Vegetation Changes to the Okavango Delta, Botswana; A Comparison Between Managed and Non-Managed Areas

This capstone explores vegetation changes in the Okavango Delta area of Botswana. Spatial analyses were conducted using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Normalized Difference Vegetation Index satellite imagery and Geographic Information System land management data to compare vegetation changes within managed areas to determine whether management practices have had beneficial or adverse impacts. Rainfall, logging, and livestock data were utilized to attempt to find a link to precipitation, logging, or overgrazing. After analysis the livestock data were the only one that showed a correlation to the vegetation changes observed. Of the vegetation cover types analyzed, forest showed the most change, a significant decrease. Little difference in vegetation changes was found in the managed areas, indicating that land management techniques are ineffective.

The Effectiveness of Rain Gardens as a Low-Impact Development Strategy for Storm Water Pollution Reduction in Western Washington

Stormwater runoff is a major cause of surface water pollution in western Washington and cost-effective control measures are needed to reduce contamination of receiving waters. This project evaluated the performance efficiency and costs of installing a residential rain garden by inspecting two gardens and testing water quality samples in one. Infiltration through the garden was effective in reducing metals and nutrients as indicated by reductions in copper and nitrate concentrations of 75% and 97%, respectively. The costs were affordable for most homeowners and cost-effective compared to other options. After doing on-site investigations, the storm water manual for the State of Washington was reviewed and eight recommendations were made for improving it.

Construction of a Sustainable City Park in Ruddle, WV: A Model for Sustainable Park Design in Humid Climates

Three sustainable projects were studied under a sustainable park model for humid climates to determine where their costs lie in terms of installation, maintenance or both. These projects included the use of solar lighting to replace every configuration of conventional lighting, inclusion of a water garden/bog filter and Riparian Buffer System for the purposes of filtering sediments and nutrients out of runoff to prevent contaminated runoff from reaching the river that was adjacent to the park model location and construction of a LEED-inspired building to serve as the concession stand/restrooms building. The aggregate cost savings of instituting all three projects over ten years was $74,120 and the entire project paid itself off in approximately four years.

Compliance Strategies for Gasoline Distribution Facilities

Gasoline Distribution Generally Available Control Technology (GD GACT) is a Federal environmental regulation that is specifically written and enforced to reduce HAP emissions from gasoline distribution (GD) facilities. The regulation targets four specific types of GD facilities: bulk gasoline terminals, bulk gasoline plants, pipeline breakout stations, and pipeline pumping stations. A GD GACT compliance plan was developed for a particular, representative example of each type of GD facility affected by the regulation. Each facility in the study is owned and operated by a single company. The compliance plans were developed to meet the regulatory requirements contained within GD GACT. The compliance plans will be implemented at each facility prior to the January 10, 2011 compliance date.

Comparative Evaluation of Groundwater Management Practices of the Ogallala Aquifer

Mining of groundwater, or extracting a larger quantity of water than what is naturally returned to the aquifer through recharge, has been occurring for more than fifty years. The minimal natural recharge to the Ogallala Aquifer makes sustainable use of this resource a daunting task for states across the High Plains that rely on it to support their well-established ways of life. This task is compounded when considering the different combinations of federal, state and local governance, as well as regional economic and social frameworks that each state overlaying the aquifer experiences. This project critically examines factors contributing to groundwater management successes and failures of three states that overlay the majority (87%) of this resource: Nebraska, Kansas and Texas.

Geothermal Electricity Generation in Colorado: Actual and Perceived Obstacles to Greater Implementation

The objective of this paper is to provide an analysis of the potential and obstacles to the development of geothermal energy resources in Colorado. Geothermal energy is the only renewable resource that can provide base-load electricity. While Colorado has significant geothermal energy potential, there are no such power plants. Layers of federal and state laws and regulations represent one barrier to further geothermal development. Transmission constraints represent another major barrier. High exploration and construction costs along with high-risk profiles for geothermal projects form another major barrier. Perceived barriers such as misunderstanding the impacts, risks, and benefits of geothermal energy hinder further development. Recommendations are provided to help overcome these obstacles.

Mangrove, Crab and Shorebird Activity as Bioindicators to the Health Status of Mangrove Ecosystems along the Surinamese Coastline, South America

This study focused on the shorebird activity along the Surinamese coast in relation to the mangrove ecosystem health. The health of three estuarine mangrove areas was assessed using important bioindicators of the mangrove ecosystem: crabs, birds and mangroves. Mangrove vegetation was measured at Weg Naar Zee, Matapica canal delta and Coronie coast. Crab activity was measured by burrow and crab counts. Occurring shorebirds were also counted at these areas. The results show that mangrove regeneration and shorebird activity is significantly related to the health of the ecosystem. Weg Naar Zee was the most damaged and highest at risk. Matapica canal delta and the Coronie coast were the least damaged, with Coronie coast showing greatest health and biodiversity of the indicators.

An Analysis of Effective Components of Climate Change Policies in Three Colorado Counties

Climate change is critically impacting the environment and economy at the local level. County governments have an opportunity to adopt climate change policies that address local environmental and economic concerns. The Colorado counties of Boulder, Gunnison, and Pitkin have all adopted some form of climate change policies. There are some components of each of these policies that are more effective in terms of economic, environmental, and community benefits. An effective climate change policy clearly states specific cost analyses, environmental impacts at the local level, the relationship between impacts and the community, and the economic benefits of policy adoption. This Capstone project addresses specific cost and energy analyses and provides a beneficial policy framework for county governments.

Developing a Citizen Volunteer Lake Monitoring Program for the Flathead Basin in Northwestern Montana for the early Detection and Prevention of the Introduction of Zebra Mussels and other Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS)

Preventing the introduction of aquatic invasive species (AIS) like zebra and quagga mussels in the U.S. is a high priority. This Capstone demonstrates zebra and quagga mussels are of concern as aquatic invasive species and a volunteer monitoring and intervention program is an effective means for early detection of AIS. This Capstone developed an AIS citizen volunteer lake monitoring program consistent with other programs concerned about AIS prevention and early detection. This Capstone concludes implementing such a voluntary program will help reduce the spread of zebra and quagga mussels and will provide early detection information to appropriate agencies empowered with response actions if species are found.

Opportunities and Challenges for the Widespread Implementation of Battery Powered Electric Transit Buses

The need for more sustainable public transportation choices drives innovation and provides opportunity for improvement in options. Transit buses provide many advantages for efficient transportation and electric drive vehicles are anticipated to play an increasing role in future transportation systems. A lifecycle cost analysis of battery electric transit buses indicates rate structures and demand charges do not currently have a large impact on lifecycle cost for small fleets of battery electric buses. As fleets grow, policies and rate structures will need to adjust to avoid becoming a barrier to adoption. Battery electric transit buses are now being developed which promise to address the primary issues of high life cycle cost, low reliability, range, and flexibility.

Integrated Solar City: Application of the Ecological Risk Assessment Paradigm to Inform Reclamation

The Integrated Solar City (ISC) is a large solar project that has been proposed for development in the western state of Gujarat, India. The project will be the largest solar project in the world. It will require the use of large land resources to construct. An ecological risk assessment (ERA) is used to assess potential impacts from project construction and operation. Previous research suggests that a solar project of this scale would require the removal of vegetation along with other negative effects on vegetation and soil. The ERA was used to lay out a revegetation plan that would help mitigate the long-term environmental impacts in the Banaskantha and Kachchh regions of Gujarat, India.

Land use practices near tributary rivers and their influence on duckweed (Lemna obscura) bloom in the southern part of Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela: Sustainable solutions to address the issue

This study examined the relationship between land-use practices near tributary rivers in South Lake Maracaibo and the appearance of duckweed (Lemna obscura) in the lake. Four rivers were studied: The Mucujepe, Capaz, Guamo and Frio. Eight factors were assessed: rivers, sediments, erosion, soils, fertilizers, water quality, land use activities and vegetation corridors. Satellite images, official cartography, field visits and observations, water samples and personal communication with organizations involved were held to get an accurate and current assessment of the conditions. The study revealed the land-use practices surrounding the Pan-American Zone Rivers contribute to the duckweed blooming in Lake Maracaibo.

Feasibility of Soil Vapor Extraction Systems in Low Permeability Soils

Soil vapor extraction (SVE)systems can be used to remediate enviornmental sites that have been contaminated with petroleum products. However, SVE systems rely on pore space in soils to draw the vapors through the soil, creating a vacuum. Therefore, SVE systems are not as effective when used in low permeability soils. This study aims to determine whether SVE systems can be used on low permeability soils in conjunction with companion technologies. The results indicate that SVE systems can be utilized in low permeability soils if used in conjunction with companion technologies that increase soil permeability and cantaminant volatilization. The promising companion technology is six-phase soil heating, based on contamination removal rate and cost estimates.

Green Animal Shelter Design for the Stokes County Humane Society of North Carolina

The Stokes County Humane Society has the opportunity to implement sustainable design concepts and demonstrate long-term fiscal savings in the design of an animal shelter for Stokes County, North Carolina. The proposed renovated structure takes advantage of passive design strategies that convert a cold, steel structure into one with warmth, light, and functionality. Proposed design techniques include an interior courtyard, geothermal heating and cooling, solar panels, a green roof, rainwater harvesting, sustainable landscaping, and clever materials selection. A cost analysis identifies capital costs and long term operational costs for both traditional and sustainable construction techniques. The results are capital costs of a sustainable design that are comparable to a traditional build, with long-term operational cost savings and generated revenue.

The Effects of Climate Change on Algae in the Denver Metro Area's Drinking Water Reservoirs

Six Denver metro water reservoirs were sampled to see what types of algae were found, and what impact the algae would have on drinking water reservoirs in the event of a bloom caused by warming water temperatures. Each sample contained algae. Toxic cyanobacteria, filamentous green algae, and different species of diatoms were found in the samples. Current climate change models show the temperature along the Front Range is rising and will continue to rise. With an increase in climate change and an increase in population, humans and animals will be at a greater risk of ingesting or coming into contact with toxic algae.