The Extensive (but Fragile) Authority of the WTO Appellate Body

The authority of an international court (IC) is not necessarily evolutionary and its development unidirectional. This article addresses the authority of the Appellate Body (AB) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and shows how it rapidly and almost immediately became extensive, but has since exhibited signs of becoming more fragile. The article applies a typology of IC authority developed by Alter, Helfer and Madsen (2014) and explains the transformation from narrow authority (a dispute resolution venue under the GATT based on political negotiations) to extensive authority (a judicialized WTO dispute settlement system with a sophisticated case law) and presents empirical indicators of the rise of the AB’s authority. Such rapid development of extensive authority is arguably a unique case in international politics at the multilateral level. That authority nonetheless remains fragile, and shows signs that it could decline significantly for reasons we explain.

Methodism and literature; a series of articles from several writers on the literary enterprise and achievements of the Methodist Episcopal Church.

Includes index.

Corporations; a study of the origin and development of great business combinations and of their relation to the authority of the state.

Mode of access: Internet.

Memorandum on the impact of the First Amendment to the Constitution upon Federal aid to education : Memorandum on the Constitutional authority of the Congress to enact S. 1021. Federal programs under which institutions with religious affiliation receive Federal funds through grants or loans.

Documents prepared by the Department's legal staff in response to the request of Senator Morse, Chairman, Subcommittee on Education, committee on Labor and Public Welfare.

To investigate executive agencies : hearings before the Special committee to investigate executive agencies, House of Representatives, Seventy-eighth Congress, first session : pursuant to H. Res. 102, a resolution establishing a select committee to investigate the acts of executive agencies beyond the scope of their authority.

Howard W, chairman. Smith.

Quadrennial address of the bishops of the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church to the fourteenth session of the General Conference : held in Saint Louis, Missouri, May third, one thousand nine hundred and twenty two.

Signed at end: Isaac Lane (retired). Robert Simeon Williams. Elias Cottrell. Charles Henry Phillips. Randall Albert Carter. Nelson Caldwell Cleaves.

Journal of a tour in the "Indian territory," : performed by order of the Domestic Committee of the Board of Missions of the Protestant Episcopal Church, in the spring of 1844, by their secretary and general agent.

Disbound Original Held in Oak Street Library Facility.

The ecclesiastical polity of Methodism defended: a refutation of certain objections to the system of itineracy in the Methodist Episcopal church. /

Mode of access: Internet.