High school classes: boy using sewing machine

Inscription: Verso: boy using sewing machine, home economics class, Thompson Jr. High School, Syosset, New York.

High school classes: boys making pizza

Inscription: Verso: boys making pizza, 7th grade home economics class, Thompson Jr. High School, Syosset, New York.

A social-ecological impact assessment for public lands management: application of a conceptual and methodological framework

According to the U.S. National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), federal action to manipulate habitat for species conservation requires an environmental impact statement, which should integrate natural, physical, economic, and social sciences in planning and decision making. Nonetheless, most impact assessments focus disproportionately on physical or ecological impacts rather than integrating ecological and socioeconomic components. We developed a participatory social-ecological impact assessment (SEIA) that addresses the requirements of NEPA and integrates social and ecological concepts for impact assessments. We cooperated with the Bureau of Land Management in Idaho, USA on a project designed to restore habitat for the Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). We employed questionnaires, workshop dialogue, and participatory mapping exercises with stakeholders to identify potential environmental changes and subsequent impacts expected to result from the removal of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis). Via questionnaires and workshop dialogue, stakeholders identified 46 environmental changes and associated positive or negative impacts to people and communities in Owyhee County, Idaho. Results of the participatory mapping exercises showed that the spatial distribution of social, economic, and ecological values throughout Owyhee County are highly associated with the two main watersheds, wilderness areas, and the historic town of Silver City. Altogether, the SEIA process revealed that perceptions of project scale varied among participants, highlighting the need for specificity about spatial and temporal scales. Overall, the SEIA generated substantial information concerning potential impacts associated with habitat treatments for Greater Sage-Grouse. The SEIA is transferable to other land management and conservation contexts because it supports holistic understanding and framing of connections between humans and ecosystems. By applying this SEIA framework, land managers and affected people have an opportunity to fulfill NEPA requirements and develop more comprehensive management plans that better reflect the linkages of social-ecological systems.

IKT i huslig ekonomi : En kvantitativ enkätstudie om faktorer som inverkar på ämneslärarnas IKT-användning i huslig ekonomi

Det ställs allt högre krav på att kunna hantera den allt mer digitaliserade vardagen. Elevens möjligheter att få utveckla sådana kunskaper, färdigheter och attityder som behövs för att kunna fungera som aktiva medborgare i samhället och i vardagen betonas i både Lagen om grundläggande utbildning och i Grunderna för läroplanen för den grundläggande utbildningen 2014. För att eleven ska kunna uppnå dessa mål ställs krav på att alla elever får utveckla digital kompetens inom den grundläggande utbildningen. Digital kompetens är uppräknad som en av EU-kommissionens åtta nyckelkompetenser för livslångt lärande. Digital kompetens, som i sin tur är uppbyggd av grundläggande IKT-färdigheter finns representerad i Glgu 2014 som en del av den mångsidiga kompetensen. Att eleven ska ges möjlighet att utveckla digital kompetens inom alla läroämnen ställer också krav på att läraren tillämpar IKT i undervisningen. I tidigare forskning har det däremot framkommit att det finns flera faktorer som inverkar på lärarnas IKT-användning. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka de faktorer som inverkar på ämneslärarnas IKT-användning i huslig ekonomi. Ett av husliga ekonomins uppdrag är att stödja elevernas förmåga att hantera vardagen och utveckla grundläggande färdigheter för att genomföra uppgifter i anslutning till hushållet. Med tanke på husliga ekonomins starka relation till samhället och läroämnets uppdrag finns ett starkt behov av att kartlägga faktorer som inverkar på lärarnas IKT-användning. Studien är en kvantitativ undersökning som i huvudsak grundar sig på statistisk hypotesprövning. I studien har totalt sju hypoteser formulerats för att undersöka samband mellan följande faktorers inverkan på ämneslärarnas IKT-användning i huslig ekonomi: digital kompetens, upplevt stöd, tillgång till IKT-infrastruktur och upplevd nytta med IKT. Dessa faktorer har i tidigare studier visat sig inverka på lärarnas användning av IKT. I studien finns också en deskriptiv målsättning att beskriva de faktorer som ingår i hypotesprövningen. Deskriptiv statistik framtas också för en variabel som på grund av bristande teoriunderlag och avsaknad av tidigare forskning inte ingår som en faktor i hypotesprövningen. Denna variabel utgörs av lärarnas upplevda nytta med IKT för elevens utveckling av de färdigheter, kunskaper och attityder i anslutning till de centrala innehållen i huslig ekonomi. Datamaterialet har samlats in via webbenkäter. Målpopulationen består av alla som undervisar huslig ekonomi i årskurserna 7–9 inom den grundläggande utbildningen i Finland. För att göra ett urval av målpopulationen tillämpades en kombination av slumpmässigt och icke-slumpmässiga urval. Själva enkätutskicket genomfördes i ett samarbete mellan Åbo Akademi och Helsingfors universitet. Det insamlade materialet har bearbetats och analyserats med statistikprogrammet SPSS. De uppställda hypoteserna testas med regressionsanalys. Den deskriptiva aspekten i studien syns i den beskrivande statistiken som presenteras med hjälp av frekvenser, procentandelar, lägesmått och centralmått. Resultaten från regressionsanalysen visar på positivt samband mellan lärarnas digitala kompetens och upplevd nytta samt mellan upplevd nytta och lärarnas IKT-användning. Regressionsanalysen visar också på ett signifikant samband mellan lärarnas digitala kompetens, IKT-infrastruktur och IKT-användning. Resultaten i den senare regressionsmodellen kan tolkas som att ju högre lärarna uppskattar sin digitala kompetens och ju bättre tillgång till IKT-infrastruktur desto oftare använder lärarna olika IKT-verktyg i undervisningen i huslig ekonomi. Inga signifikanta samband hittades mellan lärarnas upplevda stöd och IKT-användning. Enligt den deskriptiva statistiken upplever lärarna en stor brist på ämnesfortbildningar inom IKT. Lärarna upplever dessutom att det finns bristande tillgång till digitala verktyg. De övergripande resultaten pekar på att ämneslärarna i huslig ekonomi inte har tillräckligt goda förutsättningar för att tillämpa IKT på ett pedagogiskt ändamålsenligt sätt i undervisningen. Tyngdpunkten borde sättas på att trygga tillgången till IKT-infrastruktur, ge lärarna möjligheten att utveckla den digitala kompetensen och erbjuda ett större utbud av ämnesfortbildning inom IKT. Ett förslag på fortsatt forskning kunde vara att genomföra en större jämförelse mellan hur ämneslärare i olika läroämnen tillämpar IKT i undervisningen. En dylik jämförelse kunde ge en inblick i hur de olika läroämnena skulle kunna jobba för att IKT ska få en naturlig plats i undervisningen. Resultaten kunde eventuellt också gynna en helhetsskapande undervisning. En helhetsskapande undervisning kunde vidare lyfta upp husliga ekonomins roll för elevens utveckling av de färdigheter, kunskaper och attityder som behövs för ett livslångt lärande.

"It's so little money you could make as much at home" - options for work in an impoverished rural region of high unemployment.

Hungary has a higher unemployment rate than the member states of the European Union and even most former socialist countries. This rate for 15-64 year-olds has been around 56% since 1999, as against 66% in the European Union (OECD Employment Database). There is also a high degree of regional unevenness within the country. The situation is worst in North Hungary, an area of multiple economic and social deprivations. Several pieces of research have analysed the causes of long-term unemployment and have highlighted the main social, geographical and institutional factors behind it. People of low educational attainment who live in small villages and members of the Roma minority are particularly likely to have been without jobs for a long time.

Economic, social and cultural influences on the status and wellbeing of Indian rural wives

Examines the status and well being of wives in rural India using results from interviews. Surveys were conducted in three villages in the southwest of West Bengal and in three villages in the west of Orissa. The survey in West Bengal contained a large proportion of Santal tribals and the Oriyan survey was dominated by Kondh tribals. The relationships between variables representing economic, social and cultural factors are compared with ‘dependent’ variables representing the status of wives within their family and their wellbeing. Wellbeing is indicated by whether the basic needs of wives for food and medical care are met. Status of wives is indicated by their ‘control’ over family resources, whether or not they are restricted in joining social groups and in working outside their home, and the extent of their involvement in family decision-making. Cultural factors are found to be the dominant influence on the status of wives. Family income and other economic factors are found to be associated cross sectionally with greater restrictions on wives within their family. Nevertheless, the higher in the economic status of the household, the more likely are the basic needs of wives to be met.

A randomized controlled trial assessing the health economics of realtime teledermatology compared with conventional care: an urban versus rural perspective

A randomized controlled trial was carried out to measure the cost-effectiveness of realtime teledermatology compared with conventional outpatient dermatology care for patients from urban and rural areas. One urban and one rural health centre were linked to a regional hospital in Northern Ireland by ISDN at 128 kbit/s. Over two years, 274 patients required a hospital outpatient dermatology referral -126 patients (46%) were randomized to a telemedicine consultation and 148 (54%) to a conventional hospital outpatient consultation. Of those seen by telemedicine, 61% were registered with an urban practice, compared with 71% of those seen conventionally. The clinical outcomes of the two types of consultation were similar - almost half the patients were managed after a single consultation with the dermatologist. The observed marginal cost per patient of the initial realtime teledermatology consultation was f52.85 for those in urban areas and f59.93 per patient for those from rural areas. The observed marginal cost of the initial conventional consultation was f47.13 for urban patients and f48.77 for rural patients. The total observed costs of teledermatology were higher than the costs of conventional care in both urban and rural areas, mainly because of the fixed equipment costs. Sensitivity analysis using a real-world scenario showed that in urban areas the average costs of the telemedicine and conventional consultations were about equal, while in rural areas the average cost of the telemedicine consultation was less than that of the conventional consultation.

The selective migration of young graduates : which of them return to their rural home region and which do not?

This paper addresses the migration behaviours of young university graduates from a rural region in Switzerland. Based on a questionnaire survey, it compares graduates' current place of residence (i.e. whether or not they returned to their home region) with characteristics related to their socio-familial, migration and professional trajectories. The propensity to return varies not only according to labour market variables (employment opportunities), but also to other factors, some of which have even more influence than job opportunities. The graduates' life course position (kind of household), their partners' characteristics (level of education and home region) and their family background (socio-economic status and history of migration) all play a central role. On the whole, results show that migration appears as a selective and complex process embedded in the life course of graduates.

Poisoning the mind: Arsenic contamination of drinking water wells and children's educational achievement in rural Bangladesh

Bangladesh has experienced the largest mass poisoning of a population in history owing to contamination of groundwater with naturally occurring inorganic arsenic. Prolonged drinking of such water risks development of diseases and therefore has implications for children's cognitive and psychological development. This study examines the effect of arsenic contamination of tubewells, the primary source of drinking water at home, on the learning outcome of school-going children in rural Bangladesh using recent nationally representative data on secondary school children. We unambiguously find a negative and statistically significant correlation between mathematics scores and arsenic-contaminated drinking tubewells at home, net of the child's socio-economic status, parental background and school specific unobserved correlates of learning. Similar correlations are found for an alternative measure of student achievement and subjective well-being (i.e. self-reported measure of life satisfaction), of the student. We conclude by discussing the policy implication of our findings in the context of the current debate over the adverse effect of arsenic poisoning on children.

Fiabilidad y costes de mantenimiento en un programa de electrificación rural de 13.000 solar home systems

La electrificación rural fotovoltaica ha experimentado últimamente un salto de escala tanto en la dimensión de sus programas como en sus sistemas de gestión. Garantizar la calidad técnica ya no se reduce solamente a la fase de diseño e instalación, sino también a la de operación y mantenimiento. El presente trabajo trata de caracterizar la fase de operación del programa de electrificación rural fotovoltaico de Marruecos sobre el cual se ha llevado a cabo un exhaustivo estudio de fiabilidad de los distintos componentes que integran los sistemas solares (SHS), así como una evaluación de los costes unitarios ligados al mantenimiento, analizando su impacto en la estructura general de costes del programa. Los resultados van dirigidos hacia la caracterización de un modelo de la estructura de mantenimiento que logre asegurar la sostenibilidad de este tipo de programas.

Electrificación rural fotovoltaica "Solar Home Systems". Fiabilidad y costes de mantenimiento

La electrificación rural fotovoltaica ha experimentado últimamente un salto de escala tanto en la dimensión de sus programas como en sus sistemas de gestión. Garantizar la calidad técnica ya no se reduce solamente a la fase de dise~o e instalación, sino también a la de operación y mantenimiento. El estudio del Instituto de Energfa Solar de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid trata de caracterizar la fase de ope ración del programa de electrificación rural fotovoltaico de Marruecos sobre el cual se ha llevado a cabo un exhaustivo estudio de fiabilidad de los distintos componentes que integran los denominados Solar Heme 5ysrems (SHS). Ase como una evaluación de los costes unitarios ligados al mantenimiento, analizando su impacto en la estructura general de costes del programa. Los resultados van dirigidos hacia la caracterización de un modelo de la estructura de mantenimiento que logre asegurar la sostenibilidad de este tipo de programas energéticos.

Operational costs and reliability in a large rural electrification programme based on solar home systems

Experiences in decentralized rural electrification programmes using solar home systems have suffered difficulties during the operation and maintenance phase, due in many cases, to the underestimation of the maintenance cost, because of the decentralized character of the activity, and also because the reliability of the solar home system components is frequently unknown. This paper reports on the reliability study and cost characterization achieved in a large photovoltaic rural electrification programme carried out in Morocco. The paper aims to determinate the reliability features of the solar systems, focusing in the in-field testing for batteries and photovoltaic modules. The degradation rates for batteries and PV modules have been extracted from the in-field experiments. On the other hand, the main costs related to the operation and maintenance activity have been identified with the aim of establishing the main factors that lead to the failure of the quality sustainability in many rural electrification programmes.