Potential mitigation of midwest grass-finished beef production emissions with soil carbon sequestration in the United States of America

Beef production can be environmentally detrimental due in large part to associated enteric methane (CH4) production, which contributes to climate change. However, beef production in well-managed grazing systems can aid in soil carbon sequestration (SCS), which is often ignored when assessing beef production impacts on climate change. To estimate the carbon footprint and climate change mitigation potential of upper Midwest grass-finished beef production systems, we conducted a partial life cycle assessment (LCA) comparing two grazing management strategies: 1) a non-irrigated, lightly-stocked (1.0 AU/ha), high-density (100,000 kg LW/ha) system (MOB) and 2) an irrigated, heavily-stocked (2.5 AU/ha), low-density (30,000 kg LW/ha) system (IRG). In each system, April-born steers were weaned in November, winter-backgrounded for 6 months and grazed until their endpoint the following November, with average slaughter age of 19 months and a 295 kg hot carcass weight. As the basis for the LCA, we used two years of data from Lake City Research Center, Lake City, MI. We included greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with enteric CH4, soil N2O and CH4 fluxes, alfalfa and mineral supplementation, and farm energy use. We also generated results from the LCA using the enteric emissions equations of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). We evaluated a range of potential rates of soil carbon (C) loss or gain of up to 3 Mg C ha-1 yr-1. Enteric CH4 had the largest impact on total emissions, but this varied by grazing system. Enteric CH4 composed 62 and 66% of emissions for IRG and MOB, respectively, on a land basis. Both MOB and IRG were net GHG sources when SCS was not considered. Our partial LCA indicated that when SCS potential was included, each grazing strategy could be an overall sink. Sensitivity analyses indicated that soil in the MOB and IRG systems would need to sequester 1 and 2 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 for a net zero GHG footprint, respectively. IPCC model estimates for enteric CH4 were similar to field estimates for the MOB system, but were higher for the IRG system, suggesting that 0.62 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 greater SCS would be needed to offset the animal emissions in this case.

Assessing the influence of dam construction on the spatial and temporal evolution of population density across the United States of America

Finding the optimum location for placing a dam on a river is usually a complicated process which generally forces thousands of people to flee their homes because they will be inundated during the filling of the dam. Dams could also attract people living in the surrounding area after their construction. The goal of this research is to check for dam attractiveness for people by comparing growth rates of population density in surrounding areas after dam construction to those associated with the period antecedent to the dam construction. To this aim, 1859 dams across the United States of America and high-resolution population distribution from 1790 to 2010 are examined. By grouping dams as a function of their main purpose, water supply dams are found to be, as expected, the most attractive dams for people, with the biggest growth in population density. Irrigation dams are next, followed by hydroelectricity, flood control, Navigation, and finally Recreation dams. Fishery dams and dams for other uses suffered a decrease in population in the years after their construction. The regions with the greatest population growth were found approximately 40-45 km from the dam and at distances greater than 90 km, whereas the regions with the greatest population decline or only a modest gain were located within 10-15 km of the dam.

A colonel at Gettysburg and Spotsylvania,

pt. 1. The life and character of Colonel Joseph Newton Brown. Correspondence of 1861-1862. Papers by Colonel Joseph Newton Brown: South Carolinians at Gettysburg. The Bloody angle at Spotsylvania.--pt. 2. The battle at Gettysburg, July 1, 1863. The battle at Spotsylvania, May 12, 1864.

Terry's Rangers.

Mode of access: Internet.

First in--last out : the Capitol Guards, Ark. brigade /

Bibliography: p. [162]

Gaines' Mill to Appomattox; Waco & McLennan County in Hood's Texas Brigade.

Includes bibliography (p. 283-285) and index.

First Texas Regiment /

"This edition is limited to three hundred numbered copies."

Four years with the boys in gray /

Mode of access: Internet.

Batchelor-Turner letters, 1861-1864.

Chiefly letters from Benjamin Franklin Batchelor and his brother-inlaw, George Quincy Turner, to various relatives.

The life and times of C. G. Memminger /

Celebration of the fifty-fifth anniversary of American independence at Charleston, July 4, 1831, by the Union state rights party: p. 37-105.

Commercial tariffs and regulations of the several states of Europe and America, together with the commercial treaties between England and foreign countries, Pt. IV-[VI, VIII-XXI, XXIII]

Master microform held by: ResP.

Southern history of the war. Official reports of battles,

Pages 1-31, (Report of General Beauregard of the battle of Manassas) is a reprint of p. 17-45 "Official reports of Generals Johnston and Beauregard of the battle of Manassas" Richmond, 1862. 144 p. The remainder of the volume is a reprint of "Official reports of battles. Published by order of Congress". Richmond, 1862. 571 p.

Official records of the Union and Confederate navies in the war of the rebellion.

Printed as House documents, beginning with the 53d Congress, 3d session.

Annual report FY ... of the Secretary of the Army on civil works activities.

Description based on: 1986, v. 2; title from cover.

Recollections of a Naval Officer, 1841-1865

UANL