Other Imported Livestock Report to Iowa, February 2011

The Other Imported Livestock report monthly by the Department of Agricultural.

Imported Cattle Report, March 2011

The Imported Cattle report monthly by the Department of Agricultural.

Imported Swine Count, March 2011

The imported swine court report monthly by the Department of Agricultural.

Other Imported Livestock Report to Iowa, March 2011

The Other Imported Livestock report monthly by the Department of Agricultural.

Prévention du paludisme chez les voyageurs: quel antimalarique [Prevention of malaria in travellers: which antimalarial is best?].

Cet article présente les résultats de la revue systématique: Jacquerioz FA, Croft AM. Drugs for preventing malaria in travellers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Oct 7;(4):CD006491. PMID: 19821371.

Imported Cattle Report, April 2011

The Imported Cattle report monthly by the Department of Agricultural.

Imported Swine Count, April 2011

The imported swine court report monthly by the Department of Agricultural.

Other Imported Livestock Report to Iowa, April 2011

The Other Imported Livestock report monthly by the Department of Agricultural.

Imported Cattle Report, May 2011

The Imported Cattle report monthly by the Department of Agricultural.

Imported Swine Count, May 2011

The imported swine court report monthly by the Department of Agricultural.

Other Imported Livestock Report to Iowa, May 2011

The Other Imported Livestock report monthly by the Department of Agricultural.

The evolutionary host switches of Polychromophilus: a multi-gene phylogeny of the bat malaria genus suggests a second invasion of mammals by a haemosporidian parasite.

BACKGROUND: The majority of Haemosporida species infect birds or reptiles, but many important genera, including Plasmodium, infect mammals. Dipteran vectors shared by avian, reptilian and mammalian Haemosporida, suggest multiple invasions of Mammalia during haemosporidian evolution; yet, phylogenetic analyses have detected only a single invasion event. Until now, several important mammal-infecting genera have been absent in these analyses. This study focuses on the evolutionary origin of Polychromophilus, a unique malaria genus that only infects bats (Microchiroptera) and is transmitted by bat flies (Nycteribiidae). METHODS: Two species of Polychromophilus were obtained from wild bats caught in Switzerland. These were molecularly characterized using four genes (asl, clpc, coI, cytb) from the three different genomes (nucleus, apicoplast, mitochondrion). These data were then combined with data of 60 taxa of Haemosporida available in GenBank. Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood and a range of rooting methods were used to test specific hypotheses concerning the phylogenetic relationships between Polychromophilus and the other haemosporidian genera. RESULTS: The Polychromophilus melanipherus and Polychromophilus murinus samples show genetically distinct patterns and group according to species. The Bayesian tree topology suggests that the monophyletic clade of Polychromophilus falls within the avian/saurian clade of Plasmodium and directed hypothesis testing confirms the Plasmodium origin. CONCLUSION: Polychromophilus' ancestor was most likely a bird- or reptile-infecting Plasmodium before it switched to bats. The invasion of mammals as hosts has, therefore, not been a unique event in the evolutionary history of Haemosporida, despite the suspected costs of adapting to a new host. This was, moreover, accompanied by a switch in dipteran host.

Imported Cattle Report, June 2011

The Imported Cattle report monthly by the Department of Agricultural.

Imported Swine Count, June 2011

The imported swine court report monthly by the Department of Agricultural.

Other Imported Livestock Report to Iowa, June 2011

The Other Imported Livestock report monthly by the Department of Agricultural.