Comment on “Low time resolution analysis of polar ice cores cannot detect impulsive nitrate events” by D.F. Smart et al.

Smart et al. (2014) suggested that the detection of nitrate spikes in polar ice cores from solar energetic particle (SEP) events could be achieved if an analytical system with sufficiently high resolution was used. Here we show that the spikes they associate with SEP events are not reliably recorded in cores from the same location, even when the resolution is clearly adequate. We explain the processes that limit the effective resolution of ice cores. Liquid conductivity data suggest that the observed spikes are associated with sodium or another nonacidic cation, making it likely that they result from deposition of sea salt or similar aerosol that has scavenged nitrate, rather than from a primary input of nitrate in the troposphere. We consider that there is no evidence at present to support the identification of any spikes in nitrate as representing SEP events. Although such events undoubtedly create nitrate in the atmosphere, we see no plausible route to using nitrate spikes to document the statistics of such events.

Un pays d'expansion économique; questions d'émigration et de colonisation

Mode of access: Internet.

Olmedo, homme d'État et poète américain, chantre de Bolivar.

Biographical foot-notes.

Journal de physique, de chimie d'histoire naturelle et des arts ...

Mode of access: Internet.

Catalogue du cabinet de feu le conseiller d'état et chevalier de l'ordre de Dannebrog, Johan Conrad Spengler, directeur du musée et de la galerie de tableaux du Roi.

Mode of access: Internet.

Album d'autels, chaires et retables dans les styles roman, ghotique, rococo, renaissance et moderne. (Altares, púlpitos y retablos)

Plates 38 bis and 43 bis follow plates 38 and 43.

Schéhérazade : d'après Mille et une nuits : suite symphonique pour orchestre, op. 35 /

Introductory note in Russian and French.

Calcographie des Piranesi, ou, Traité des arts d'architecture, peinture et sculpture : développés par la vue des principaux monumens antiques et modernes.

A prospectus soliciting subscriptions for the publication of the works of Giovanni Battista and Francesco Piranesi. This work was eventually published in parts between 1804 and 1837.

Le Marquis de Chennevie̲res et les Socie̲te̲s d'histoire normande et percheronne.

"Discours lu a̲ la se̲ance ge̲ne̲rale de la Socie̲te̲ Historique et Arche̲ologique de l'Orne, tenue a̲ Regmalard, le 6 sept. 1900."

Bulletin de la Société d'agriculture, sciences et arts de la Sarthe.

Vol. 9-49, 1850/51-1923/24 also as Ser. 2, v. 1-41; v. 50-65, 1925/26-1955/56 also as Ser. 3, v. 1-16; v. 66-74, 1957/58-1973 also as Ser. 4, v. 1-9.

Archives d'histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen âge.

Editors: 1926- Étienne Gilson, Gabriel Théry.

Traité d'hydraulique. Alimentation et distribution d'eau. Jaugeages. Établissements de fontaines publiques.

Mode of access: Internet.

Recherches expérimentales sur le mouvement simultané d'un pendule et de ses supports,

Mode of access: Internet.