Inovaçao curricular : uma proposta de implementaçao. Innovación curricular : una propuesta de implementación.

El objetivo de este trabajo es abrir paso al análisis de un proyecto de modificación curricular propuesto para el curso de psicología de la Universidad Metodista de Piracicaba (UNIMEP) de Sao Paulo, en 1987. Se centra en primer lugar en la calidad de la enseñanza y en los aspectos sociales, políticos e ideológicos del currículum y su función. Estudia los conceptos de reforma e innovación de la enseñanza desde una perspectiva histórica, con el objetivo de evidenciar la necesidad de un planteamiento cuidadoso que considere las variables ambientales, institucionales y personales cuando se trata de modificar o innovar el currículum. Trata de identificar los aspectos principales de cambio curricular de los cursos de psicología de la UNIMEP. Finalmente presenta tres modelos de procesos de innovación a fin de identificar cuál de ellos se adapta mejor a la propuesta de implementación de la innovación que se pretende y que se aplicará a una experiencia ya iniciada.

Europe.

Se describe brevemente el paisaje, clima, plantas, animales y lugares de interés turístico de Europa. Contiene la estructura y características adecuadas para que los estudiantes aprendan a desarrollar habilidades en la lectura de textos no ficción enseñándoles cómo utilizar la tabla de contenidos, índices, epígrafes, glosario gráficos, mapas y diagramas a fin de garantizar, en el aprendizaje futuro, un uso adecuado de materiales de referencia. Incluye índice y glosario.

The essential guide to lesson planning.

Este recurso ayuda a los profesores a planificar buenas lecciones en el aula, al mostrar cómo el tiempo dedicado a ello puede asegurar unas clases eficaces y productivas. Les proporciona consejos para conseguir un aprendizaje eficiente y un buen comportamiento de los alumnos, a abordar la evaluación del aprendizaje en cada lección y a reflexionar sobre éste, a utilizar los sistemas de recompensa para mantener la motivación de los estudiantes, y, también, a escribir lecciones rápidas y productivas.

Coeducando desde nuestro instituto

Mención honorífica de premios Irene 2006. Contiene un resumen

Las artes plásticas : un elemento facilitador en la reeducación e integración de personas con necesidades educativas especiales.

Estudiar la influencia de las artes plásticas en niños con necesidades educativas especiales (NEE).. Inicialmente se trabaja con un grupo base de dos niños con NEE: Romina de 10 años con Síndrome de Down y José Ricardo de 7 años con dispraxia y camptodactilia. Posteriormente se suman 2 niñas sin NEE, ambas de 10 años. El grupo es coordinado en su trabajo por un licenciado en artes plásticas.. Se parte de una descripción de las características de la camptodactilia, las dispraxias y el síndrome de Down. Se recogen datos descriptivos del contexto y de los significados de los acontecimientos y escenas importantes para los involucrados. Se analizan los datos identificando los temas centrales, codificándolos e interpretándolos.. El trabajo se desarrolla siguiendo dentro del método cualitativo, un diseño de caso único, teniendo en cuenta las características del investigador y las posibilidades de acceso a escenarios de investigación.. Las técnicas empleadas para la recolección de datos fueron las siguientes: 1. observación in situ no intrusiva mediante dispositivos de registro automático (máquina de fotos y filmadora) 2. informes proporcionados por un participante del grupo. 3. notas de campo detalladas 4. documentos adicionales tales como los registros de la producción plástica de los niños y entrevistas en profundidad.. La madre de Romina considera que el trabajo en el taller le ayudó en su integración y educación. La niña se muestra más abierta y participativa. Aprecia en ella un mayor rendimiento escolar. La madre de Ricardo, observa además de las mejoras anteriores, una mejora en la escritura de su hijo. Las madres de las niñas normales consideran que ambas han mejorado su educación y socialización. Han tomado conciencia de que existen niños diferentes que deben ser respetados y aceptados por todo el mundo. Su grado de responsabilidad ha aumentado.. Todos los niños han experimentado cambios positivos. Su madurez y rendimiento escolar han aumentado. Su predisposición para asistir al taller es buena. El taller de arte les hace sentirse felices y les ayuda en su progreso general significativamente. Por tanto el proceso creativo tiene efectos terapéuticos y debería fomentarse más en las escuelas para integrar a niños con NEE.

Explicaciones y representaciones de la violencia de jóvenes escolares brasileños

Resumen basado en el de la publicación.

The intelligibility of different kinds of test material used in speech audiometry

This paper discusses several tests used to measure speech intelligibility and speech discrimination.

Anisotropic refinement of the structure of Thermoascus aurantiacusxylanase I

The isotropic crystallographic model of the structure of xylanase I from Thermoascus aurantiacus (TAXI) has now been refined anisotropically at 1.14 Å resolution to a standard residual of R = 11.1% for all data. TAXI is amongst the five largest proteins deposited in the Protein Data Bank to have been refined with anisotropic displacement parameters (ADPs) at this level of resolution. The anisotropy analysis revealed a more isotropic distribution of anisotropy than usually observed previously. Adding ADPs resulted in high-quality electron-density maps which revealed discrepancies from the previously suggested primary sequences for this enzyme. Side-chain conformational disorder was modelled for 16 residues, including Trp275, a bulky residue at the active site. An unrestrained refinement was consistent with the protonation of the catalytic acid/base glutamate and the deprotonation of the nucleophile glutamate, as required for catalysis. The thermal stability of TAXI is reinterpreted in the light of the new refined model.

Population-Based Multicentric Survey of Hepatitis B Infection and Risk Factor Differences among Three Regions in Brazil

This multicentric population-based study in Brazil is the first national effort to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B (HBV) and risk factors in the capital cities of the Northeast. Central-West, and Federal Districts (2004-2005). Random multistage cluster sampling was used to select persons 13-69 years of age. Markers for HBV were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The HBV genotypes were determined by sequencing hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Multivariate analyses and simple catalytic model were performed. Overall. 7,881 persons were inculded < 70% were not vaccinated. Positivity for HBsAg was less than 1% among non-vaccinated persons and genotypes A, D, and F co-circulated. The incidence of infection increased with age with similar force of infection in all regions. Males and persons having initiated sexual activity were associated with HBV infection in the two settings: healthcare jobs and prior hospitalization were risk factors in the Federal District. Our survey classified these regions as areas with HBV endemicity and highlighted the risk factors differences among the settings.

Multilevel analysis of hepatitis A infection in children and adolescents: a household survey in the Northeast and Central-west regions of Brazil

Background The objectives were to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis A among children and adolescents from the Northeast and Midwest regions and the Federal District of Brazil and to identify individual-, household- and area-levels factors associated with hepatitis A infection. Methods This population-based survey was conducted in 20042005 and covered individuals aged between 5 and 19 years. A stratified multistage cluster sampling technique with probability proportional to size was used to select 1937 individuals aged between 5 and 19 years living in the Federal capital and in the State capitals of 12 states in the study regions. The sample was stratified according to age (59 and 10- to 19-years-old) and capital within each region. Individual- and household-level data were collected by interview at the home of the individual. Variables related to the area were retrieved from census tract data. The outcome was total antibodies to hepatitis A virus detected using commercial EIA. The age distribution of the susceptible population was estimated using a simple catalytic model. The associations between HAV infection and independent variables were assessed using the odds ratio and corrected for the random design effect and sampling weight. Multilevel analysis was performed by GLLAMM using Stata 9.2. Results The prevalence of hepatitis A infection in the 59 and 1019 age-group was 41.5 and 57.4, respectively for the Northeast, 32.3 and 56.0, respectively for the Midwest and 33.8 and 65.1 for the Federal District. A trend for the prevalence of HAV infection to increase according to age was detected in all sites. By the age of 5, 31.5 of the children had already been infected with HAV in the Northeast region compared with 20.0 in the other sites. By the age of 19 years, seropositivity was 70 in all areas. The curves of susceptible populations differed from one area to another. Multilevel modeling showed that variables relating to different levels of education were associated with HAV infection in all sites. Conclusion The study sites were classified as areas with intermediate endemicity area for hepatitis A infection. Differences in age trends of infection were detected among settings. This multilevel model allowed for quantification of contextual predictors of hepatitis A infection in urban areas.

Effects of calcium supplementation on body weight reduction in overweight calcium stone formers

A randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in overweight calcium stone-forming (CSF) patients, to evaluate the effect of calcium supplementation associated with a calorie-restricted diet on body weight (BW) and fat reduction and its potential changes upon serum and urinary parameters. Fifteen patients were placed on a hypocaloric diet for 3 months, supplemented with either calcium carbonate (CaCO(3), n = 8) or placebo (n = 7), 500 mg bid. Blood and 24-h urine samples were collected and body composition was assessed at baseline and after the intervention. At the end of the study, final BW was significantly lower vs baseline in both CaCO(3) (74 +/- A 14 vs. 80 +/- A 14 kg, P = 0.01) and placebo groups (80 +/- A 10 vs. 87 +/- A 9 kg, P = 0.02) but the mean percentage of loss of body weight and body fat did not differ between CaCO(3) and placebo (7.0 +/- A 2.0 vs. 8.0 +/- A 3.0%, P = 0.40 and 13.0 +/- A 7.0 vs. 13.0 +/- A 10.0%; P = 0.81, respectively). After CaCO(3) or placebo, no significant differences versus baseline were observed for urinary parameters in both CaCO(3) and placebo, except for a higher mean urinary citrate in placebo group. These data suggest that increasing calcium intake by calcium carbonate supplementation did not contribute to a further reduction of BW and fat in overweight CSF patients submitted to a hypocaloric diet nor altered urinary lithogenic parameters.

Mechanisms Associated with Large Daily Rainfall Events in Northeast Brazil

The mechanisms resulting in large daily rainfall events in Northeast Brazil are analyzed using data filtering to exclude periods longer than 30 days. Composites of circulation fields that include all independent events do not reveal any obvious forcing mechanisms as multiple patterns contribute to Northeast Brazil precipitation variability. To isolate coherent patterns, subsets of events are selected based on anomalies that precede the Northeast Brazil precipitation events at different locations. The results indicate that at 10 degrees S, 40 degrees W, the area of lowest annual rainfall in Brazil, precipitation occurs mainly in association with trailing midlatitude synoptic wave trains originating in either hemisphere. Closer to the equator at 5 degrees S, 37.5 degrees W, an additional convection precursor is found to the west, with a spatial structure consistent with that of a Kelvin wave. Although these two sites are located within only several hundred kilometers of each other and the midlatitude patterns that induce precipitation appear to be quite similar, the dates on which large precipitation anomalies occur at each location are almost entirely independent, pointing to separate forcing mechanisms.

Stochastic simulations of the Madden-Julian oscillation activity

The Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) is the most prominent form of tropical intraseasonal variability. This study investigated the following questions. Do inter-annual-to-decadal variations in tropical sea surface temperature (SST) lead to substantial changes in MJO activity? Was there a change in the MJO in the 1970s? Can this change be associated to SST anomalies? What was the level of MJO activity in the pre-reanalysis era? These questions were investigated with a stochastic model of the MJO. Reanalysis data (1948-2008) were used to develop a nine-state first order Markov model capable to simulate the non-stationarity of the MJO. The model is driven by observed SST anomalies and a large ensemble of simulations was performed to infer the activity of the MJO in the instrumental period (1880-2008). The model is capable to reproduce the activity of the MJO during the reanalysis period. The simulations indicate that the MJO exhibited a regime of near normal activity in 1948-1972 (3.4 events year(-1)) and two regimes of high activity in 1973-1989 (3.9 events) and 1990-2008 (4.6 events). Stochastic simulations indicate decadal shifts with near normal levels in 1880-1895 (3.4 events), low activity in 1896 1917 (2.6 events) and a return to near normal levels during 1918-1947 (3.3 events). The results also point out to significant decadal changes in probabilities of very active years (5 or more MJO events): 0.214 (1880-1895), 0.076 (1896-1917), 0.197 (1918-1947) and 0.193 (1948-1972). After a change in behavior in the 1970s, this probability has increased to 0.329 (1973-1989) and 0.510 (1990-2008). The observational and stochastic simulations presented here call attention to the need to further understand the variability of the MJO on a wide range of time scales.

IPCC global coupled model simulations of the South America monsoon system

This study examines the variability of the South America monsoon system (SAMS) over tropical South America (SA). The onset, end, and total rainfall during the summer monsoon are investigated using precipitation pentad estimates from the global precipitation climatology project (GPCP) 1979-2006. Likewise, the variability of SAMS characteristics is examined in ten Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) global coupled climate models in the twentieth century (1981-2000) and in a future scenario of global change (A1B) (2081-2100). It is shown that most IPCC models misrepresent the intertropical convergence zone and therefore do not capture the actual annual cycle of precipitation over the Amazon and northwest SA. Most models can correctly represent the spatiotemporal variability of the annual cycle of precipitation in central and eastern Brazil such as the correct phase of dry and wet seasons, onset dates, duration of rainy season and total accumulated precipitation during the summer monsoon for the twentieth century runs. Nevertheless, poor representation of the total monsoonal precipitation over the Amazon and northeast Brazil is observed in a large majority of the models. Overall, MI-ROC3.2-hires, MIROC3.2-medres and MRI-CGCM3.2.3 show the most realistic representation of SAMS`s characteristics such as onset, duration, total monsoonal precipitation, and its interannual variability. On the other hand, ECHAM5, GFDL-CM2.0 and GFDL-CM2.1 have the least realistic representation of the same characteristics. For the A1B scenario the most coherent feature observed in the IPCC models is a reduction in precipitation over central-eastern Brazil during the summer monsoon, comparatively with the present climate. The IPCC models do not indicate statistically significant changes in SAMS onset and demise dates for the same scenario.