Promoting mother–infant book sharing and infant attention and language development in an impoverished South African population: a pilot study

The low rates of child literacy in South Africa are cause for considerable concern. Research from the developed world shows that parental sharing of picture books with infants and young children is beneficial for child language and cognitive development, as well as literacy skills. We conducted a pilot study to examine whether such benefits might extend to an impoverished community in South Africa, by evaluating the impact of training mothers in book sharing with their 14–18 month old infants. Seventeen mothers received book sharing training; and 13 mothers did not, but instead received a comparison training in toy play. We assessed the mothers’ behavior during both book sharing and toy play before and after training, and we also assessed infant attention and language. Mothers receiving book sharing training engaged well with it, and they also benefited from it; thus, compared to the comparison group mothers, they became more sensitive, more facilitating, and more elaborative with their infants during book sharing, and they also became more sensitive to their infants during toy play. In addition, infants whose mothers received the book sharing training showed greater benefits than the comparison group infants in both their attention and language. Training in book sharing for families living in conditions of marked socio-economic adversity in South Africa has the potential to be of considerable benefit to child developmental progress. A large scale controlled trial is required to confirm this.

A prolegomenon to the construct of the native speaker: heritage speaker bilinguals are natives too!

This Forum challenges the generally accepted position in the linguistic sciences—conscious or not—that monolingualism and nativeness are essentially synonymous in an exclusive way. We discuss two consequences of our position that naturalistic bilinguals and multilinguals exposed to a language in early childhood are also native speakers: (i) that bi-/multilinguals have multiple native languages;and (ii) nativeness can be applicable to a state of linguistic knowledge that is characterized by significant differences to the monolingual baseline.

Endocannabinoid signaling in autism

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex behavioral condition with onset during early childhood and a lifelong course in the vast majority of cases. To date, no behavioral, genetic, brain imaging, or electrophysiological test can specifically validate a clinical diagnosis of ASD. However, these medical procedures are often implemented in order to screen for syndromic forms of the disorder (i.e., autism comorbid with known medical conditions). In the last 25 years a good deal of information has been accumulated on the main components of the “endocannabinoid (eCB) system”, a rather complex ensemble of lipid signals (“endocannabinoids”), their target receptors, purported transporters, and metabolic enzymes. It has been clearly documented that eCB signaling plays a key role in many human health and disease conditions of the central nervous system, thus opening the avenue to the therapeutic exploitation of eCB-oriented drugs for the treatment of psychiatric, neurodegenerative, and neuroinflammatory disorders. Here we present a modern view of the eCB system, and alterations of its main components in human patients and animal models relevant to ASD. This review will thus provide a critical perspective necessary to explore the potential exploitation of distinct elements of eCB system as targets of innovative therapeutics against ASD.

Good practice for pupils learning English as an additional language; lessons from effective literacy teachers in inner city primary schools.

This article presents observations and discussion of the successful teaching of English to pupils, in English primary schools, for whom English is an additional language (EAL). It draws on research in Year 2 (6/7year old) classes in three inner-city primary schools carried out in 2003 and 2005. Three recognised, effective teachers of literacy were selected for case study; all worked in successful schools where results for literacy, measured by national tests, were in line with or better than national averages. Following analyses of lesson observations and interviews with the teachers, their Headteachers and the EAL co-ordinators in the schools, a number of common elements in their practice emerged. Discussion centres on how these pedagogical features supported effective learning environments for the early literacy development of bilingual children, and on the implications for the practice of teaching English to all pupils.

Vocabulary acquisition in young children: the role of the story

Sharing storybooks with babies increases their future achievements in literacy, especially in reading (Hall, 2001; Moore and Wade, 1997, 2003; Scarborough et al., 1991; Wade and Moore, 1998; Wells, 1985). This study, focusing on case studies of two 20-month-old children, attempts to identify the role the storybook plays in children’s vocabulary acquisition. Their mothers adopted a regime of daily reading of specific picture books over a six-week period, and recorded the children’s acquisition of new vocabulary, in order to explore what specific contribution these texts made to the children’s speech. The findings demonstrate that storybooks form one source of children’s newly-acquired vocabulary. Factors that might account for this were more difficult to determine through a study of this scale.

Consulting young children about barriers and supports to learning

From consideration of children's rights in general and equal opportunities for disabled children in particular, it is important to consult children about barriers and supports to learning and participation. Finding appropriate and feasible ways, however, to incorporate this into educational programmes for younger children can present challenges. Here we report on what happened when teachers from reception classes in England for children aged 4–5 years implemented activities designed to access pupils' views about what helps or hinders at school. Teachers evaluated the feasibility and usefulness of the activities and, together with a small sample of children's responses, this showed that young children could indeed identify aspects of school life they like or dislike, laying the foundations for identifying barriers and supports to learning. Teachers' responses highlighted the importance of careful choice of activity to meet the needs of young children, particularly those with communication difficulties and/or low self-confidence, with staff in some cases adapting and merging activities to suit pupils' needs. Sensitive issues emerged concerning the introduction of consultation activities early in children's school careers. The implications of a compliant rather than collaborative approach by teachers are discussed in the context of children's right to have their views heard, and their developing understanding of difference.

Pulmonary Surfactant in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis: The Role in Pathogenesis and Clinical Implications

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection, and the most frequent reason for hospitalization among infants throughout the world. In addition to the acute consequences of the disease, RSV bronchiolitis in early childhood is related to further development of recurrent wheezing and asthma. Despite the medical and economic burden of the disease, therapeutic options are limited to supportive measures, and mechanical ventilation in severe cases. Growing evidence suggests an important role of changes in pulmonary surfactant content and composition in the pathogenesis of severe RSV bronchiolitis. Besides the well-known importance of pulmonary surfactant in maintenance of pulmonary homeostasis and lung mechanics, the surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D are essential components of the pulmonary innate immune system. Deficiencies of such proteins, which develop in severe RSV bronchiolitis, may be related to impairment in viral clearance, and exacerbated inflammatory response. A comprehensive understanding of the role of the pulmonary surfactant in the pathogenesis of the disease may help the development of new treatment strategies. We conducted a review of the literature to analyze the evidences of pulmonary surfactant changes in the pathogenesis of severe RSV bronchiolitis, its relation to the inflammatory and immune response, and the possible role of pulmonary surfactant replacement in the treatment of the disease. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011; 46:415-420. (c) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

From the Reliable and Unselfish to the Versatile and Independent : - desired qualities in two Swedish curricula

The process in which girls and boys are constructed and construct themselves to pupils takes place in a context where conceptions of “the good pupil” are distinctly manifested in national school documents. In different types of texts concerning school and education, the image of the pupil that society wants to create emerges. Documents from early childhood education up to university level prioritise qualities such as independence, initiative, accountability and freedom to make ones own choices. Qualities or competencies that are preferred during a certain period change as time passes and society develops. The idea of the democratic subject is not the same today as it was 25 years ago. The purpose of this article is to emphasise and compare different desired qualities described in two Swedish national curricula, competencies that pupils in the compulsory school are supposed to develop. The discussion encompasses the political ideas of the pupil during a period of twenty-five years in light of changes in Western societies during the last decades.

Teknik på förskolan : Hur pedagoger uppfattar och ser på teknik i förskolan

Syftet med uppgiften är att få kunskap om hur pedagoger uppfattar och ser på teknik i förskolan. För att undersöka detta har jag formulerat följande övergripande frågeställningar: Hur resonerar, uppfattar och ser pedagoger på begreppet teknik?, samt Hur arbetar pedagogerna med teknik i förskolan? Som metod har jag valt semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer som tolkas utifrån fenomenologisk teori och sex pedagoger vid sex olika verksamheter i en kommun har intervjuats. Pedagogerna i studien ser teknikämnet som något positivt och tycker det är kul, men framför att många i deras arbetslag finner en viss rädsla för ämnet. Teknik behöver inte vara svårt och går att fånga i vardagen på förskolan, men det svåra är att medvetandegöra för barnen att de arbetar med teknik. Av studiens resultat framkommer att teknik på förskolorna framför allt är bygg- och konstruktion med olika strukturerade och ostrukturerade material, och att aktiviteter sker främst spontant och äger rum året runt både inomhus och utomhus.

1998 Yearbook

Sept. 1998; 72 pages; pages 69-72 (Yearzine) b&w, color photographs TOC: Reflections…1 / Dedication…2 / Table of Contents…3 / Message from the President…4 / Message from the Student Government President…5 / The Deans…6 / Robert Francis Kennedy…7 / Student Activities Club Life…8 / Student Activities Club Fair…10 / We Build Potential…12 / Student Government Association 1997/98…14 / Poetry Writing my way out of the Ghetto…16 / Multi-Cultural Appreciation Week 16A-D / Dr. Martin Luther King Jr….17 / Future Leaders Early Childhood Learning Center…18 / Poetry + 5K Race…20 / The Class of 1997/98…21 / Message from the Yearbook Committee…61 / Tribute to Donald Barker Health Center…62 / Poetry Stepping Out…63 / Credits…64 Credits: PROJECT SUPERVISOR: IRENE SOSA; PROJECT COORDINATOR: EDWARD HOLLINS; ASST. PROJECT COORDINATORS: VINCENT COUSIN, ALLEN SCRIBNER, MADODHREE YAMRAJ; EVENT PHOTOGRAPHERS: VINCENT COUSIN, ALLEN SCRIBNER, RANDY FADER-SMITH; GRADUATE PHOTOGRAPHERS: SAMUEL LEE, LUIS REYES; POETRY: MATTHEW JOFFE, LISA KREMENS, THOMAS MCCRAY, JR. Special Thanks: -THE STAFF OF STUDENT LIFE & DEVELOPMENT (FRAN, GREGORY, LUIS, MILLIE) -ENOCK CHARLOTIN -DR. NOMA KRASNEY -HIGH SPEED PHOTO (LOUIS, FERNANDO, JAMES -THANKS GUYS, GREAT JOB!) -WARREN COOPER (TAYLOR PUBLISHING) -ANILA JOHN (S.G.A OFFICE MANAGER) - RON BOERKE (EVENTS OFFICE)

Three essays on education from the perspective of the economics of public setor

This work consists of three essays organized into chapters that seek to answer questions at first sight unrelated, but with one common denominator, which is the scarcity of public resources devoted to education, overall, especially in lower education. . The first chapter deals with the scarcity of resources devoted to education in a context of population aging. Two hypotheses were tested for Brazilian municipalities on the relationship between the aging of the population and educational expenditure. The first, already proven in the literature, is that there is an intergenerational conflict for resources and the increase of the share of elderly in the population reduces the educational expenditure. The second, proposed here for the first time, is that there should be reduction of competition for resources if there is a relationship of co-residence between young and old. The results indicated that an increase in the share of elderly reduces the educational expenditure per youth. But the results also illustrate that an increase in the share of elderly co-residing with youth (family arrangement more common in Latin American countries) raises the educational expenditure, which reflects a reduction of competition for resources between generations. The second chapter assesses the allocative efficiency of investments in Higher Education. Using the difference between first-year and last-year students’ scores from Enade aggregated by HEI as a product in the Stochastic Production Function, is possible to contribute with a new element in the literature aimed at estimating the production function of education. The results show that characteristics of institutions are the variables that best explain the performance of students, and that public institutions are more inefficient than the private ones. Finally, the third chapter presents evidence that the allocation of public resources in early childhood education is important for a better future school performance. In this chapter was calculated the effects of early childhood education on literacy scores of children attending the 2nd grade of elementary school. The results using OLS and propensity score matching show that students who started school at the ages to 5, 4, and 3 years had literacy scores between 12.22 and 19.54 points higher than the scores of those who began school at the ages 6 years or late. The results also suggest that the returns in terms of literacy scores diminish in relation to the number of years of early childhood education.

Proposta de aceleração da oferta de vagas em creches na cidade de São Paulo

Este trabalho apresenta como objetivo principal a construção de proposta que vise acelerar a oferta de vagas em creches na Cidade de São Paulo. Desenvolvido a partir de Termo de Referência organizado pela Secretaria Municipal de Educação de São Paulo (SME), tem como objeto a política pública de creches nesse município, que atende a cerca de 190 mil crianças, mas enfrenta o expressivo déficit de aproximadamente 127 mil vagas frente a um universo de 736 mil crianças entre 0 e 3 anos. À luz da base teórica e empírica da área da gestão e políticas públicas, contextualizamos o problema e indicamos alternativas para a expansão. Inicialmente, buscou-se percorrer a contextualização histórica e o marco legal referente à provisão de creches. Com base em entrevistas com especialistas e levantamento de dados secundários, foi avaliado o atual desenho e implementação da política de creches. A partir desse diagnóstico, identificamos como principais gargalos a serem superados: (i) a aceleração da expansão da quantidade de vagas em creches; (ii) a equalização da distribuição da expansão de acordo com a vulnerabilidade socioeconômica; (iii) o aumento da qualidade do atendimento das entidades e redução da desigualdade de padrões de qualidade entre as modalidades direta e conveniada; (iv) o aprimoramento da capacidade gerencial e de planejamento da SME; e (v) a constituição de visão integrada da política de primeira infância para o município de São Paulo. A proposta sugere, portanto, investimentos para ampliação da capacidade gerencial da SME – incluindo o potencial de articulação com outras entidades e atores –, mudanças no atual desenho da política de creches, e ferramentais de planejamento, acompanhamento e avaliação da política. Foi elaborada, para fins ilustrativos, a simulação da concretização de planejamento estratégico para a política de creches, que abrange dois conjuntos de medidas alternativas para a expansão de vagas e suas necessidades orçamentárias associadas.

Um estudo piloto sobre os aspectos psicológicos associados a artrite reumatoide

A presente dissertação de Mestrado em Psicologia Social e da Personalidade caracterizou-se por um Estudo Piloto concernente aos aspectos psicológicos relacionados a Artrite Reumatóide (AR), realizado através de uma investigação exploratória de campo no Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF), Ambulatório de Reumatologia, na qual treze (13) pacientes reumatóides foram entrevista dos. O grupo amostral foi constituído de dez (lO) casos do sexo feminino e três (3) do sexo masculino com diagnóstico apenas desse tipo de patologia. O foco de interesse desta pesquisa foram os aspectos psicológicos que precederam e desempenharam algum tipo de influência no começo e progressão da AR, a partir do ponto de vista psicossomático. Os resultados obtidos parecem evidenciar um background psicodinâmico, uma vez que os relatos de história de vida giraram em torno de temas que sugeriram uma influência parental restritiva na primeira infância; hostilidade e agressividade contidas; inibição; auto-estima baixa; sentimentos de inferioridade e tendência a repressão e controle dos sentimentos. A nível manifesto essas pessoas procuram demonstrar externa mente o oposto do que são ou como se sentem internamente (‘necessidade se serem ativos'). Assim, parece existir uma relação psicodinâmica entre os aspectos somáticos e psíquicos influenciando o processo da Artrite Reumatóide. Os efeitos psicológicos advindos da doença, tais como: grande preocupação acerca do processo da enfermidade em si e de suas consequências; ansiedade gerada pelo desconhecimento parcial do real significado da doença; menor comunicação tanto no meio intra como extra familiar, também foram enfatizados. Os resultados deste estudo não são conclusivos e o pesquisa dor admite que o grupo amostral foi muito reduzido e o método empregado diferiu dos comumente aplicados a este tipo de pesquisa. Entre tanto, os mesmos pouco divergiram dos de outras investigações.

As consequências econômicas e sociais da representação legislativa das mulheres

Com o aumento progressivo do percentual das mulheres nas câmaras legislativas do mundo, examinamos quais seriam suas consequências em decisões de gastos públicos, saúde e educação na pré-infância e até na aprovação de medidas polêmicas, como o aborto sob demanda. Sob a luz dos modelos de ``cidadão-candidato'' e com base em evidências empíricas de que mulheres têm preferências políticas mais voltadas ao bem-estar social, utilizamos o método do corte seccional aplicado a médias no tempo a fim de testar nossas hipóteses. De fato, a presença feminina nos congressos do mundo traz maiores gastos públicos sobre produto, direcionados principalmente a saúde e educação, além de uma redução nos gastos militares. Nas taxas de matrícula em educação pré-primária, também há influência positiva de parlamentares do gênero feminino, o mesmo não podendo ser dito sobre indicadores de saúde infantil. Em uma análise gráfica, encontramos relação positiva entre mulheres nos parlamentos e legalização do aborto e do casamento homossexual.

The impact of daycare attendance on math test scores for a cohort of 4th graders in Brazil

We estimate the impact of having attended center-based daycare institutions during early childhood on Math test scores at the 4th grade of elementary school. Because enrollment in daycare centers may depend on unobservable character-istics of the family and the child, we build and estimate a structural model of endogeneous choice of school to deal with the selectivity problem. We nd that attendance to daycare institutions is associated with a gain of approximately 0,04 standard deviation in Math test scores. This result is important to the extent our OLS results as well as most of the studies for Brazil nd no e¤ect associated to daycare attendance, suggesting selectivity may play a role on this finding.