateral displacements of 0.14 angstrom away from the CO molecules; the C-O bond is slightly expanded with respect to the gas phase (1.19 angstrom); the modifications of the Ir substrate with respect to the bulk-terminated surface are very small. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Synthesis, structure and properties of cobalt(II/III) seleno-bisphenolate complexes containing NN bidentate co-ligands: kinetic studies on the reduction of a cobalt(III) complex by ascorbic acid in 80% MeCN-20% water

Two cobalt complexes, [Co(L-Se)(phen)]center dot CH2Cl2 (1) and [Co(L-Se)(N,N-Me(2)en)(CH3COO-)] (2) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, magnetic measurements, i.r. studies etc. Single crystal X- ray studies reveal that in complex (1) cobalt atom is in +2 oxidation state with trigonal bipyramidal geometry, while in complex (2) it is in +3 oxidation state and surrounded octahedrally. The asymmetric unit of complex (2) contains two crystallographically independent discrete molecules. Complex (1) was found to be paramagnetic with mu(eff) = 2.19 BM indicating a low spin cobalt(II) d(7) system, whereas complex (2) is found to be diamagnetic with cobalt(III) in low spin d(6) state. The kinetic studies on the reduction of (2) by ascorbic acid in 80% MeCN-20% H2O (v/v) at 25 degrees C reveal that the reaction proceeds through the rapid formation of inner-sphere adduct, probably by replacing the loosely coordinated AcO- group, followed by electron transfer in a slow step and is supported by a large Q (formation constant) value.