The modern state and the re-creation of the indigenous other: The case of the authentic Sami in Sweden and the white man's Indian in the United States of America

The present study comparatively examined the socio-political and economic transformation of the indigenous Sámi in Sweden and the Indian American in the United States of America occurring first as a consequence of colonization and later as a product of interaction with the modern territorial and industrial state, from approximately 1500 to 1900. ^ The first colonial encounters of the Europeans with these autochthonous populations ultimately created an imagery of the exotic Other and of the noble savage. Despite these disparaging representations, the cross-cultural settings in which these interactions took place also produced the hybrid communities and syncretic life that allowed levels of cultural accommodation, autonomous space, and indigenous agency to emerge. By the nineteenth century, however, the modern territorial and industrial state rearranges the dynamics and reaches of power across a redefined territorial sovereign space, consequently, remapping belongingness and identity. In this context, the status of indigenous peoples, as in the case of Sámi and of Indian Americans, began to change at par with industrialization and with modernity. At this point in time, indigenous populations became a hindrance to be dealt with the legal re-codification of Indigenousness into a vacuumed limbo of disenfranchisement. It is, thus, the modern territorial and industrial state that re-creates the exotic into an indigenous Other. ^ The present research showed how the initial interaction between indigenous and Europeans changed with the emergence of the modern state, demonstrating that the nineteenth century, with its fundamental impulses of industrialism and modernity, not only excluded and marginalized indigenous populations because they were considered unfit to join modern society, it also re-conceptualized indigenous identity into a constructed authenticity.^

Potential mitigation of midwest grass-finished beef production emissions with soil carbon sequestration in the United States of America

Beef production can be environmentally detrimental due in large part to associated enteric methane (CH4) production, which contributes to climate change. However, beef production in well-managed grazing systems can aid in soil carbon sequestration (SCS), which is often ignored when assessing beef production impacts on climate change. To estimate the carbon footprint and climate change mitigation potential of upper Midwest grass-finished beef production systems, we conducted a partial life cycle assessment (LCA) comparing two grazing management strategies: 1) a non-irrigated, lightly-stocked (1.0 AU/ha), high-density (100,000 kg LW/ha) system (MOB) and 2) an irrigated, heavily-stocked (2.5 AU/ha), low-density (30,000 kg LW/ha) system (IRG). In each system, April-born steers were weaned in November, winter-backgrounded for 6 months and grazed until their endpoint the following November, with average slaughter age of 19 months and a 295 kg hot carcass weight. As the basis for the LCA, we used two years of data from Lake City Research Center, Lake City, MI. We included greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with enteric CH4, soil N2O and CH4 fluxes, alfalfa and mineral supplementation, and farm energy use. We also generated results from the LCA using the enteric emissions equations of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). We evaluated a range of potential rates of soil carbon (C) loss or gain of up to 3 Mg C ha-1 yr-1. Enteric CH4 had the largest impact on total emissions, but this varied by grazing system. Enteric CH4 composed 62 and 66% of emissions for IRG and MOB, respectively, on a land basis. Both MOB and IRG were net GHG sources when SCS was not considered. Our partial LCA indicated that when SCS potential was included, each grazing strategy could be an overall sink. Sensitivity analyses indicated that soil in the MOB and IRG systems would need to sequester 1 and 2 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 for a net zero GHG footprint, respectively. IPCC model estimates for enteric CH4 were similar to field estimates for the MOB system, but were higher for the IRG system, suggesting that 0.62 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 greater SCS would be needed to offset the animal emissions in this case.

A colonel at Gettysburg and Spotsylvania,

pt. 1. The life and character of Colonel Joseph Newton Brown. Correspondence of 1861-1862. Papers by Colonel Joseph Newton Brown: South Carolinians at Gettysburg. The Bloody angle at Spotsylvania.--pt. 2. The battle at Gettysburg, July 1, 1863. The battle at Spotsylvania, May 12, 1864.

Terry's Rangers.

Mode of access: Internet.

First in--last out : the Capitol Guards, Ark. brigade /

Bibliography: p. [162]

Gaines' Mill to Appomattox; Waco & McLennan County in Hood's Texas Brigade.

Includes bibliography (p. 283-285) and index.

First Texas Regiment /

"This edition is limited to three hundred numbered copies."

Four years with the boys in gray /

Mode of access: Internet.

Batchelor-Turner letters, 1861-1864.

Chiefly letters from Benjamin Franklin Batchelor and his brother-inlaw, George Quincy Turner, to various relatives.

Commercial tariffs and regulations of the several states of Europe and America, together with the commercial treaties between England and foreign countries, Pt. IV-[VI, VIII-XXI, XXIII]

Master microform held by: ResP.

Official records of the Union and Confederate navies in the war of the rebellion.

Printed as House documents, beginning with the 53d Congress, 3d session.

The life and times of C. G. Memminger /

Celebration of the fifty-fifth anniversary of American independence at Charleston, July 4, 1831, by the Union state rights party: p. 37-105.

Annual report FY ... of the Secretary of the Army on civil works activities.

Description based on: 1986, v. 2; title from cover.

Recollections of a Naval Officer, 1841-1865

UANL

The Confederate Congress.

Includes bibliography.