"Haktivismin" kolme tyyppiä : nettiteknologioiden politiikasta

Abstract: Three types of 'hacktivism': politics of internet technologies

Competition in notch signaling with cis enriches cell fate decisions

Notch signaling is involved in cell fate choices during the embryonic development of Metazoa. Commonly, Notch signaling arises from the binding of the Notch receptor to its ligands in adjacent cells driving cell-to-cell communication. Yet, cell-autonomous control of Notch signaling through both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent mechanisms is known to occur as well. Examples include Notch signaling arising in the absence of ligand binding, and cis-inhibition of Notch signaling by titration of the Notch receptor upon binding to its ligands within a single cell. Increasing experimental evidences support that the binding of the Notch receptor with its ligands within a cell (cis-interactions) can also trigger a cell-autonomous Notch signal (cis-signaling), whose potential effects on cell fate decisions and patterning remain poorly understood. To address this question, herein we mathematically and computationally investigate the cell states arising from the combination of cis-signaling with additional Notch signaling sources, which are either cell-autonomous or involve cell-to-cell communication. Our study shows that cis-signaling can switch from driving cis-activation to effectively perform cis-inhibition and identifies under which conditions this switch occurs. This switch relies on the competition between Notch signaling sources, which share the same receptor but differ in their signaling efficiency. We propose that the role of cis-interactions and their signaling on fine-grained patterning and cell fate decisions is dependent on whether they drive cis-inhibition or cis-activation, which could be controlled during development. Specifically, cis-inhibition and not cis-activation facilitates patterning and enriches it by modulating the ratio of cells in the high-ligand expression state, by enabling additional periodic patterns like stripes and by allowing localized patterning highly sensitive to the precursor state and cell-autonomous bistability. Our study exemplifies the complexity of regulations when multiple signalng sources share the same receptor and provides the tools for their characterization.

Constrained Total Energy Expenditure and Metabolic Adaptation to Physical Activity in Adult Humans.

Current obesity prevention strategies recommend increasing daily physical activity, assuming that increased activity will lead to corresponding increases in total energy expenditure and prevent or reverse energy imbalance and weight gain [1-3]. Such Additive total energy expenditure models are supported by exercise intervention and accelerometry studies reporting positive correlations between physical activity and total energy expenditure [4] but are challenged by ecological studies in humans and other species showing that more active populations do not have higher total energy expenditure [5-8]. Here we tested a Constrained total energy expenditure model, in which total energy expenditure increases with physical activity at low activity levels but plateaus at higher activity levels as the body adapts to maintain total energy expenditure within a narrow range. We compared total energy expenditure, measured using doubly labeled water, against physical activity, measured using accelerometry, for a large (n = 332) sample of adults living in five populations [9]. After adjusting for body size and composition, total energy expenditure was positively correlated with physical activity, but the relationship was markedly stronger over the lower range of physical activity. For subjects in the upper range of physical activity, total energy expenditure plateaued, supporting a Constrained total energy expenditure model. Body fat percentage and activity intensity appear to modulate the metabolic response to physical activity. Models of energy balance employed in public health [1-3] should be revised to better reflect the constrained nature of total energy expenditure and the complex effects of physical activity on metabolic physiology.

Peptide-decorated chitosan derivatives enhance fibroblast adhesion and proliferation in wound healing.

RGD peptide sequences are known to regulate cellular activities by interacting with α5β1, αvβ5 and αvβ3 integrin, which contributes to the wound healing process. In this study, RGDC peptide was immobilized onto chitosan derivative 1,6-diaminohexane-O-carboxymethyl-N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan (DAH-CMTMC) to display RGDC-promoting adhesion for enhanced wound healing. The efficiency of N-methylation, O-carboxymethylation and spacer grafting was quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed by (1)H NMR and FTIR, yielding 0.38 degree of substitution for N-methylation and >0.85 for O-carboxymethylation. The glass transition temperatures for chitosan derivatives were also studied. Peptide immobilization was achieved through sulfhydryl groups using sulfosuccinimidyl (4-iodoacetyl)amino-benzoate (sulfo-SIAB method). RGDC immobilized peptide onto DAH-CMTMC was found to be about 15.3μg/mg of chitosan derivative by amino acid analysis (AAA). The significant increase of human dermal fibroblast (HDF) viability in vitro over 7 days suggests that RGDC-functionalized chitosan may lead to enhanced wound healing (viability >140%). Moreover, bio-adhesion and proliferation assays confirmed that coatings of RGDC-functionalized chitosan derivatives exhibit in vitro wound healing properties by enhancing fibroblast proliferation and adhesion. These results showed that RGDC peptide-functionalized chitosan provides an optimal environment for fibroblast adhesion and proliferation.

Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) levels differ across populations by degree of industrialization.

CONTEXT: Compensatory increases in FGF23 with increasing phosphate intake may adversely impact health. However, population and clinical studies examining the link between phosphate intake and FGF23 levels have focused mainly on populations living in highly industrialized societies in which phosphate exposure may be homogenous. OBJECTIVE: Contrast dietary phosphate intake, urinary measures of phosphate excretion and FGF23 levels across populations that differ by level of industrialization. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of three populations Setting: Maywood, IL, U.S., Mah|fe Island, Seychelles, and Kumasi, Ghana Participants: Adults with African ancestry aged 25-45 years Main Outcome: Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels Results: The mean age was 35.1 (6.3) years and 47.9% were male. Mean phosphate intake and fractional excretion of phosphate were significantly higher in the U.S. vs. Ghana while no significant difference in phosphate intake or fractional excretion of phosphate was noted between U.S. and Seychelles for men or women. Overall, median FGF23 values were 57.41 RU/ml (IQR 43.42, 75.09) in U.S., 42.49 RU/ml (IQR 33.06, 55.39) in Seychelles and 33.32 RU/ml (IQR 24.83, 47.36) in Ghana. In the pooled sample, FGF23 levels were significantly and positively correlated with dietary phosphate intake (r=0.11; P < 0.001), and the fractional excretion of phosphate (r=0.13; P < 0.001) but not with plasma phosphate levels (-0.001; P = 0.8). Dietary phosphate intake was significantly and positively associated with the fractional excretion of phosphate (r=0.23; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The distribution of FGF23 levels in a given population may be influenced by the level of industrialization, likely due to differences in access to foods preserved with phosphate additives.

De concoctione ventriculi

Invocatio: Sanctissimi Jehovae ductu! - Esipuhe.

De virtutis moralis natura in genere, pietate et justitia in specie

Invocatio: Auspicio altissimi.

Ad doctrinam de philosophia practica imprimis summo bono civili, actionibus itidem humanis

Numerot 12862-67 ilmestyneet kirjana: Philosophia moralis sive Ethica, ex optimis quibusq[ue] philosophis per praecepta commentaria & quaestiones succint [et] dilucid tradita [et] ventilata in Acad. Aboensi, authore & praeside m. Axelio Kempe Acad. bibliothecario. Addita est ad calcem appedicis loco hexilogia codem authore. Aboae, impressâ â Petro Hansonio Acad. typogr. Anno 1656

Anchoviella hildebrandi n. sp. Engraulídeo do rio Paraguaçú: Bahia

Trata o presente trabalho da descrição de Anchoviella hildebrandi n. sp., Engraulídeo da região de Caxoeira, rio Paraguaçú, na Bahia. A espécie é muito próxima de Anchoviella brasiliensis HILDEBRAND, do rio Ribeira de Iguapé (E. de S. Paulo) e de Anchoviella jamesi (JORDAN & SEALE) , do rio Jutai e lago Aleixo (E. do Amazonas). O autor apresenta a diagnose da nova especie, confrontando os caracteres que Ihe sao peculiares com os das duas especies ácima citadas. A denominacáo dada á nova especie constitue modesta homenagem á memoria do Dr. SAMUE L F. HILDEBRAND, ictiólogo do U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service, de Washington.

Impact of irrigation on yield and energy balance of the production of oil and cake of two sunflower varieties

The energy balance for the production of sunflower oil and cake was carried out during the agricultural and industrial stage phase, where it was considered a cold extraction by hydraulic pressing, with the plant location in a rural area with a radius of 30km range. Data on productivity was used in two varieties of sunflower (Helio 358 and Aguará 04) grown in different seasons (2007/2008, 2008/2009), under different irrigation levels. Data showed that irrigation resulted in an increase in productivity of both varieties, and the best response was observed for Aguará 04 variety. Moreover, the increased intensity of irrigation negatively affected the energy balance, reducing the ratio between energy produced and energy used in the production chain. The most significant inputs in the energy intake were fertilizer followed by diesel oil, when irrigation was not used for. When the irrigation technique was used, the most significant inputs, in order of representativeness, were: energy, fertilizer and equipment.

Influência da vazão de água sobre o rendimento de um coletor solar plano construído em termoplástico

ResumoAvaliou-se o rendimento térmico de um coletor solar plano construído em termoplástico, em condições reais de operação, registrando as temperaturas de entrada e de saída de água na placa, mediante quatro distintas vazões mássicas de água: 0,026 kg s-1; 0,04 kg s-1; 0,054 kg s-1; e 0,068 kg s-1. Os ensaios foram realizados no Laboratório de Termodinâmica e Energia da Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola da Unicamp. Com base nos valores de temperatura da água na entrada e na saída das placas, foram calculados os valores de potência térmica [W m-2]. O maior valor médio diário de potência térmica (753 W m-2) foi obtido para a vazão de 0,054 kg s-1. Para a maior vazão (0,068 kg s-1), o valor de potência térmica foi similar ao obtido para a vazão de 0,04 kg s-1 (715 W m-2), mostrando a existência de uma vazão ótima de operação.

Caracterização granulométrica de biomassa polidispersa pelo método de peneiramento mecânico

RESUMO A biomassa polidispersa tem como uma de suas principais características as variações das dimensões e dos formatos de suas partículas. Os métodos de determinação do diâmetro médio por peneiramento, amplamente utilizados devido a sua relativa simplicidade e baixo custo, quando aplicados a materiais heterogêneos, como a biomassa polidispersa, podem levar a resultados equivocados. Assim, com o objetivo de obter resultados mais precisos, foram avaliados três métodos de determinação do diâmetro médio de partículas de biomassa polidispersa, baseados na técnica de fracionamento por peneiramento mecânico: um de forma analítica (Diâmetro de Sauter) e outros dois por meio de análise gráfica das funções de distribuição das partículas (Função de Densidade de Distribuição Mássica e Função Cumulativa/Aumentativa de Distribuição). O método baseado na análise gráfica da função da distribuição da densidade mássica (FDDM) foi o mais eficiente para a análise do bagaço de cana, pois permitiu identificar as diferentes populações existentes e identificar com clareza as dimensões características, mostrando assim ser uma poderosa ferramenta para a análise granulométrica de biomassas polidispersas.

Effect of different substrates in aquaponic lettuce production associated with intensive tilapia farming with water recirculation systems

ABSTRACT The integration of fish farming in intensive system and plant production, called "aquaponics" is practiced successfully in countries like the USA, Australia and Europe. In Brazil, this integration has attracted the attention of researchers and producers. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two substrates (crushed stone number 3, CS III and flexible polyurethane foam, FPF) on the production of aquaponic lettuce, moreover, to show that the residual water from intensive tilapia production provides sufficient qualitative characteristics for competitive production of lettuce without adding commercial fertilizers. The treatment in which FPF was used provided higher concentrations of macro and micronutrients in the shoots, higher production of fresh matter of shoots (95.48 g plant-1) and a larger number of leaves (14.90) relative to CS III. These results were attributed to the lower post-transplanting stress and the higher water retention time provided by the FPF. The residual water from tilapia intensive farming can provide sufficient nutrients for the production of lettuce, making the supplementary fertilization with commercial products unnecessary. Thus, the FPF presents the most suitable conditions to be used as substrate in aquaponics system with recirculation of the residual water from the intensive tilapia farming.

Le jazz : jazz and music criticism in France

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Etelä-Savon aluetalouskatsaus 2010

Etelä-Savon aluetalouskatsaus 2010 on laadittu ELY-keskuksen ESR-rahoitteisessa ennakointiprojektissa. Katsaus laaditaan vuosittain ja se toimii osaltaan maakunnan kehityksen seurannan ja tulevaisuuden arvioinnin dokumenttina. Katsaus perustuu pääosin viimeisiin saatavilla oleviin tilastotietoihin, jotka Tilastokeskus tuottaa. Suurimman osan katsauksesta muodostavat Tilastokeskukselta hankitut yritysten liikevaihdon, viennin ja henkilöstömäärän kehitystä kuvaavat indeksisarjat Etelä-Savon kannalta keskeisiltä toimialoilta ja yritysryhmistä. Indeksisarjojen tiedot ovat vuoden 2009 loppuun saakka ja kuvaavat suhdanteiden kehitystä, mikä nykytilanteessa kertoo parhaiten sen, missä mennään. Tekstien laadintaan ovat osallistuneet suunnittelijat Marja Haverinen, Anne Pylkkönen ja Vesa Horttanainen sekä kehityspäällikkö Marja Aro ja ennakointiasiantuntija Merja Toijonen Etelä-Savon ELY-keskuksesta . Arviointeja varten on haastateltu mm. ELY-keskuksen ja Finnveran asiantuntijoita. Vuotta 2009 elettiin koko maassa taantuman merkeissä. Etelä-Savossa talouden supistuminen jäi kuitenkin jonkin verran koko maata pienemmäksi. Vuotuisella kasvuprosentilla mitaten Etelä-Savon yritysten liikevaihto supistui edellisestä vuodesta 13,18 prosenttia, kun koko maa taantui 16,13 prosentin verran. Etelä-Savossa teollisuudessa ja rakentamisessa supistuminen oli vuonna 2009 suurin piirtein koko maan keskimääräistä tasoa, tosin teollisuuden henkilöstömäärä putosi Etelä-Savossa hiukan koko maata enemmän. Loppuvuodesta 2009 teollisuuden liikevaihdon lasku taittui koko maassa, mutta Etelä-Savossa se jatkoi vielä laskuaan. Maakunnan teollisuuden kehitys, varsinkin teknologiateollisuuden yrityksissä, on jäänyt koko maahan verrattuna jälkeen jo taantumaa edeltävinä vuosina. Puutuoteteollisuudessa taantuman aiheuttama pudotus oli suurempi kuin koko maassa mutta ala on alkanut jo toipua maakunnassa ja vientitilanne kohentua. Palvelualoilla ja varsinkin kaupassa Etelä-Savon yritysten liikevaihdon supistuminen jäi viime vuonna koko maata pienemmäksi. Uusia kauppaketjuja on levittäytynyt Etelä-Savoon ja niiden myötä ostovoiman odotetaan pysyvän entistä enemmän omassa maakunnassa eikä valuvan alueen ulkopuolelle. Vuonna 2009 Etelä-Savon työttömyysaste nousi kahdella prosenttiyksiköllä 11,5 prosenttiin Koko maan työttömyysaste oli 9,9 prosenttia. Lomautukset ovat heikentäneet koko taantuman ajan erityisesti miesten työllisyyttä. Huhtikuussa 2010 alkoi kuitenkin sekä henkilökohtaisesti lomautettujen että ryhmälomautettujen määrä selvästi laskea. Huomattavaa on, että vuoden 2009 aikana Etelä-Savon työllisten määrä laski 3 000:lla edellisvuoden 65 000:sta. Samaan aikaan myös työikäisten määrä aleni yli 800 hengellä. Vaikka odotettavissa on työttömien määrän väheneminen seuraavan vuoden aikana, ei työllisten määrässä päästäne enää 2000-luvun alkuvuosien tasolle maakunnan ikärakenteesta johtuen.