Evolutionary history and global spread of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing lineage.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains of the Beijing lineage are globally distributed and are associated with the massive spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis in Eurasia. Here we reconstructed the biogeographical structure and evolutionary history of this lineage by genetic analysis of 4,987 isolates from 99 countries and whole-genome sequencing of 110 representative isolates. We show that this lineage initially originated in the Far East, from where it radiated worldwide in several waves. We detected successive increases in population size for this pathogen over the last 200 years, practically coinciding with the Industrial Revolution, the First World War and HIV epidemics. Two MDR clones of this lineage started to spread throughout central Asia and Russia concomitantly with the collapse of the public health system in the former Soviet Union. Mutations identified in genes putatively under positive selection and associated with virulence might have favored the expansion of the most successful branches of the lineage.

Rede bei Eröffnung der religiös-moralischen Vorlesungen für Israeliten in Prag : Gehalten am 15ten November 1818

Herz Homberg

An meinen Freund L. L. im Mai 1818, nachdem er und ich eben von einer Krankheit genesen war : (Gedicht)

G. A. Adersbach

Mus Hs 353 - Jubel-Cantate : zur Feÿer des 50jährigen Regierungsantritts Sr Maj: des Königs von Sachsen ; den 20: Sept. 1818 ; oder Erndte-Cantate ; op: 58

Musik von Carl Maria von Weber. Gedicht von Friedrich Kind. Nach Friedrich Kinds Jubel Cantate gedichtet von A. Wendt

Gustav Simon [Illustration] : geb. 1818 - gest. 1897 ; Präsident: 1896 - 1897

Scan von Monochrom-Mikroform

Josef Hildburghäusser [Illustration] : geb. 1818 - gest. 1898

Scan von Monochrom-Mikroform

Sir John Simon [Illustration] : Sergeant-at-Law des Unterhauses, (geb. 1818, gest. 1897)

Scan von Monochrom-Mikroform

Sir Francis Montefiore

Theodor Herzl

Rede von Sir Francis Montefiore

Francis Montefiore

Sir Francis Montefiore über die Colonialbank

Francis Montefiore

Rede Sir Francis Montefiores

Francis Montefiore