Contribuições para a adoção de uma cultura de divulgação, valorização e de respeito aos comitês e, ou, comissões de ética no uso de animais

A busca por mecanismos que promovam melhorias das atividades que são atribuídas aos Comitês ou Comissões de Ética no Uso de Animais, nas atividades didático-científicas, caracteriza uma interface adicional e imprescindível no debate emergente nas instituições de ensino superior. O ideal objetivado é o de descentralizar, conhecer e, sobretudo, disponibilizar informações técnicas e legais sobre o assunto, bem como ofertar aos acadêmicos das Ciências Agrárias, Veterinárias e Zootécnicas um breve instrumento formalizado, como referência norteadora, fundamentada no or denamento jurídico e em consonância com a bioética. Portanto, é preciso apresentar, aos acadêmicos e à sociedade, alguns mecanismos de formação ou de orientação na tentativa de cumprir, enquanto espaço institucional do saber, o papel de alargar os horizontes da pesquisa científica que têm como sujeito de investigação o animal. Neste artigo, objetiva-se apresentar, sucintamente, uma diversidade de mecanismos essenciais para dar mais visibilidade, de ordem conceitual e informativa, acerca das atribuições que competem aos membros do(s) Comitê(s) de Ética no Uso de Animais. A nova demanda do pensamento científico vem preconizando o compromisso de se assumir a responsabilidade legal e ética das ações, no que tange à bioética, à experimentação animal e ao ensino, num cenário atual, no qual se somam a importância do avanço científico e o clamor da sociedade.

Multiple centroid method to evaluate the adaptability of alfalfa genotypes

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of multiple centroids to study the adaptability of alfalfa genotypes (Medicago sativa L.). In this method, the genotypes are compared with ideotypes defined by the bissegmented regression model, according to the researcher's interest. Thus, genotype classification is carried out as determined by the objective of the researcher and the proposed recommendation strategy. Despite the great potential of the method, it needs to be evaluated under the biological context (with real data). In this context, we used data on the evaluation of dry matter production of 92 alfalfa cultivars, with 20 cuttings, from an experiment in randomized blocks with two repetitions carried out from November 2004 to June 2006. The multiple centroid method proved efficient for classifying alfalfa genotypes. Moreover, it showed no unambiguous indications and provided that ideotypes were defined according to the researcher's interest, facilitating data interpretation.

Conservação pós-colheita do milho verde minimamente processado sob atmosfera controlada e refrigeração

O consumo de espigas de milho verde com endosperma normal é tradicional, no Brasil, e a sua comercialização in natura é cada vez maior no mercado de produtos minimamente processados, mostrando a necessidade de mais estudos a respeito de sua vida útil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de duas atmosferas controladas (2% O2 + 8% CO2, 4% O2 + 8% CO2) e atmosfera ambiente, na qualidade de milho verde, do tipo normal Embrapa HT1, minimamente processado, durante 12 dias de armazenamento, a 5 °C. As atmosferas controladas foram eficientes em reduzir a perda de massa das espigas de milho, apresentando também menores valores de acidez titulável, o que indica menor atividade respiratória. Os sólidos solúveis, os carotenoides totais, a zeaxantina, a firmeza e os teores de glicose, frutose e sacarose foram influenciados somente pelo tempo de armazenamento, com maiores teores de açúcares redutores em relação aos da sacarose durante todo o armazenamento. O valor L* apresentou decréscimo até o oitavo dia de armazenamento, em todas as atmosferas estudadas, com pequeno aumento no controle até o 12º dia. Todas as amostras analisadas, independentemente das atmosferas de conservação, encontravam-se dentro dos limites microbiológicos aceitáveis e seguros para consumo.

Is the pollination efficiency of long-lived orchid flowers affected by age?

The long-lived flowers of orchids increase the chances of pollination and thus the reproductive success of the species. However, a question arises: does the efficiency of pollination, expressed by fruit set, vary with the flower age? The objective of this study was to verify whether the flower age of Corymborkis flava(Sw.) Kuntze affects pollination efficiency. The following hypotheses were tested: 1) the fruit set of older flowers is lower than that of younger ones; 2) morphological observations (perianth and stigmatic area), stigma receptivity test by using a solution of hydrogen peroxide and hand-pollination tests are equally effective in defining the period of stigmatic receptivity. Flowers were found to be receptive from the first to the fourth day of anthesis. Fruit set of older flowers (third and fourth day) was lower than that of younger flowers. Morphological observations, the stigma receptivity test and hand-pollinations were equally effective in defining the period of stigmatic receptivity. However, to evaluate the maximum degree of stigma receptivity of orchid species with long-lived flowers, we recommend hand-pollinations, beyond the period of receptivity.

Levantamento fitossociológico e produção de forragem em pasto de capim-gordura

RESUMO Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de efetuar o levantamento fitossociológico em um pasto de capim-gordura (Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv), que vinha sendo pastejado por bovinos de corte, há mais de dez anos, sem estratégia de manejo definida. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no campus da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, em Viçosa, MG. Para avaliação das características fitossociológicas e da massa seca das plantas daninhas e da forrageira, utilizou-se o método do quadrado inventário, aplicando-se um quadrado de 0,25 m2, lançado, ao acaso, 40 vezes, na pastagem, perfazendo uma área amostral de 10 m2. Em toda a área experimental, foram identificadas 31 espécies e 12 famílias botânicas, tendo como destaque as famílias Poaceae, com oito espécies, e Asteraceae, com sete espécies. A forrageira cultivada M. minutiflora P.Beauv, corresponde a 24,26% da produção total de massa seca, entre espécies levantadas na área. Estes resultados indicam estádio avançado de degradação do pasto de capim-gordura, com elevada infestação por plantas daninhas, inclusive espécies consideradas tóxicas, epinescentes e de alta competitividade com as forrageiras, o que o caracteriza como pasto de baixa capacidade de suporte.

Estimativa da produtividade de café conilon utilizando técnicas de cokrigagem

RESUMO Estimar a variabilidade espacial de uma cultura em campo auxilia no entendimento de alguns fenômenos que podem estar correlacionados com a sua produtividade. Este trabalho teve, como objetivo, estimar, pelo método da cokrigagem, a produtividade (kg ha-1) do cafeeiro conilon, em três safras consecutivas, tendo como covariável o número de ramos produtivos (plagiotrópicos) por planta. No centro de uma lavoura, demarcou-se uma malha amostral, com 109 pontos georreferenciados, sendo cada ponto constituído por cinco plantas. Fez-se o acompanhamento, por três safras agrícolas consecutivas, contando-se os ramos produtivos e realizando-se a colheita manual. O café colhido foi separado, para cada estádio de maturação (cereja, verdoengo e verde), e secado para umidade padrão de 12%, determinando-se a produtividade de café seco em coco (kg ha-1). A produtividade e o número de ramos produtivos por ponto amostral apresentaram correlação linear e dependência espacial nas três safras. As estimativas das produtividades pelos números de ramos produtivos apresentaram similaridades na cokrigagem, mostrando ser a covariável ramo produtivo eficiente na estimativa da produtividade do café conilon (Robusta Tropical).

Accuracy Comparison of Implant Impression Techniques: A Systematic Review

Background: Several studies link the seamless fit of implant-supported prosthesis with the accuracy of the dental impression technique obtained during acquisition. In addition, factors such as implant angulation and coping shape contribute to implant misfit. Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the most accurate impression technique and factors affecting the impression accuracy. Material and Methods: A systematic review of peer-reviewed literature was conducted analyzing articles published between 2009 and 2013. The following search terms were used: implant impression, impression accuracy, and implant misfit.A total of 417 articles were identified; 32 were selected for review. Results: All 32 selected studies refer to in vitro studies. Fourteen articles compare open and closed impression technique, 8 advocate the open technique, and 6 report similar results. Other 14 articles evaluate splinted and non-splinted techniques; all advocating the splinted technique. Polyether material usage was reported in nine; six studies tested vinyl polysiloxane and one study used irreversible hydrocolloid. Eight studies evaluated different copings designs. Intraoral optical devices were compared in four studies. Conclusions: The most accurate results were achieved with two configurations: (1) the optical intraoral system with powder and (2) the open technique with splinted squared transfer copings, using polyether as impression material.

Voxel-based registration of simulated and real patient CBCT data for accurate dental implant pose estimation

The success of dental implant-supported prosthesis is directly linked to the accuracy obtained during implant’s pose estimation (position and orientation). Although traditional impression techniques and recent digital acquisition methods are acceptably accurate, a simultaneously fast, accurate and operator-independent methodology is still lacking. Hereto, an image-based framework is proposed to estimate the patient-specific implant’s pose using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and prior knowledge of implanted model. The pose estimation is accomplished in a threestep approach: (1) a region-of-interest is extracted from the CBCT data using 2 operator-defined points at the implant’s main axis; (2) a simulated CBCT volume of the known implanted model is generated through Feldkamp-Davis-Kress reconstruction and coarsely aligned to the defined axis; and (3) a voxel-based rigid registration is performed to optimally align both patient and simulated CBCT data, extracting the implant’s pose from the optimal transformation. Three experiments were performed to evaluate the framework: (1) an in silico study using 48 implants distributed through 12 tridimensional synthetic mandibular models; (2) an in vitro study using an artificial mandible with 2 dental implants acquired with an i-CAT system; and (3) two clinical case studies. The results shown positional errors of 67±34μm and 108μm, and angular misfits of 0.15±0.08º and 1.4º, for experiment 1 and 2, respectively. Moreover, in experiment 3, visual assessment of clinical data results shown a coherent alignment of the reference implant. Overall, a novel image-based framework for implants’ pose estimation from CBCT data was proposed, showing accurate results in agreement with dental prosthesis modelling requirements.

A-scan ultrasound system for real-time puncture safety assessment during percutaneous nephrolithotomy

Background: Kidney stone is a major universal health problem, affecting 10% of the population worldwide. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a first-line and established procedure for disintegration and removal of renal stones. Its surgical success depends on the precise needle puncture of renal calyces, which remains the most challenging task for surgeons. This work describes and tests a new ultrasound based system to alert the surgeon when undesirable anatomical structures are in between the puncture path defined through a tracked needle. Methods: Two circular ultrasound transducers were built with a single 3.3-MHz piezoelectric ceramic PZT SN8, 25.4 mm of radius and resin-epoxy matching and backing layers. One matching layer was designed with a concave curvature to work as an acoustic lens with long focusing. The A-scan signals were filtered and processed to automatically detect reflected echoes. Results: The transducers were mapped in water tank and tested in a study involving 45 phantoms. Each phantom mimics different needle insertion trajectories with a percutaneous path length between 80 and 150 mm. Results showed that the beam cross-sectional area oscillates around the ceramics radius and it was possible to automatically detect echo signals in phantoms with length higher than 80 mm. Conclusions: This new solution may alert the surgeon about anatomical tissues changes during needle insertion, which may decrease the need of X-Ray radiation exposure and ultrasound image evaluation during percutaneous puncture.

Validation of percutaneous puncture trajectory during renal access using 4D ultrasound reconstruction

Background: An accurate percutaneous puncture is essential for disintegration and removal of renal stones. Although this procedure has proven to be safe, some organs surrounding the renal target might be accidentally perforated. This work describes a new intraoperative framework where tracked surgical tools are superimposed within 4D ultrasound imaging for security assessment of the percutaneous puncture trajectory (PPT). Methods: A PPT is first generated from the skin puncture site towards an anatomical target, using the information retrieved by electromagnetic motion tracking sensors coupled to surgical tools. Then, 2D ultrasound images acquired with a tracked probe are used to reconstruct a 4D ultrasound around the PPT under GPU processing. Volume hole-filling was performed in different processing time intervals by a tri-linear interpolation method. At spaced time intervals, the volume of the anatomical structures was segmented to ascertain if any vital structure is in between PPT and might compromise the surgical success. To enhance the volume visualization of the reconstructed structures, different render transfer functions were used. Results: Real-time US volume reconstruction and rendering with more than 25 frames/s was only possible when rendering only three orthogonal slice views. When using the whole reconstructed volume one achieved 8-15 frames/s. 3 frames/s were reached when one introduce the segmentation and detection if some structure intersected the PPT. Conclusions: The proposed framework creates a virtual and intuitive platform that can be used to identify and validate a PPT to safely and accurately perform the puncture in percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

Multi-centre validation of an automatic algorithm for fast 4D myocardial segmentation in cine CMR datasets

Quantitative analysis of cine cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) images for the assessment of global left ventricular morphology and function remains a routine task in clinical cardiology practice. To date, this process requires user interaction and therefore prolongs the examination (i.e. cost) and introduces observer variability. In this study, we sought to validate the feasibility, accuracy, and time efficiency of a novel framework for automatic quantification of left ventricular global function in a clinical setting.

Fast left ventricle tracking in CMR images using localized anatomical affine optical flow

In daily cardiology practice, assessment of left ventricular (LV) global function using non-invasive imaging remains central for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with cardiovascular diseases. Despite the different methodologies currently accessible for LV segmentation in cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) images, a fast and complete LV delineation is still limitedly available for routine use. In this study, a localized anatomically constrained affine optical flow method is proposed for fast and automatic LV tracking throughout the full cardiac cycle in short-axis CMR images. Starting from an automatically delineated LV in the end-diastolic frame, the endocardial and epicardial boundaries are propagated by estimating the motion between adjacent cardiac phases using optical flow. In order to reduce the computational burden, the motion is only estimated in an anatomical region of interest around the tracked boundaries and subsequently integrated into a local affine motion model. Such localized estimation enables to capture complex motion patterns, while still being spatially consistent. The method was validated on 45 CMR datasets taken from the 2009 MICCAI LV segmentation challenge. The proposed approach proved to be robust and efficient, with an average distance error of 2.1 mm and a correlation with reference ejection fraction of 0.98 (1.9 ± 4.5%). Moreover, it showed to be fast, taking 5 seconds for the tracking of a full 4D dataset (30 ms per image). Overall, a novel fast, robust and accurate LV tracking methodology was proposed, enabling accurate assessment of relevant global function cardiac indices, such as volumes and ejection fraction.