Treatment of genital mycoplasma in colonized pregnant women in late pregnancy is associated with a lower rate of premature labour and neonatal complications.

Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma spp. may colonize the human genital tract and have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm labour and preterm premature rupture of membranes. However, as these bacteria can reside in the normal vaginal flora, there are controversies regarding their true role during pregnancy and so the need to treat these organisms. We therefore conducted a retrospective analysis to evaluate the treatment of genital mycoplasma in 5377 pregnant patients showing symptoms of potential obstetric complications at 25-37 weeks of gestation. Women presenting with symptoms were routinely screened by culture for the presence of these bacteria and treated with clindamycin when positive. Compared with uninfected untreated patients, women treated for genital mycoplasma demonstrated lower rates of premature labour. Indeed preterm birth rates were, respectively, 40.9% and 37.7% in women colonized with Ureaplasma spp. and M. hominis, compared with 44.1% in uncolonized women (Ureaplasma spp., p 0.024; M. hominis, p 0.001). Moreover, a reduction of neonatal complications rates was observed, with 10.9% of newborns developing respiratory diseases in case of Ureaplasma spp. colonization and 5.9% in the presence of M. hominis, compared with 12.8% in the absence of those bacteria (Ureaplasma spp., p 0.050; M. hominis, p <0.001). Microbiological screening of Ureaplasma spp. and/or M. hominis and pre-emptive antibiotic therapy of symptomatic pregnant women in late pregnancy might represent a beneficial strategy to reduce premature labour and neonatal complications.

Transvaginal specimen extraction in colorectal surgery: current state of the art.

Aim  Background The expected benefit of transvaginal specimen extraction is reduced incision-related morbidity. Objectives A systematic review of transvaginal specimen extraction in colorectal surgery was carried out to assess this expectation. Method  Search strategy The following keywords, in various combinations, were searched: NOSE (natural orifices specimen extraction), colorectal, colon surgery, transvaginal, right hemicolectomy, left hemicolectomy, low anterior resection, sigmoidectomy, ileocaecal resection, proctocolectomy, colon cancer, sigmoid diverticulitis and inflammatory bowel diseases. Selection criteria Selection criteria included large bowel resection with transvaginal specimen extraction, laparoscopic approach, human studies and English language. Exclusion criteria were experimental studies and laparotomic approach or local excision. All articles published up to February 2011 were included. Results  Twenty-three articles (including a total of 130 patients) fulfilled the search criteria. The primary diagnosis was colorectal cancer in 51% (67) of patients, endometriosis in 46% (60) of patients and other conditions in the remaining patients. A concurrent gynaecological procedure was performed in 17% (22) of patients. One case of conversion to laparotomy was reported. In two patients, transvaginal extraction failed. In left- and right-sided resections, the rate of severe complications was 3.7% and 2%, respectively. Two significant complications, one of pelvic seroma and one of rectovaginal fistula, were likely to have been related to transvaginal extraction. The degree of follow up was specified in only one study. Harvested nodes and negative margins were adequate and reported in 70% of oncological cases. Conclusion  Vaginal extraction of a colorectal surgery specimen shows potential benefit, particularly when associated with a gynaecological procedure. Data from prospective randomized trials are needed to support the routine use of this technique.

Place du frottis cytologique à l'adolescence [Role of the PAP smear in adolescence]

The publication of the 2006 directives concerning the management of PAP smears has incited us to update our internal protocols at the CHUV, which are described in this article. A new addition to these directives is the specific management of adolescent PAP smears, who present both a high HPV carriage rate and increased incidence of cytological abnormalities with a favorable outcome in most cases. Our goal is to avoid over-treating dysplasias in this type of patient in order to avoid long-term complications. Emphasis is placed on the first gynecological consultation where a listening ear and clear and targeted information remain essential in the proper management of a young patient.

Pasteurella multocida zoonotic ascending infection: an unusual cause of tubo-ovarian abscess.

We report a tubo-ovarian abscess due to Pasteurella multocida. This zoonotic infection was likely of ascending origin, as Pasteurella was also isolated from vaginal swabs.

First detection of Waddlia chondrophila in Africa using SYBR Green real-time PCR on veterinary samples.

Waddlia chondrophila is a strict intracellular microorganism belonging to the order Chlamydiales that has been isolated twice from aborted bovine fetuses, once in USA and once in Germany. This bacterium is now considered as an abortigenic agent in cattle. However, no information is available regarding the presence of this bacterium in Africa. Given the low sensitivity of cell culture to recover such an obligate intracellular bacterium, molecular-based diagnostic approaches are warranted. This report describes the development of a quantitative SYBR Green real-time PCR assay targeting the recA gene of W. chondrophila. Analytical sensitivity was 10 copies of control plasmid DNA per reaction. No cross-amplification was observed when testing pathogens that can cause abortion in cattle. The PCR exhibited a good intra-run and inter-run reproducibility. This real-time PCR was then applied to 150 vaginal swabs taken from Tunisian cows that have aborted. Twelve samples revealed to be Waddlia positive, suggesting a possible role of this bacterium in this setting. This new real-time PCR assay represents a diagnostic tool that may be used to further study the prevalence of Waddlia infection.

Effect of maternal clinical chorioamnionitis on neonatal morbidity in very-low birthweight infants: a case control study

Aims: To assess the relationship between maternal clinical chorioamnionitis and neonatal outcome in preterm very-low birthweight (VLBW) infants. Methods: An observational case-control study was conducted in the Neonatology Services of 12 acute-care teaching hospitals in Spain. Between January 2004 and December 2006, all consecutive VLBW (F1500 g) infants born to a mother with clinical chorioamnionitis were enrolled. Controls were infants without chorioamnionitis matched by gestational age who were born immediately after each index case. Results: There were 165 cases and 163 controls. A significantly higher percentage of cases than controls required intubation (53% vs. 35.8%), had normal intrauterine growth (98.1% vs. 84.7%), were born in a tertiary center (inborn) (95.1% vs. 89.1%), from single gestations (76.4% vs. 65.6%) and vaginal delivery (47.3% vs. 33.3%), showed a lowerApgar score at 5 min, and presented a higher rate of earlyonset sepsis (10.4% vs. 1.2%). Older maternal age (32.5 vs. 30.8 years), premature labor (67.3% vs. 25.8%), premature rupture of membranes (61.3% vs. 25.8%), and antibiotic treatment (88.5% vs. 52.3%) were significantly more frequent among cases than controls. Conclusions: After controlling by gestational age, maternal chorioamnionitis was associated with neonatal depression and early sepsis but not with other prematurity-related complications.

Robust vaccine-elicited cellular immune responses in breast milk following systemic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus DNA prime and live virus vector boost vaccination of lactating rhesus monkeys.

Breast milk transmission of HIV remains an important mode of infant HIV acquisition. Enhancement of mucosal HIV-specific immune responses in milk of HIV-infected mothers through vaccination may reduce milk virus load or protect against virus transmission in the infant gastrointestinal tract. However, the ability of HIV/SIV strategies to induce virus-specific immune responses in milk has not been studied. In this study, five uninfected, hormone-induced lactating, Mamu A*01(+) female rhesus monkey were systemically primed and boosted with rDNA and the attenuated poxvirus vector, NYVAC, containing the SIVmac239 gag-pol and envelope genes. The monkeys were boosted a second time with a recombinant Adenovirus serotype 5 vector containing matching immunogens. The vaccine-elicited immunodominant epitope-specific CD8(+) T lymphocyte response in milk was of similar or greater magnitude than that in blood and the vaginal tract but higher than that in the colon. Furthermore, the vaccine-elicited SIV Gag-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocyte polyfunctional cytokine responses were more robust in milk than in blood after each virus vector boost. Finally, SIV envelope-specific IgG responses were detected in milk of all monkeys after vaccination, whereas an SIV envelope-specific IgA response was only detected in one vaccinated monkey. Importantly, only limited and transient increases in the proportion of activated or CCR5-expressing CD4(+) T lymphocytes in milk occurred after vaccination. Therefore, systemic DNA prime and virus vector boost of lactating rhesus monkeys elicits potent virus-specific cellular and humoral immune responses in milk and may warrant further investigation as a strategy to impede breast milk transmission of HIV.

Effect of maternal clinical chorioamnionitis on neonatal morbidity in very-low birthweight infants: a case control study

Aims: To assess the relationship between maternal clinical chorioamnionitis and neonatal outcome in preterm very-low birthweight (VLBW) infants. Methods: An observational case-control study was conducted in the Neonatology Services of 12 acute-care teaching hospitals in Spain. Between January 2004 and December 2006, all consecutive VLBW (F1500 g) infants born to a mother with clinical chorioamnionitis were enrolled. Controls were infants without chorioamnionitis matched by gestational age who were born immediately after each index case. Results: There were 165 cases and 163 controls. A significantly higher percentage of cases than controls required intubation (53% vs. 35.8%), had normal intrauterine growth (98.1% vs. 84.7%), were born in a tertiary center (inborn) (95.1% vs. 89.1%), from single gestations (76.4% vs. 65.6%) and vaginal delivery (47.3% vs. 33.3%), showed a lowerApgar score at 5 min, and presented a higher rate of earlyonset sepsis (10.4% vs. 1.2%). Older maternal age (32.5 vs. 30.8 years), premature labor (67.3% vs. 25.8%), premature rupture of membranes (61.3% vs. 25.8%), and antibiotic treatment (88.5% vs. 52.3%) were significantly more frequent among cases than controls. Conclusions: After controlling by gestational age, maternal chorioamnionitis was associated with neonatal depression and early sepsis but not with other prematurity-related complications.

Effect of maternal clinical chorioamnionitis on neonatal morbidity in very-low birthweight infants: a case control study

Aims: To assess the relationship between maternal clinical chorioamnionitis and neonatal outcome in preterm very-low birthweight (VLBW) infants. Methods: An observational case-control study was conducted in the Neonatology Services of 12 acute-care teaching hospitals in Spain. Between January 2004 and December 2006, all consecutive VLBW (F1500 g) infants born to a mother with clinical chorioamnionitis were enrolled. Controls were infants without chorioamnionitis matched by gestational age who were born immediately after each index case. Results: There were 165 cases and 163 controls. A significantly higher percentage of cases than controls required intubation (53% vs. 35.8%), had normal intrauterine growth (98.1% vs. 84.7%), were born in a tertiary center (inborn) (95.1% vs. 89.1%), from single gestations (76.4% vs. 65.6%) and vaginal delivery (47.3% vs. 33.3%), showed a lowerApgar score at 5 min, and presented a higher rate of earlyonset sepsis (10.4% vs. 1.2%). Older maternal age (32.5 vs. 30.8 years), premature labor (67.3% vs. 25.8%), premature rupture of membranes (61.3% vs. 25.8%), and antibiotic treatment (88.5% vs. 52.3%) were significantly more frequent among cases than controls. Conclusions: After controlling by gestational age, maternal chorioamnionitis was associated with neonatal depression and early sepsis but not with other prematurity-related complications.

Hidrocolpo por ectopia ureteral em hemivagina associado a displasia renal: relato de caso e revisão da literatura

Os autores apresentam um caso de displasia renal associada a ectopia ureteral vaginal homolateral, com uretero-hidronefrose contralateral devida a compressão por hidrocolpo causado pela ectopia e por um septo vaginal oblíquo. Os exames de imagem utilizados foram urografia excretora, cistografia, ultra-sonografia, tomografia computadorizada e cintilografia renal com Tc-99m-DMSA. Foi realizada revisão da literatura sobre casos de hidrocolpo associado a malformações urinárias.

Radioterapia adjuvante no tratamento do câncer de endométrio: experiência com a associação de radio-terapia externa e braquiterapia de alta taxa de dose

OBJETIVO: Analisar, retrospectivamente, os resultados da radioterapia externa (RT) combinada a braquiterapia de alta taxa de dose (BATD), adjuvantes à cirurgia para o carcinoma de endométrio. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Avaliamos 141 pacientes tratados com RT e BATD adjuvantes à cirurgia, no período de janeiro de 1993 a janeiro de 2001. RT pélvica foi realizada com dose mediana de 45 Gy, e BATD realizada na dose mediana de 24 Gy, em quatro inserções semanais de 6 Gy. A idade mediana das pacientes foi de 63 anos e a distribuição por estádio clínico (EC) foi: EC I (FIGO), 52,4%; EC II, 13,5%; EC III, 29,8%; EC IV, 4,3%. RESULTADOS: Com seguimento mediano de 53,7 meses, a sobrevida livre de doença (SLD) em cinco anos foi: EC I, 88,0%; EC II, 70,8%; EC III, 55,1%; EC IV, 50,0% (p = 0,0003). A sobrevida global em cinco anos foi: EC I, 79,6%; EC II, 74,0%; EC III, 53,6%; EC IV, 100,0% (p = 0,0062). Fatores que influíram na SLD foram grau histológico e histologia seropapilífera. Dos 33 casos que apresentaram recidiva da doença, em 13 (9,2%) esta ocorreu na pelve, vagina ou cúpula vaginal. RT + BATD do fundo vaginal permitiram o controle da doença em 90,8% dos casos. CONCLUSÃO: A RT exerce papel fundamental no controle loco-regional do câncer de endométrio e permite excelentes taxas de cura nos estádios iniciais. Para os estádios mais avançados, a falha terapêutica tende a ser a distância, sugerindo a necessidade de complementação terapêutica sistêmica, com introdução de novas modalidades de tratamento, em particular a quimioterapia.

Aferição simultânea da pressão abdominal na avaliação ultra-sonográfica de mulheres com incontinência urinária de esforço

OBJETIVO: Determinar a influência da aferição da pressão intra-abdominal na avaliação ultra-sonográfica da junção uretrovesical (JUV) e da uretra proximal (UP) em pacientes com incontinência urinária de esforço (IUE). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo de corte transversal realizado na Unidade de Pesquisa em Incontinência Urinária da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, de janeiro de 2002 a janeiro de 2005. Trinta e seis pacientes com queixas de IUE foram submetidas a ultra-sonografia perineal para avaliação da JUV e da UP com a bexiga praticamente vazia (< 50 ml), com aferição simultânea de pressão intra-abdominal. Para as avaliações, foi utilizado aparelho de ultra-som com transdutor vaginal de 7 MHz e seletor eletrônico de mensuração de imagem real, equipado com computador e câmera fotográfica de resolução instantânea. Para a medida da pressão intra-abdominal, foi utilizado aparelho de urodinâmica com cateter de 10 fr retal acoplado a um balão de sensor para medida da pressão intra-abdominal. RESULTADOS: As pacientes tinham idade entre 25 e 69 anos (média de 46,4 ± 10,2 anos). À manobra de Valsalva, a pressão intra-abdominal variou entre 7 cmH2O e 193 cmH2O (média de 99,3 ± 51,8 cmH2O; mediana de 99,5 cmH2O). Oito das 31 (25,8%) pacientes com hipermobilidade da JUV apresentaram pressão intra-abdominal inferior a 60 cmH2O. Não foi detectada relação estatisticamente significante entre a variação de pressão intra-abdominal e os parâmetros ultra-sonográficos em questão. CONCLUSÃO: Há um índice específico de pressão de deslocamento uretral para cada mulher com IUE. Porém, não há associação significativa entre o aumento de pressão intra-abdominal e aumento de mobilidade da JUV e UP em mulheres com quadro clínico de IUE.

A importância da ultra-sonografia transvulvar na avaliação de parâmetros anatômicos relevantes no tratamento de mulheres com incontinência urinária de esforço

OBJETIVO: Descrever a importância da ultra-sonografia transvulvar na avaliação das diferenças anatômicas induzidas pelas cirurgias de sling de fáscia lata e tension-free vaginal tape. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Quarenta mulheres com incontinência urinária de esforço, com idades entre 30 e 60 anos, foram tratadas por sling de fáscia lata (20 pacientes) ou tension-free vaginal tape (20 pacientes). A ultra-sonografia transvulvar da junção uretrovesical e da uretra proximal foi a principal ferramenta de investigação pré- e pós-operatória. Os parâmetros estudados foram: distância vertical e distância horizontal da junção uretrovesical, distância pubouretral e comprimento da uretra proximal. RESULTADOS: A distância vertical da junção uretrovesical não variou significativamente após a sling de fáscia lata (p > 0,10). A distância pubouretral e a uretra proximal tornaram-se menores (p < 0,003) e a distância horizontal da junção uretrovesical tornou-se menor só no repouso (p = 0,03) após a sling de fáscia lata. A tension-free vaginal tape diminuiu o deslocamento vertical da junção uretrovesical (p = 0,0005) e o comprimento da uretra proximal (p = 0,02). CONCLUSÃO: A ultra-sonografia transvulvar foi fundamental para documentar que as cirurgias de sling de fáscia lata e tension-free vaginal tape alongam a uretra proximal, sendo a sling de fáscia lata de forma mais eficaz. A sling de fáscia lata enfoca a diminuição da distância pubouretral e a tension-free vaginal tape, o deslocamento vertical da junção uretrovesical.

Avaliação das fístulas urogenitais por urorressonância magnética

OBJETIVO: As fístulas vesicovaginais e ureterovaginais são complicações incomuns, secundárias a doenças ou a cirurgias pélvicas. O sucesso terapêutico dessas fístulas depende de adequada avaliação pré-operatória para o diagnóstico e visualização do seu trajeto. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de demonstrar o potencial da urorressonância no diagnóstico das fístulas urogenitais e na visualização dos seus trajetos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram analisados, retrospectivamente, os prontuários médicos e as imagens radiológicas e de urorressonância magnética de sete pacientes do sexo feminino com diagnóstico de fístula urogenital. Para a urorressonância foram realizadas seqüências 3D-HASTE com saturação de gordura. RESULTADOS: Seis pacientes apresentavam fístula vesicovaginal e uma paciente tinha diagnóstico de fístula ureterovaginal à direita. Com a utilização da urorressonância magnética, foi possível demonstrar o trajeto da fístula em seis das sete pacientes (85,7%), sem a necessidade de cateterização vesical ou da injeção de contraste. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo demonstra o potencial e a aplicabilidade da urorressonância na avaliação dessas fístulas.

Avaliação dosimétrica de uma combinação de aplicadores para braquiterapia de tumores do colo uterino com acometimento da porção distal da vagina

OBJETIVO: Avaliar uma alternativa de braquiterapia para tumores do colo uterino acometendo a porção distal da vagina, sem aumentar os riscos de toxicidade. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo teórico comparando três diferentes aplicadores de braquiterapia intracavitária de alta taxa de dose: sonda intrauterina e cilindro vaginal (SC); sonda e anel associado ao cilindro vaginal (SA+C) e um aplicador virtual com sonda, anel e cilindro vaginal em um único conjunto (SAC). Foram prescritas doses de 7 Gy no ponto A e 5 Gy na superfície ou a 5 mm de profundidade na mucosa vaginal, mantendo as doses nos pontos de reto, bexiga e sigmoide abaixo dos limites de tolerância. Foram comparados os volumes englobados pelas isodoses de 50% (V50), 100% (V100), 150% (V150) e 200% (V200), respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Tanto SA+C quanto SAC apresentaram melhor distribuição de dose quando comparados ao aplicador SC. A distribuição de dose obtida com SA+C foi semelhante à do aplicador SAC, sendo V150 e V200 cerca de 50% maiores para SA+C, todavia, dentro do cilindro. CONCLUSÃO: A utilização de SA+C em uma única aplicação em dois tempos pode ser uma alternativa de tratamento para pacientes que apresentam tumores de colo uterino com acometimento distal da vagina.