Análise de agrotóxicos em água usando extração líquido-líquido com partição em baixa temperatura por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência

This study optimized and validated the liquid-liquid extraction technique with partition at low temperature (LLE-PLT) for identification and quantification of four pesticides (chlorpyrifos, λ-cyhalothrin, permethrin, bifenthrin) in water samples. Analyses were performed by HPLC-UV. The technique was efficient for pesticide recovery with extraction exceeding 86%. Chromatographic response was linear for the four compounds in the 10-45 µg L-1 range, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99. Limits of detection and quantitation were less than 3.5 µg L-1 and equal to 10 µg L-1, respectively. The proposed method was applied to 29 water samples from the Jaíba Project in northern Minas Gerais.

Química sem fronteiras

The main objective of this paper is to start and stimulate reflection, discussion and proposing actions that allow Chemistry in Brazil contribute to a prosperous, safer and better future for the nation.

Câmara de volatilização: uma alternativa para avaliação da eficiência de amostragem de α- e β-endossulfam em fase gasosa

The efficiency of XAD®-2 resin in sampling the pesticides α and β-endosulfan from air contaminated in the laboratory was evaluated. Sampling efficiency ranged from 87 to 108% for α-endosulfan and from 71 to 84% for β-endosulfan with relative standard deviation lower than 19%. The pesticides were not detected in the second section of the cartridge showing the good retention capacity of XAD®-2 for these analytes. Method quantification limits were 0.32 and 0.34 µg m-3 for α and β-endosulfan, respectively. These results suggest that the proposed method may be useful for evaluating occupational exposure to these compounds.

Validação de método analítico livre de acetonitrila para análise de microcistinas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência

Blooms of cyanobacteria represent a public health risk due to their cyanotoxins such as microcystins. Liquid chromatography techniques to separate and quantify microcystins invariably use acetonitrile as the organic component of the mobile phase. The price and availability of acetonitrile together with its elevated toxicity encourage the validation of acetonitrile-free methods of microcystin analysis. In this work, methanol was employed as the organic solvent of the mobile phase and the validation method was performed with different environmental water samples. The method showed limits of detection between 0.17 and 0.25 µg/L and of quantification between 0.55 and 0.82 µg/L for the microcystin variants: -RR, -YR, -LR, -LA.

Química e sustentabilidade: novas fronteiras em biocombustíveis

This contribution discusses the state of the art and the challenges in producing biofuels, as well as the need to develop chemical conversion processes of CO2 in Brazil. Biofuels are sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels for providing energy, whilst minimizing the effects of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. Ethanol from fermentation of simple sugars and biodiesel produced from oils and fats are the first-generation of biofuels available in the country. However, they are preferentially produced from edible feedstocks (sugar cane and vegetable oils), which limits the expansion of national production. In addition, environmental issues, as well as political and societal pressures, have promoted the development of 2nd and 3rd generation biofuels. These biofuels are based on lignocellulosic biomass from agricultural waste and wood processing, and on algae, respectively. Cellulosic ethanol, from fermentation of cellulose-derived sugars, and hydrocarbons in the range of liquid fuels (gasoline, jet, and diesel fuels) produced through thermochemical conversion processes are considered biofuels of the new generation. Nevertheless, the available 2nd and 3rd generation biofuels, and those under development, have to be subsidized for inclusion in the consumer market. Therefore, one of the greatest challenges in the biofuels area is their competitive large-scale production in relation to fossil fuels. Owing to this, fossil fuels, based on petroleum, coal and natural gas, will be around for many years to come. Thus, it is necessary to utilize the inevitable CO2 released by the combustion processes in a rational and economical way. Chemical transformation processes of CO2 into methanol, hydrocarbons and organic carbonates are attractive and relatively easy to implement in the short-to-medium terms. However, the low reactivity of CO2 and the thermodynamic limitations in terms of conversion and yield of products remain challenges to be overcome in the development of sustainable CO2 conversion processes.

Química Sem Fronteiras: o desafio da energia

Coal, natural gas and petroleum-based liquid fuels are still the most widely used energy sources in modern society. The current scenario contrasts with the foreseen shortage of petroleum that was spread out in the beginning of the XXI century, when the concept of "energy security" emerged as an urgent agenda to ensure a good balance between energy supply and demand. Much beyond protecting refineries and oil ducts from terrorist attacks, these issues soon developed to a portfolio of measures related to process sustainability, involving at least three fundamental dimensions: (a) the need for technological breakthroughs to improve energy production worldwide; (b) the improvement of energy efficiency in all sectors of modern society; and (c) the increase of the social perception that education is a key-word towards a better use of our energy resources. Together with these technological, economic or social issues, "energy security" is also strongly influenced by environmental issues involving greenhouse gas emissions, loss of biodiversity in environmentally sensitive areas, pollution and poor solid waste management. For these and other reasons, the implementation of more sustainable practices in our currently available industrial facilities and the search for alternative energy sources that could partly replace the fossil fuels became a major priority throughout the world. Regarding fossil fuels, the main technological bottlenecks are related to the exploitation of less accessible petroleum resources such as those in the pre-salt layer, ranging from the proper characterization of these deep-water oil reservoirs, the development of lighter and more efficient equipment for both exploration and exploitation, the optimization of the drilling techniques, the achievement of further improvements in production yields and the establishment of specialized training programs for the technical staff. The production of natural gas from shale is also emerging in several countries but its production in large scale has several problems ranging from the unavoidable environmental impact of shale mining as well as to the bad consequences of its large scale exploitation in the past. The large scale use of coal has similar environmental problems, which are aggravated by difficulties in its proper characterization. Also, the mitigation of harmful gases and particulate matter that are released as a result of combustion is still depending on the development of new gas cleaning technologies including more efficient catalysts to improve its emission profile. On the other hand, biofuels are still struggling to fulfill their role in reducing our high dependence on fossil fuels. Fatty acid alkyl esters (biodiesel) from vegetable oils and ethanol from cane sucrose and corn starch are mature technologies whose market share is partially limited by the availability of their raw materials. For this reason, there has been a great effort to develop "second-generation" technologies to produce methanol, ethanol, butanol, biodiesel, biogas (methane), bio-oils, syngas and synthetic fuels from lower grade renewable feedstocks such as lignocellulosic materials whose consumption would not interfere with the rather sensitive issues of food security. Advanced fermentation processes are envisaged as "third generation" technologies and these are primarily linked to the use of algae feedstocks as well as other organisms that could produce biofuels or simply provide microbial biomass for the processes listed above. Due to the complexity and cost of their production chain, "third generation" technologies usually aim at high value added biofuels such as biojet fuel, biohydrogen and hydrocarbons with a fuel performance similar to diesel or gasoline, situations in which the use of genetically modified organisms is usually required. In general, the main challenges in this field could be summarized as follows: (a) the need for prospecting alternative sources of biomass that are not linked to the food chain; (b) the intensive use of green chemistry principles in our current industrial activities; (c) the development of mature technologies for the production of second and third generation biofuels; (d) the development of safe bioprocesses that are based on environmentally benign microorganisms; (e) the scale-up of potential technologies to a suitable demonstration scale; and (f) the full understanding of the technological and environmental implications of the food vs. fuel debate. On the basis of these, the main objective of this article is to stimulate the discussion and help the decision making regarding "energy security" issues and their challenges for modern society, in such a way to encourage the participation of the Brazilian Chemistry community in the design of a road map for a safer, sustainable and prosper future for our nation.

Explorando produtos naturais microbianos nas fronteiras da Química e da Biologia

The chemistry of natural products has been remarkably growing in the past few decades in Brazil. Aspects related to the isolation and identification of new natural products, as well as their biological activities, have been achieved in different laboratories working on this subject in the country. More recently, the introduction of new molecular biology tools has strongly influenced the research on natural products, mainly those produced by microorganisms, creating new possibilities to assess the chemical diversity of secondary metabolites. This paper describes some ideas on how the research on natural products can have a considerable input from molecular biology in the generation of chemical diversity. We also explore the role of microbial natural products in mediating interspecific interactions and their relevance to ecological studies. Examples of the generation of chemical diversity are highlighted by using genome mining, mutasynthesis, combinatorial biosynthesis, metagenomics, and synthetic biology, while some aspects of microbial ecology are also discussed. The idea to bring up this topic is linked to the remarkable development of molecular biology techniques to generate useful chemicals from different organisms. Here, we focus mainly on microorganisms, even though similar approaches have also been applied to the study of plants and other organisms. Investigations in the frontier of chemistry and biology require interactions between different areas, characterizing the interdisciplinarity of this research field. The necessity of a real integration of chemistry and biology is pivotal to finding correct answers to a number of biological phenomena. The use of molecular biology tools to generate chemical diversity and control biosynthetic pathways is largely explored in the production of important biologically active compounds. Finally, we briefly comment on the Brazilian organization of research in this area, the necessity of new strategies for the graduation programs, and the establishment of networks as a way of organization to overcome some of the problems faced in the area of natural products.

Validação de um método para determinação simultânea de quatro ácidos orgânicos por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência em polpas de frutas congeladas

Validation of a rapid method for the determination of ascorbic, citric, fumaric and tartaric acids in stored pulp fruit and its application as a quality parameter was performed. The validation parameters showed that for the four evaluated acids, the method presented low limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), indicating good precision and accuracy, thus representing an important tool for quality assessment of stored fruit pulp. The results showed that the concentration of organic acids generally decreased with longer storage time in the fruit pulp under study. Amongst all the organic acids under investigation, ascorbic proved the least stable.

Determinação simultânea de carbamazepina, fenitoína e fenobarbital em sangue seco em papel por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência

Carbamazepine, phenobarbital and phenytoin were determined in dried blood spots (DBS) by high performance liquid chromatography, after extraction of 8 mm DBS using a mixture of acetonitrile and methanol. Analytes were separated by reversed-phase chromatography, with a run time of 17 minutes. Intra-assay and inter-assay precisions were in the 5.3 to 8.4% and 3.3 to 5.2% ranges, respectively. Accuracy was in the 98.8 to 104.3% range. The method had sensitivity to detect all analytes at levels below minimum therapeutic concentrations. The analytes were stable at 4 ºC and room temperature for up to 12 days and at 45 ºC for 9 days. The method was applied to 14 paired clinical samples of blood serum and DBS.

Avaliação da eficiência de degradação de hidrocarbonetos aromáticos por bactérias provinientes de estação de tratamento de efluente de refinaria de petróleo

Three bacterial strains were isolated from the activated sludge system of petroleum refinery wastewater, identified by partial sequencing of 16S rDNA, and classified as Acinetobacter genomospecies 3, Bacillus pumilus, and Bacillus flexus. The degradation efficiency of aromatic hydrocarbons was evaluated by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. In a mineral medium containing anthracene and phenanthrene and the consortium of microorganisms, the removal efficiency was 96% and 99%, respectively, after 30 days. The good rate of hydrocarbon degradation proves the operational efficiency of the microbial consortium in treating effluents containing these compounds.

Quantificação do efeito do crestamento bacteriano comum na eficiência fotossintética e na produção do feijoeiro

O efeito do agente causal do crestamento bacteriano comum na eficiência fotossintética e na produção do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris) foi quantificado. Dois experimentos de campo foram conduzidos durante a safra das águas de 1997, em Piracicaba-SP, com duas cultivares, IAC-Carioca e Rosinha. Diferentes níveis de severidade foram obtidos variando-se o número de inoculações com o patógeno. A severidade da doença, avaliada com auxílio de escala diagramática, não apresentou relação linear significativa (P>0,01) com a produção, enquanto a duração da área foliar sadia (HAD) relacionou-se linearmente de forma significativa (P<=0,01) com a produção nos dois experimentos (R² entre 0,66 e 0,78). A fotossíntese foi relacionada com área foliar doente por meio da equação Px/P0=(1-x )beta, onde Px é a fotossíntese líqüida da folha com severidade x, P0 é a fotossíntese líquida média das folhas sadias, x é a severidade da doença e beta expressa a relação entre lesão virtual e lesão visual. Os valores de beta, determinados por regressão não-linear, foram de 3,19±0,14 e 3,08±0,18 para as cultivares IAC-Carioca e Rosinha, respectivamente. A incorporação de beta ao cálculo de HAD, de modo geral, não melhorou significativamente o ajuste dos dados.

Eficiência de fungicidas no controle da mancha preta e verrugose do amendoim por método de monitoramento

Visando avaliar a eficiência de quatro fungicidas no controle monitorado da mancha preta (Cercosporidium personatum) e verrugose (Sphaceloma arachidis) do amendoim (Arachis hypogaea), cv.'Tatu', foram conduzidos quatro ensaios em Ribeirão Preto e Pindorama, SP (1996 e 1997. Os tratamentos foram: testemunha, sem controle químico; controle convencional, com quatro pulverizações de clorotalonil, a cada l4 dias, iniciando entre 41 e 43 dias do plantio; e controle monitorado, com clorotalonil e os triazóis tebuconazole, difenoconazole e propiconazole, nas doses recomendadas pelos fabricantes para a cultura. No controle monitorado a primeira pulverização foi realizada quando a incidência da mancha preta foi de 5 a 15% e as demais, com o intervalo mínimo de 14 dias entre as aplicações, após três dias, seguidos ou não, com ocorrências de precipitações pluviais superiores a 2,5 mm, durante períodos de sete dias. A intensidade da mancha preta (área sob a curva de progresso da doença) foi obtida por avaliações semanais com escalas diagramáticas de índice de área foliar infetada, durante o ciclo da cultura. A severidade da verrugose foi avaliada aos 84-92 dias do plantio, com escala específica de notas de um a quatro, em função dos sintomas exibidos nas hastes e pecíolos. No controle monitorado houve redução de uma a três pulverizações e os triazóis foram mais eficientes que o clorotalonil, resultando em rendimentos próximos aos do tratamento com quatro pulverizações fixas. O tebuconazole propiciou maior redução na intensidade da mancha preta, enquanto que o difenoconazole destacou-se pela eficiência no controle da verrugose.

Efeito da chuva sobre a tenacidade e eficiência de fungicidas cúpricos associados ao óleo vegetal no controle da ferrugem do cafeeiro

A ação da chuva sobre a tenacidade e eficiência de diferentes fungicidas cúpricos isolados ou associados ao óleo vegetal no controle da ferrugem (Hemileia vastatrix) do cafeeiro (Coffea arabica)foi avaliada no presente trabalho. Óxido cuproso, hidróxido de cobre e oxicloreto de cobre, na proporção de 0,3% do ingrediente ativo, foram pulverizados em mudas de café 24 h antes da inoculação dos urediniosporos. Após 60 min da pulverização, metade das mudas recebeu chuva induzida de 20 mm durante 6 min, repetidas quatro vezes com intervalos de uma semana. A outra metade não recebeu água por aspersão. O fungicida óxido cuproso sem adição do óleo foi mais eficiente do que com adição do óleo. Com o fungicida hidróxido de cobre ocorreu o inverso, enquanto que com o oxicloreto de cobre não se observou a ação do óleo. A presença ou não da chuva, não interferiu significativamente na incidência e severidade da ferrugem, sugerindo que os fungicidas testados apresentam certa resistência à ação da chuva, com boas características de aderência e/ou persistência na superfície foliar do cafeeiro. A mistura do oxicloreto de cobre ao óleo vegetal com ou sem chuva reduziu a germinação média de esporos para 13,51%, sendo significativamente diferente da testemunha com germinação média de 41,29%, o que indica a sua ação erradicante. Destacou-se ainda o óxido cuproso sem óleo na ausência de chuva por erradicar o fungo, mas que na presença de chuva não diferiu da testemunha.

Termoterapia via calor seco no tratamento de sementes de tomate: eficiência na erradicação de Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria e efeitos sobre a semente

Sementes infetadas constituem fonte primária de inóculo para epidemias da mancha bacteriana do tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum)que sob condições favoráveis podem resultar em rápido desenvolvimento da doença e severas perdas. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a eficiência do tratamento térmico a 70 ºC por 96 h na erradicação de Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria de sementes de tomate e seu efeito sobre a qualidade fisiológica e estrutura das sementes, por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Realizaram-se dois ensaios, e utilizando-se sementes inoculadas pelo método a vácuo com o isolado ENA 4463 a 10(7) ufc/ml em NaCl (0,85%). No primeiro ensaio compararam-se quatro tratamentos: sementes inoculadas (1), sementes inoculadas e tratadas a 70 ºC/96 h em estufa com circulação forçada de ar (2), sementes não inoculadas e não tratadas (3) e sementes não inoculadas e tratadas (70 ºC/96 h) (4). No segundo ensaio, apenas os tratamentos (1), (2) e (3) foram comparados. As amostras foram avaliadas quanto à qualidade fisiológica e recuperação da fitobactéria por meio de extração a vácuo seguido de riscagem em meios semi-seletivos, além de observações em MEV. Constatou-se eficiência de 100% e 99,96% na erradicação da bactéria no primeiro e segundo ensaio, respectivamente. Não houve nenhum efeito do tratamento térmico sobre a germinação. Observações ao MEV, revelaram alterações na estrutura superficial das sementes, com remoção, quebra e fusão de tricomas, além de danos à integridade das células bacterianas associadas à superfície do tegumento.