850 resultados para Innovation System, Research Policy
Resumo:
The paper reviews the evolution of research and innovation in the EU and assesses how current policies and programmes have influenced the development of Europe's research landscape. Based on existing literature, evaluation reports and practice, the paper critically examines the effectiveness of current European research funding instruments in a context of open innovation and in the presence of global spillovers. It therefore develops a subsidiarity test to assess whether current rationales still prove sufficient to justify policy intervention in this area. The paper sheds light on how to improve the effectiveness of EU action by enriching it by the use of coordinated fiscal policy for research funding. This will constitute an incentive to genuine bottom-up research, development and innovation (R&D&I) and a stimulus to local investments in innovation. The paper also assesses the potentials of a reinforced open method of coordination as well as a review of state aid law in the field of research funding in the EU.
Resumo:
Purpose This paper aims to investigate the manner in which technological innovation in the European electrical-grid sector has developed by focusing, in particular, on the effect of public policy on innovation. To achieve this aim, this paper highlights how technological innovation and development progressed from the 1960s to the 1980s, and contrasts this period with the deregulated/privatization environment. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on a series of in-depth multiple company case studies of grid companies, some of their suppliers and other actors in their broader business network. Empirical data were collected through 55 interviews. Findings The authors find that a phase of mutual collaboration was encouraged in the first period, which led to strong technological innovation with a focus on product quality and the development of functionality. Buyers played a pivotal role in the development of products and posed technical requirements. In contrast, the current role of the buyer has transformed principally into one of evaluating competing bids for specific projects. Today, buyers face increasing pressure to substantially lower CO2 emissions and transform the energy grid system. These goals are difficult to achieve without a new way of thinking about innovation. Research limitations/implications Models to achieve innovation must not only focus on individual research projects; instead, the innovation should be factored into normal business dealings in the supply chain. Practical implications We propose that policymakers and regulators need to: accommodate for innovation and address the collaborative elements of innovation when developing policies and regulations. Furthermore, regulators have the option of either developing a strategic vision for the electrical-grid network or incorporating sustainability into the evaluation of electrical grids and, thus, consumers willingness to pay. Originality/value This paper makes a distinctive contribution in the area of innovation for electrical grids. Our paper shows how innovation and the development of new technology for electrical grids changed over time. Furthermore, this paper describes the energy sector in terms of a business network comprising the different actors involved in innovation and development and, thus, their role in the energy supply chain.
Resumo:
Waste prevention (WP) is a strategy which helps societies and individuals to strive for sufficiency in resource consumption within planetary boundaries alongside sustainable and equitable well-being and to decouple the concepts of well-being and life satisfaction from materialism. Within this dissertation, some instruments to promote WP are analysed, by adopting two perspectives: firstly, the one of policymakers, at different governance levels, and secondly, the one of business in the electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) sector. At a national level, the role of WP programmes and market-based instruments (extended producer responsibility, pay-as-you-throw schemes, deposit-refund systems, environmental taxes) in boosting prevention of municipal solid waste is investigated. Then, focusing on the Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy), the performances of the waste management system are assessed over a long period, including some years before and after an institutional reform of the waste management governance regime. The impact of a centralisation (at a regional level) of both planning and economic regulation of the waste services on waste generation and WP is analysed. Finally, to support the regional decision-makers in the prioritisation of publicly funded projects for WP, a framework for the sustainability assessment, the evaluation of success, and the prioritisation of WP measures was applied to some projects implemented by Municipalities in the Region. Trying to close the research gap between engineering and business, WP strategies are discussed as drivers for business model (BM) innovation in EEE sector. Firstly, an innovative approach to a digital tracking solution for professional EEE management is analysed. New BMs which facilitate repair, reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling are created and discussed. Secondly, the impact of BMs based on servitisation and on producer ownership on the extension of equipment lifetime is analysed, by performing a review of real cases of organizations in the EEE sector applying result- and use-oriented BMs.
Resumo:
It is known the power of ideas is tremendous. But there are employees in many companies who have good ideas but not put them into practice. On the other hand, there are many others who have good ideas and are encouraged to contribute their ideas for innovation in the company. This study attempts to identify factors that contribute to success in managing ideas and consequent business innovation. The method used was the case study applied to two companies. During the investigation, factors considered essential for the success of an idea management program were identified, of which we highlight, among others, evidences the results, involvement of the top management, establishment of goals and objectives; recognition; dissemination of good results. Companies with these implemented systems, capture the best ideas from their collaborators and apply them internally. This study intends to contribute to business innovation in enterprises through creation and idea management, mainly through collecting the best ideas of their own employees. The results of this study can be used to help improving deployed suggestions systems, as well as, all managers who wish to implement suggestions systems/ideas management systems.
Resumo:
The project started in 2009 with the support of DAAD in Germany and CRUP in Portugal under the Collaborative German-Portuguese University Actions programme. One central goal is the further development of a theory of technology assessment applied to robotics and autonomous systems in general that reflects in its methodology the changing conditions of knowledge production in modern societies and the emergence of new robotic technologies and of associated disruptive changes. Relevant topics here are handling broadened future horizons and new clusters of science and technology (medicine, engineering, interfaces, industrial automation, micro-devices, security and safety), as well as new governance structures in policy decision making concerning research and development (R
Resumo:
The Government’s Framework for Sustainable Economic Renewal- Building Ireland’s Smart Economy, launched by the Taoiseach in late 2008, establishes Ireland’s ambition to become internationally renowned as an Innovation Island. At the core of achieving this ambition will be our capacity for producing highly skilled graduates and fostering a climate of creative thinking and advanced research and development. This relies on the quality of undergraduate provision right across the sciences, arts and humanities in our third level institutions. The development of a new national strategy for higher education is now underway. The strategy will aim to identify a vision and objectives for the development of the sector over the next twenty years. Leading higher education systems internationally are characterised by wide revenue sources that, in many cases, include a form of direct student contribution through a tuition fee or student loans system. If Ireland’s higher education system is to develop and meet future demands in an environment of increasingly tight public resources, then it is appropriate that the sector’s level of dependence on Exchequer funding should come under review.
Resumo:
AbstractOBJECTIVETo report the nurse's experience of inclusion in interdisciplinary clinical study about technological innovation, involving people with spinal cord injury.METHODDescriptive experience report. The empirical support was based on notes about perspectives and practice of clinical research, with a multi-professional nursing, physical education, physiotherapy and engineering staff.RESULTThe qualification includes the elaboration of the document for the Ethics Committee, familiarization among the members of staff and with the studied topic, and also an immersion into English. The nurse's knowledge gave support to the uptake of participants and time adequacy for data collection, preparation and assistance of the participants during the intervention and after collection. Nursing theories and processes have contributed to reveal risky diagnoses and the plan of care. It was the nurse's role to monitor the risk of overlapping methodological strictness to the human aspect. The skills for the clinical research must be the object of learning, including students in multidisciplinary researches.CONCLUSIONTo qualify the nurse for clinical research and to potentialize its caregiver essence, some changes are needed in the educational system, professional behavior, attitude and educational assistance.
Resumo:
This research note presents a set of strategies to conduct small-N comparisons in policy research including the Swiss case. Even though every country can be considered "special" to some extent, the Swiss political system is often viewed as a particularly difficult case for comparison because of the impact of its idiosyncratic institutional features (most notably direct democracy). In order to deal with this problem, our note sets out two possible strategies - the use of functional equivalents and of counterfactual reasoning - and explains how to implement them empirically through process tracing and the establishment of causal chains. As an illustration, these strategies are used for a comparison of the process of electricity market liberalisation in Switzerland and Belgium.
Resumo:
Valtaosa eurooppalaisista yrityksist on pk-yrityksi, mutta tst huolimatta seudullisen innovaatiopolitiikan vaikutusta juuri pk-yrityksiin on tutkittu melko vhn. Tmn tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on luoda yleiskuva pk-yritysten nkemykseen oman seutunsa innovaatiopolitiikasta viidell EU:n alueella sijaitsevalla seudulla. Kirjallisuuden perusteella rakennettiin seudullista innovaatiopolitiikkaa kuvaava kysely, johon joukko pk-yrityksi viidelt seudulta vastasi. Kyselyn tulokset kuvailtiin graafisesti, mink lisksi etsittiin vastauksiin vaikuttaneita tekijit ja yhteyksi yritysten vastausten vlill. Tutkimus oli luonteeltaan lhinn kvantitatiivinen. Tutkimus osoittaa, ett seudullisessainnovaatiopolitiikassa on viel paljon kehitettv, jotta se tavoittaisi kattavasti pk-yritykset. Pk-yritysten tietoisuutta tulisi list, sill nm eivt yleisesti ottaen nyt pitvn seudullista innovaatiopolitiikkaa menetykseen vaikuttavana tekijn tai siihen liittyvi yhteistymahdollisuuksia trkein omalle toiminnalleen. Erot innovaatiotoiminnan seudullisessa roolissa tulivat esiin tuloksissa. Yritysten vastauksia selittvi tekijit lydettiin, samoin yhteyksi vastausten vlill, mutta varsinaisten johtoptsten tekeminen edellyttnee laajempaa tutkimusta
Resumo:
Valtaosa eurooppalaisista yrityksist on pk-yrityksi, mutta tst huolimatta seudullisen innovaatiopolitiikan vaikutusta juuri pk-yrityksiin on tutkittu melko vhn. Tmn tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on luoda yleiskuva pk-yritysten nkemykseen oman seutunsa innovaatiopolitiikasta viidell EU:n alueella sijaitsevalla seudulla. Kirjallisuuden perusteella rakennettiin seudullista innovaatiopolitiikkaa kuvaava kysely, johon joukko pk-yrityksi viidelt seudulta vastasi. Kyselyn tulokset kuvailtiin graafisesti, mink lisksi etsittiin vastauksiin vaikuttaneita tekijit ja yhteyksi yritysten vastausten vlill. Tutkimus oli luonteeltaan lhinn kvantitatiivinen. Tutkimus osoittaa, ett seudullisessa innovaatiopolitiikassa on viel paljon kehitettv, jotta se tavoittaisi kattavasti pk-yritykset. Pk-yritysten tietoisuutta tulisi list, sill nm eivt yleisesti ottaen nyt pitvn seudullista innovaatiopolitiikkaa menetykseen vaikuttavana tekijn tai siihen liittyvi yhteistymahdollisuuksia trkein omalle toiminnalleen. Erot innovaatiotoiminnan seudullisessa roolissa tulivat esiin tuloksissa. Yritysten vastauksia selittvi tekijit lydettiin, samoin yhteyksi vastausten vlill, mutta varsinaisten johtoptsten tekeminen edellyttnee laajempaa tutkimusta.
Resumo:
Local trajectories and arrangements play a significant role because the development of a research field, such as nanoscience and nanotechnology, requires substantial investments in human and instrumental resources. But why are there often concentrated in a limited number of places? What dynamics lead to such concentration? The hypothesis is that there is an assemblage of heterogeneous resources through the action of local actors. The chapter will explore, from an Actor Network Theory (ANT) perspective, how the local emergence of research dynamics from: the revival of local traditions, the local and national action of institutional entrepreneurs, controversial dynamics, and researchers' arrangements to involve other actors. It will examine how they connect up with each other and mutually commit themselves to the development of new technologies. It will focus on the role of narratives in this assembling: how were the local narratives of the past mobilized and to what effect.
Resumo:
In 2004, the Ontario Ministry of Health Promotion and Sport (MHPS) established Active2010: Ontarios Sport and Physical Activity Strategy. Active2010 demonstrates a strong provincial government policy emphasis regarding sport participation and physical activity (PA), and identifies the school system as a primary vehicle for enhancing PA levels. This study examines the sport and PA initiatives MHPS is undertaking within the school system. Theoretical context regarding neo-liberalism in Canada and Canadian sport frames this study, while a revised version of Van Meter and Van Horns (1975) top-down model of policy implementation guides the research process. A case study of the school-based PA system is conducted which relies on the analysis of 11 semi-structured interviews and 47 official organizational documents. Four emergent categories of Jurisdictional Funding, Coercive Policy, Sector Silos, and Community Champions are identified. Additional insight is provided regarding neo-liberalism, provincial level government, interministerial collaboration, and government/non-profit sector partnership.
Resumo:
La formation des socits fondes sur la connaissance, le progrs de la technologie de communications et un meilleur change d'informations au niveau mondial permet une meilleure utilisation des connaissances produites lors des dcisions prises dans le systme de sant. Dans des pays en voie de dveloppement, quelques tudes sont menes sur des obstacles qui empchent la prise des dcisions fondes sur des preuves (PDFDP) alors que des tudes similaires dans le monde dvelopp sont vraiment rares. L'Iran est le pays qui a connu la plus forte croissance dans les publications scientifiques au cours de ces dernires annes, mais la question qui se pose est la suivante : quels sont les obstacles qui empchent l'utilisation de ces connaissances de mme que celle des donnes mondiales? Cette tude embrasse trois articles conscutifs. Le but du premier article a t de trouver un modle pour valuer l'tat de l'utilisation des connaissances dans ces circonstances en Iran laide d'un examen vaste et systmatique des sources suivie par une tude qualitative base sur la mthode de la Grounded Theory. Ensuite au cours du deuxime et troisime article, les obstacles aux dcisions fondes sur des preuves en Iran, sont tudis en interrogeant les directeurs, les dcideurs du secteur de la sant et les chercheurs qui travaillent produire des preuves scientifiques pour la PDFDP en Iran. Aprs avoir examin les modles disponibles existants et la ralisation d'une tude qualitative, le premier article est sorti sous le titre de Conception d'un modle d'application des connaissances. Ce premier article sert de cadre pour les deux autres articles qui valuent les obstacles pull et push pour des PDFDP dans le pays. En Iran, en tant que pays en dveloppement, les problmes se situent dans toutes les tapes du processus de production, de partage et dutilisation de la preuve dans la prise de dcision du systme de sant. Les obstacles qui existent la prise de dcision fonde sur des preuves sont divers et cela aux diffrents niveaux; les solutions multi-dimensionnelles sont ncessaires pour renforcer l'impact de preuves scientifiques sur les prises de dcision. Ces solutions devraient entraner des changements dans la culture et le milieu de la prise de dcision afin de valoriser la prise de dcisions fondes sur des preuves. Les critres de slection des gestionnaires et leur nomination inapproprie ainsi que leurs remplaants rapides et les diffrences de paiement dans les secteurs public et priv peuvent affaiblir la PDFDP de deux faons : dune part en influant sur la motivation des dcideurs et d'autre part en dtruisant la continuit du programme. De mme, tandis que la slection et le remplacement des chercheurs n'est pas comme ceux des gestionnaires, il n'y a aucun critre pour encourager ces deux groupes soutenir le processus dcisionnel fonds sur des preuves dans le secteur de la sant et les changements ultrieurs. La slection et la promotion des dcideurs politiques devraient tre bases sur leur performance en matire de la PDFDP et les efforts des universitaires doivent tre compts lors de leurs promotions personnelles et celles du rang de leur institution. Les attitudes et les capacits des dcideurs et des chercheurs devraient tre encourags en leur donnant assez de pouvoir et dhabiliter dans les diffrentes tapes du cycle de dcision. Cette tude a rvl que les gestionnaires n'ont pas suffisamment accs la fois aux preuves nationales et internationales. Rduire lcart qui spare les chercheurs des dcideurs est une tape cruciale qui doit tre ralise en favorisant la communication rciproque. Cette question est trs importante tant donn que l'utilisation des connaissances ne peut tre renforce que par l'troite collaboration entre les dcideurs politiques et le secteur de la recherche. Dans ce but des programmes long terme doivent tre conus ; la cration des rseaux de chercheurs et de dcideurs pour le choix du sujet de recherche, le classement des priorits, et le fait de renforcer la confiance rciproque entre les chercheurs et les dcideurs politiques semblent tre efficace.
