Climate and carbon cycle changes from 1850 to 2100 in MPI-ESM simulations for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5

The new Max-Planck-Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM) is used in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) in a series of climate change experiments for either idealized CO2-only forcing or forcings based on observations and the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. The paper gives an overview of the model configurations, experiments related forcings, and initialization procedures and presents results for the simulated changes in climate and carbon cycle. It is found that the climate feedback depends on the global warming and possibly the forcing history. The global warming from climatological 1850 conditions to 2080–2100 ranges from 1.5°C under the RCP2.6 scenario to 4.4°C under the RCP8.5 scenario. Over this range, the patterns of temperature and precipitation change are nearly independent of the global warming. The model shows a tendency to reduce the ocean heat uptake efficiency toward a warmer climate, and hence acceleration in warming in the later years. The precipitation sensitivity can be as high as 2.5% K−1 if the CO2 concentration is constant, or as small as 1.6% K−1, if the CO2 concentration is increasing. The oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon increases over time in all scenarios, being smallest in the experiment forced by RCP2.6 and largest in that for RCP8.5. The land also serves as a net carbon sink in all scenarios, predominantly in boreal regions. The strong tropical carbon sources found in the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 experiments are almost absent in the RCP4.5 experiment, which can be explained by reforestation in the RCP4.5 scenario.

Raphael into the Baroque: drawing in the Carracci workshop

Discussion of the influence of Raphael's drawings on the practice of the workshop of Annibale Carracci in Rome.

Hematologically important mutations: X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (third update)

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an immunodeficiency disorder affecting about 1 in 250,000 individuals. The disease is caused by a lack of superoxide production by the leukocyte enzyme NADPH oxidase. Superoxide is used to kill phagocytosed micro-organisms in neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and macrophages. The leukocyte NADPH oxidase is composed of five subunits, of which the enzymatic component is gp91-phox, also called Nox2. This protein is encoded by the CYBB gene on the X chromosome. Mutations in this gene are found in about 70% of all CGD patients. This article lists all mutations identified in CYBB in the X-linked form of CGD. Moreover, apparently benign polymorphisms in CYBB are also given, which should facilitate the recognition of future disease-causing mutations. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Thermal Phase Behavior of DMPG Bilayers in Aqueous Dispersions as Revealed by (2)H- and (31)P-NMR

The synthetic lipid 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-3-phosphoglycerol (DMPG), when dispersed in water/NaCl exhibits a complex phase behavior caused by its almost unlimited swelling in excess water. Using deuterium ((2)H)- and phosphorus ((31)P)-NMR we have studied the molecular properties of DMPG/water/NaCl dispersions as a function of lipid and NaCl concentration. We have measured the order profile of the hydrophobic part of the lipid bilayer with deuterated DMPG while the orientation of the phosphoglycerol headgroup was deduced from the (31)P NMR chemical shielding anisotropy. At temperatures > 30 degrees C we observe well-resolved (2)H- and (31)P NMR spectra not much different from other liquid crystalline bilayers. From the order profiles it is possible to deduce the average length of the flexible fatty acyl chain. Unusual spectra are obtained in the temperature interval of 20-25 degrees C, indicating one or several phase transitions. The most dramatic changes are seen at low lipid concentration and low ionic strength. Under these conditions and at 25 degrees C, the phosphoglycerol headgroup rotates into the hydrocarbon layer and the hydrocarbon chains show larger flexing motions than at higher temperatures. The orientation of the phosphoglycerol headgroup depends on the bilayer surface charge and correlates with the degree of dissociation of DMPG-Na(+). The larger the negative surface charge, the more the headgroup rotates toward the nonpolar region.

Verksamhet och företagsparadigm : En fallstudie

Denna uppsats är en historisk prövning av giltigheten hos en teoretisk arbetsmodell, ursprungligen hemmahörande i samhällskunskapen.Modellen som prövas är en typologi från Joachim Raschkes bok Soziale Bewegungen: Ein historisch-systematischer Grundriss. Av språkliga skäl utgår dock denna uppsats från Martin Stolares tolkning av samma typologi, i dennes avhandling Moderniseringskritiska rörelser. Modellen delar upp föreningslivets sociala rörelser med utgångspunkt från de metoder vilka rörelserna använder för att åstadkomma en samhällsförändring. Utifrån detta typologiska raster kan sociala rörelser klassificeras som antingen makt- eller kulturorienterade. Denna uppsats prövar giltigheten hos Raschkes typografi genom en historisk fallstudie av verksamheten hos två organisationer, vilka bägge framgångsrikt verkade i Sandviken under åren 1948-1960. Den första är Sandvikens arbetarkommun som får stå som representant för de maktorienterade rörelserna. Den andre är Sandvikens hälsofrämjande, som representerar de kulturorienterade motsvarigheterna. Verksamheten hos de bägge rörelserna analyseras efter sju frågeställningar, vars svar även korreleras med varandra. Resultaten av svaren jämförs avslutningsvis med den teoretiska modellen.Resultatet blev att Joachim Ratschkes modell, i detta fall, mycket väl stämde överrens med verkligheten. Arbetarkommunens verksamhet var närmast en avskrift av Martin Stolares presentation av den maktorienterade idealtypen, medan hälsofrämjandet i sin tur svarade på alla kriterier som krävdes för att kunna beskrivas som kulturorienterad organisation. Nyckelord: Förändringsstrategi, Ämnesövergripande studier, Sandvikens arbetarkommun och Sandvikens hälsofrämjande.

Representativ demokrati 2.0 : En utvärdering av Malmöinitiativet och Malmöpanelen

Slutrapport till Malmö stad, maj 2010