A multi-model comparison of Atlantic multidecadal variability

A multi-model analysis of Atlantic multidecadal variability is performed with the following aims: to investigate the similarities to observations; to assess the strength and relative importance of the different elements of the mechanism proposed by Delworth et al. (J Clim 6:1993–2011, 1993) (hereafter D93) among coupled general circulation models (CGCMs); and to relate model differences to mean systematic error. The analysis is performed with long control simulations from ten CGCMs, with lengths ranging between 500 and 3600 years. In most models the variations of sea surface temperature (SST) averaged over North Atlantic show considerable power on multidecadal time scales, but with different periodicity. The SST variations are largest in the mid-latitude region, consistent with the short instrumental record. Despite large differences in model configurations, we find quite some consistency among the models in terms of processes. In eight of the ten models the mid-latitude SST variations are significantly correlated with fluctuations in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), suggesting a link to northward heat transport changes. Consistent with this link, the three models with the weakest AMOC have the largest cold SST bias in the North Atlantic. There is no linear relationship on decadal timescales between AMOC and North Atlantic Oscillation in the models. Analysis of the key elements of the D93 mechanisms revealed the following: Most models present strong evidence that high-latitude winter mixing precede AMOC changes. However, the regions of wintertime convection differ among models. In most models salinity-induced density anomalies in the convective region tend to lead AMOC, while temperature-induced density anomalies lead AMOC only in one model. However, analysis shows that salinity may play an overly important role in most models, because of cold temperature biases in their relevant convective regions. In most models subpolar gyre variations tend to lead AMOC changes, and this relation is strong in more than half of the models.

Large π-Conjugated Chromophores Derived from Tetrathiafulvalene

A large π-conjugated chromophore composed of two dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine units directly fused to the central tetrathiafulvalene core has been prepared as a bridging ligand and its strong binding ability to Ru2+ to form a new dinuclear complex is presented. The electronic absorption and luminescence spectra and the electrochemical behavior of the free ligand and the Ru2+ complex have been investigated in detail. The free ligand shows a very strong band in the UV region consistent with ligand-centered π–π* transitions and an intense broad band in the visible region that corresponds to an intramolecular charge-transfer (ILCT) transition. Upon coordination, a metal-to-ligand charge-transfer band appears at 22520 cm−1, and the ILCT band is bathochromically shifted by 1620 cm−1. These electrochemically amphoteric chromophores have also been characterized by spectro-electrochemical methods. The oxidized radical species of the free ligand show a strong tendency to undergo aggregation, in which long-distance attractive interactions overcome the electrostatic repulsion. Moreover, these two new chromophores reveal an ILCT fluorescence with large solvent-dependent Stokes shifts and quantum efficiencies of 0.052 for the free ligand and 0.016 for its dinuclear Ru2+ complex in CH2Cl2.

Source apportionment and dynamic changes of carbonaceous aerosols during the haze bloom-decay process in China based on radiocarbon and organic molecular tracers

Fine carbonaceous aerosols (CAs) is the key factor influencing the currently filthy air in megacities in China, yet few studies simultaneously focus on the origins of different CAs species using specific and powerful source tracers. Here, we present a detailed source apportionment for various CAs fractions, including organic carbon (OC), water-soluble OC (WSOC), water-insoluble OC (WIOC), elemental carbon (EC) and secondary OC (SOC) in the largest cities of North (Beijing, BJ) and South China (Guangzhou, GZ), using the measurements of radiocarbon and anhydrosugars. Results show that non-fossil fuel sources such as biomass burning and biogenic emission make a significant contribution to the total CAs in Chinese megacities: 56±4 in BJ and 46±5% in GZ, respectively. The relative contributions of primary fossil carbon from coal and liquid petroleum combustions, primary non-fossil carbon and secondary organic carbon (SOC) to total carbon are 19, 28 and 54% in BJ, and 40, 15 and 46% in GZ, respectively. Non-fossil fuel sources account for 52 in BJ and 71% in GZ of SOC, respectively. These results suggest that biomass burning has a greater influence on regional particulate air pollution in North China than in South China. We observed an unabridged haze bloom-decay process in South China, which illustrates that both primary and secondary matter from fossil sources played a key role in the blooming phase of the pollution episode, while haze phase is predominantly driven by fossil-derived secondary organic matter and nitrate.

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 38 - Replik auf die gegen ihn erhobene Kritik einer falschen Darstellung der Ethik Schopenhauers

u.a.: Kritik an der "Die beiden Grundprobleme der Ethik: Ueber die Freiheit des menschlichen Willens; Ueber das Fundament der Moral"; Auseinandersetzung mit der Ethik von Jean-Baptiste Antoine Monet de Lamarck; Erfahrungen in England mit Animal-Magnetism und Phrenologie; Corpus Iuris Civilis; Kritik an der Parerga und Paralipomena; Kapitalismuskritik; Auseinandersetzung mit dem Prinzip des Individuums in "Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung"; Grenzen des Egoismus, Kastendenken im Buddhismus; Definition von Erscheinung; Christentum; Auseinandersetzung mit der "Kritik der reinen Vernunft" von Immanuel Kant; Das Ding an Sich; Definition von Naturzusammenhang; Willensphilosophie; Bezug auf die "Deutsche Grammatik" von Jacob Grimm; Vergleich mit Baruch Spinoza; Naturwissenschaft; Rezeption der Philosophie von Angelus Silesius; Vorhaben einer eigenen kritischen Publikation zur Ethik Schopenhauers; Sexualität; Lebensverneinung; Praxis der Hegelianer und Herbatianer; Friedrich Schelling; Platon; Silesius;

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 193 - Eindrücke zu "Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung"

u.a.: Verhältnis von "Wille" zum "Ding an sich"; Immanuel Kant; Egoismus; Tiere; Indien; Liebe; Mord, Selbstmord; Christian Garve; Langeweile; Triebsteuerung; Ästhetik; Spinoza; Verhältnis von Objekt zum Subjekt; Immanuel Kant; Spinoza; Johann Carl Passevant;

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 936 - Erfahrungsaustausch über Arthur Schopenhauer

u.a. Telegraph; Krankheit; Erholung in Partenkirchen; Zusendung eines Fotos von Wilhelm Gwinner; Rezeption; Adolf Friedrich Trendelenburg; Julius Frauenstädt und Otto Lindner; Foucher de Careil; Aposteln und Evangelisten; Biographie; Charakter; Ralph Waldo Emerson; Pessimismus; Religion; Buddhismus; Wille; Ding an Sich; Veröffentlichung der Korrespondenzen; Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung; Aufsatz Gwinners im Westminster Review; Karl Georg Bähr;