Daily morphological changes determined by high-energy events on an embayed beach: a qualitative model

This paper examines the daily morphological responses of Sununga Beach, an embayed beach located on the south-eastern Brazilian coast, to storms in the South Atlantic Ocean. The main mechanisms and timing of beach erosion and accretion, the relationship between wave height and direction, and beach volume changes are considered, to establish a qualitative model for short-term embayed beach morphological changes. The methodology consisted of daily topographic surveys during the month of May in 2001, 2002, and 2003, using an RTK-GPS (real-time kinematics global positioning system). Weather and wave model results were used to correlate hydrodynamics and beach morphology. The results indicate that the morphodynamics of Sununga Beach are characterized by a process of beach rotation, which occurred more or less clearly during all three surveys. Unlike what has been commonly described in the literature for longer time intervals and alternations of fair and stormy weather, the beach rotation processes on Sununga Beach occurred under conditions of moderate-to-high wave energy change (wave heights greater than 2 m). An integrated evaluation of the behaviour of the meteorological aspects, together with beach morphology, enabled us to recognize that extra-tropical cyclones were the most important agent in remobilizing the beach planform, whether in beach rotation or in cross-shore erosion. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Estudio y diseño de un cabezal de recepción para GPS mediante APLAC

Presentación del Proyecto Fin de Carrera titulado "Estudio y Diseño de un Cabezal de Recepción para GPS mediante APLAC"

Introducción al sistema ISO GPS. Tolerancias dimensionales

[ES]Material didáctico interactivo elaborado por el Grupo de Innovación Educativa Ingeniería de Fabricación para la introducción al sistema ISO de especificaciones geométricas de producto. Se dirige principalmente al sistema ISO de tolerancias dimensionales y ajustes, basándose en las normas de aplicación vigentes UNE-EN ISO. Se incluye ejemplos, problemas de aplicación y casos prácticos relacionados con prácticas de laboratorio de varias asignaturas vinculadas al área de conocimiento de Ingeniería de los Procesos de Fabricación. Contiene varios recursos interactivos como ventanas gráficas y vídeos, además de vínculos que facilitan su uso y el acceso a fuentes de información complementarias. Permite un uso para el trabajo autónomo del estudiante, así como un apoyo a la enseñanza presencial.

Management and routing algorithms for ad-hoc and sensor networks

Large scale wireless adhoc networks of computers, sensors, PDAs etc. (i.e. nodes) are revolutionizing connectivity and leading to a paradigm shift from centralized systems to highly distributed and dynamic environments. An example of adhoc networks are sensor networks, which are usually composed by small units able to sense and transmit to a sink elementary data which are successively processed by an external machine. Recent improvements in the memory and computational power of sensors, together with the reduction of energy consumptions, are rapidly changing the potential of such systems, moving the attention towards datacentric sensor networks. A plethora of routing and data management algorithms have been proposed for the network path discovery ranging from broadcasting/floodingbased approaches to those using global positioning systems (GPS). We studied WGrid, a novel decentralized infrastructure that organizes wireless devices in an adhoc manner, where each node has one or more virtual coordinates through which both message routing and data management occur without reliance on either flooding/broadcasting operations or GPS. The resulting adhoc network does not suffer from the deadend problem, which happens in geographicbased routing when a node is unable to locate a neighbor closer to the destination than itself. WGrid allow multidimensional data management capability since nodes' virtual coordinates can act as a distributed database without needing neither special implementation or reorganization. Any kind of data (both single and multidimensional) can be distributed, stored and managed. We will show how a location service can be easily implemented so that any search is reduced to a simple query, like for any other data type. WGrid has then been extended by adopting a replication methodology. We called the resulting algorithm WRGrid. Just like WGrid, WRGrid acts as a distributed database without needing neither special implementation nor reorganization and any kind of data can be distributed, stored and managed. We have evaluated the benefits of replication on data management, finding out, from experimental results, that it can halve the average number of hops in the network. The direct consequence of this fact are a significant improvement on energy consumption and a workload balancing among sensors (number of messages routed by each node). Finally, thanks to the replications, whose number can be arbitrarily chosen, the resulting sensor network can face sensors disconnections/connections, due to failures of sensors, without data loss. Another extension to {WGrid} is {W*Grid} which extends it by strongly improving network recovery performance from link and/or device failures that may happen due to crashes or battery exhaustion of devices or to temporary obstacles. W*Grid guarantees, by construction, at least two disjoint paths between each couple of nodes. This implies that the recovery in W*Grid occurs without broadcasting transmissions and guaranteeing robustness while drastically reducing the energy consumption. An extensive number of simulations shows the efficiency, robustness and traffic road of resulting networks under several scenarios of device density and of number of coordinates. Performance analysis have been compared to existent algorithms in order to validate the results.

Strategie di elaborazione di tracciati GPS per reti veicolari

Il proliferare di dispositivi di elaborazione e comunicazione mobili (telefoni cellulari, computer portatili, PDA, wearable devices, personal digital assistant) sta guidando un cambiamento rivoluzionario nella nostra società dell'informazione. Si sta migrando dall'era dei Personal Computer all'era dell'Ubiquitous Computing, in cui un utente utilizza, parallelamente, svariati dispositivi elettronici attraverso cui può accedere a tutte le informazioni, ovunque e quantunque queste gli si rivelino necessarie. In questo scenario, anche le mappe digitali stanno diventando sempre più parte delle nostre attività quotidiane; esse trasmettono informazioni vitali per una pletora di applicazioni che acquistano maggior valore grazie alla localizzazione, come Yelp, Flickr, Facebook, Google Maps o semplicemente le ricerche web geo-localizzate. Gli utenti di PDA e Smartphone dipendono sempre più dai GPS e dai Location Based Services (LBS) per la navigazione, sia automobilistica che a piedi. Gli stessi servizi di mappe stanno inoltre evolvendo la loro natura da uni-direzionale a bi-direzionale; la topologia stradale è arricchita da informazioni dinamiche, come traffico in tempo reale e contenuti creati dagli utenti. Le mappe digitali aggiornabili dinamicamente sono sul punto di diventare un saldo trampolino di lancio per i sistemi mobili ad alta dinamicità ed interattività, che poggiando su poche informazioni fornite dagli utenti, porteranno una moltitudine di applicazioni innovative ad un'enorme base di consumatori. I futuri sistemi di navigazione per esempio, potranno utilizzare informazioni estese su semafori, presenza di stop ed informazioni sul traffico per effettuare una ottimizzazione del percorso che valuti simultaneamente fattori come l'impronta al carbonio rilasciata, il tempo di viaggio effettivamente necessario e l'impatto della scelta sul traffico locale. In questo progetto si mostra come i dati GPS raccolti da dispositivi fissi e mobili possano essere usati per estendere le mappe digitali con la locazione dei segnali di stop, dei semafori e delle relative temporizzazioni. Queste informazioni sono infatti oggi rare e locali ad ogni singola municipalità, il che ne rende praticamente impossibile il pieno reperimento. Si presenta quindi un algoritmo che estrae utili informazioni topologiche da agglomerati di tracciati gps, mostrando inoltre che anche un esiguo numero di veicoli equipaggiati con la strumentazione necessaria sono sufficienti per abilitare l'estensione delle mappe digitali con nuovi attributi. Infine, si mostrerà come l'algoritmo sia in grado di lavorare anche con dati mancanti, ottenendo ottimi risultati e mostrandosi flessibile ed adatto all'integrazione in sistemi reali.

Context detection and abstraction in smart environments

Context-aware computing is currently considered the most promising approach to overcome information overload and to speed up access to relevant information and services. Context-awareness may be derived from many sources, including user profile and preferences, network information, sensor analysis; usually context-awareness relies on the ability of computing devices to interact with the physical world, i.e. with the natural and artificial objects hosted within the "environment”. Ideally, context-aware applications should not be intrusive and should be able to react according to user’s context, with minimum user effort. Context is an application dependent multidimensional space and the location is an important part of it since the very beginning. Location can be used to guide applications, in providing information or functions that are most appropriate for a specific position. Hence location systems play a crucial role. There are several technologies and systems for computing location to a vary degree of accuracy and tailored for specific space model, i.e. indoors or outdoors, structured spaces or unstructured spaces. The research challenge faced by this thesis is related to pedestrian positioning in heterogeneous environments. Particularly, the focus will be on pedestrian identification, localization, orientation and activity recognition. This research was mainly carried out within the “mobile and ambient systems” workgroup of EPOCH, a 6FP NoE on the application of ICT to Cultural Heritage. Therefore applications in Cultural Heritage sites were the main target of the context-aware services discussed. Cultural Heritage sites are considered significant test-beds in Context-aware computing for many reasons. For example building a smart environment in museums or in protected sites is a challenging task, because localization and tracking are usually based on technologies that are difficult to hide or harmonize within the environment. Therefore it is expected that the experience made with this research may be useful also in domains other than Cultural Heritage. This work presents three different approaches to the pedestrian identification, positioning and tracking: Pedestrian navigation by means of a wearable inertial sensing platform assisted by the vision based tracking system for initial settings an real-time calibration; Pedestrian navigation by means of a wearable inertial sensing platform augmented with GPS measurements; Pedestrian identification and tracking, combining the vision based tracking system with WiFi localization. The proposed localization systems have been mainly used to enhance Cultural Heritage applications in providing information and services depending on the user’s actual context, in particular depending on the user’s location.

Sistemi navigazionali multi sensore per il posizionamento in presenza di brevi periodi di GPS outage

Il posizionamento terrestre negli ultimi anni è stato sempre più facilitato dallo sviluppo delle tecniche satellitari, che permettono di localizzare un punto sulla superficie terrestre con precisioni superiori a quelle richieste per la pura navigazione, tramite la comunicazione tra ricevitore e satelliti. Per la disponibilità del sistema satellitare è indispensabile l’intervisibilità ottica satellite - ricevitore, condizione che viene a mancare nel caso ad esempio di trekking sottobosco, a causa della copertura data da manto vegetale e chiome arboree che non permettono una corretta triangolazione geometrica satellitare. Rientrano nei sistemi navigazionali anche le piattaforme inerziali, sistemi che rilevano le accelerazioni impresse e l’orientamento della piattaforma stessa. Se montati su un veicolo possono fungere da ausilio alla determinazione dell’ “attitude”, cioè dell’atteggiamento del veicolo durante il suo movimento in uno spazio tridimensionale. In questo lavoro ci si propone di unire i benefici delle due tecnologie, satellitari e inerziali, grazie alla complementarietà delle loro caratteristiche sugli errori, unendone le potenzialità e verificando i benefici prodotti dal loro uso integrato. In particolare si utilizzeranno dispositivi di costo relativamente contenuto.

Kinematics of the Sicily and Calabria Subduction System from Elastic Block Modeling of GPS Data

We use data from about 700 GPS stations in the EuroMediterranen region to investigate the present-day behavior of the the Calabrian subduction zone within the Mediterranean-scale plates kinematics and to perform local scale studies about the strain accumulation on active structures. We focus attenction on the Messina Straits and Crati Valley faults where GPS data show extentional velocity gradients of ∼3 mm/yr and ∼2 mm/yr, respectively. We use dislocation model and a non-linear constrained optimization algorithm to invert for fault geometric parameters and slip-rates and evaluate the associated uncertainties adopting a bootstrap approach. Our analysis suggest the presence of two partially locked normal faults. To investigate the impact of elastic strain contributes from other nearby active faults onto the observed velocity gradient we use a block modeling approach. Our models show that the inferred slip-rates on the two analyzed structures are strongly impacted by the assumed locking width of the Calabrian subduction thrust. In order to frame the observed local deformation features within the present- day central Mediterranean kinematics we realyze a statistical analysis testing the indipendent motion (w.r.t. the African and Eurasias plates) of the Adriatic, Cal- abrian and Sicilian blocks. Our preferred model confirms a microplate like behaviour for all the investigated blocks. Within these kinematic boundary conditions we fur- ther investigate the Calabrian Slab interface geometry using a combined approach of block modeling and χ2ν statistic. Almost no information is obtained using only the horizontal GPS velocities that prove to be a not sufficient dataset for a multi-parametric inversion approach. Trying to stronger constrain the slab geometry we estimate the predicted vertical velocities performing suites of forward models of elastic dislocations varying the fault locking depth. Comparison with the observed field suggest a maximum resolved locking depth of 25 km.