Efficiency Dynamics on Two Coupled Small-World Networks

We investigate the effect of clusters in complex networks on efficiency dynamics by studying a simple efficiency model in two coupled small-world networks. It is shown that the critical network randomness corresponding to transition from a stagnant phase to a growing one decreases to zero as the connection strength of clusters increases. It is also shown for fixed randomness that the state of clusters transits from a stagnant phase to a growing one as the connection strength of clusters increases. This work can be useful for understanding the critical transition appearing in many dynamic processes on the cluster networks.

Stable Isotope Probing:Linking Functional Activity to Specific Members of Microbial Communities

Linking organisms or groups of organisms to specific functions within natural environments is a fundamental challenge in microbial ecology. Advances in technology for manipulating and analyzing nucleic acids have made it possible to characterize the members of microbial communities without the intervention of laboratory culturing. Results from such studies have shown that the vast majority of soil organisms have never been cultured, highlighting the risks of culture-based approaches in community analysis. The development of culture-independent techniques for following the flow of substrates through microbial communities therefore represents an important advance. These techniques, collectively known as stable isotope probing (SIP), involve introducing a stable isotope-labeled substrate into a microbial community and following the fate of the substrate by extracting diagnostic molecular species such as fatty acids and nucleic acids from the community and determining which specific molecules have incorporated the isotope. The molecules in which the isotope label appears provide identifying information about the organism that incorporated the substrate. Stable isotope probing allows direct observations of substrate assimilation in minimally disturbed communities, and thus represents an exciting new tool for linking microbial identity and function. The use of lipids or nucleic acids as the diagnostic molecule brings different strengths and weaknesses to the experimental approach, and necessitates the use of significantly different instrumentation and analytical techniques. This short review provides an overview of the lipid and nucleic acid approaches, discusses their strengths and weaknesses, gives examples of applications in various settings, and looks at prospects for the future of SIP technology.

Particle-attached and free-living bacterial communities in a contrasting marine environment: Victoria Harbor, Hong Kong

Diversity of particle-attached and free-living marine bacteria in Victoria Harbor, Hong Kong, and its adjacent coastal and estuarial environments was investigated using DNA fingerprinting and clone library analysis. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of 16S rRNA genes showed that bacterial communities in three stations of Victoria Harbor were similar, but differed from those in adjacent coastal and estuarine stations. Particle-attached and free-living bacterial community composition differed in the Victoria Harbor area. DNA sequencing of 28 bands from DGGE gel showed Alphaproteobacteria was the most abundant group, followed by the Bacteroidetes, and other Proteobacteria. Bacterial species richness (number of DGGE bands) differed among stations and populations (particle-attached and free-living; bottom and surface). BIOENV analysis indicated that the concentrations of suspended solids were the major contributing parameter for the spatial variation of total bacterial community structure. Samples from representative stations were selected for clone library (548 clones) construction and their phylogenetic distributions were similar to those of sequences from DGGE. Approximately 80% of clones were affiliated to Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria. The possible influences of dynamic pollution and hydrological conditions in the Victoria Harbor area on the particle-attached and free-living bacterial community structures were discussed.

Particle-attached and free-living bacterial communities in a contrasting marine environment: Victoria Harbor, Hong Kong

Diversity of particle-attached and free-living marine bacteria in Victoria Harbor, Hong Kong, and its adjacent coastal and estuarial environments was investigated using DNA fingerprinting and clone library analysis. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of 16S rRNA genes showed that bacterial communities in three stations of Victoria Harbor were similar, but differed from those in adjacent coastal and estuarine stations. Particle-attached and free-living bacterial community composition differed in the Victoria Harbor area. DNA sequencing of 28 bands from DGGE gel showed Alphaproteobacteria was the most abundant group, followed by the Bacteroidetes, and other Proteobacteria. Bacterial species richness (number of DGGE bands) differed among stations and populations (particle-attached and free-living; bottom and surface). BIOENV analysis indicated that the concentrations of suspended solids were the major contributing parameter for the spatial variation of total bacterial community structure. Samples from representative stations were selected for clone library (548 clones) construction and their phylogenetic distributions were similar to those of sequences from DGGE. Approximately 80% of clones were affiliated to Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria. The possible influences of dynamic pollution and hydrological conditions in the Victoria Harbor area on the particle-attached and free-living bacterial community structures were discussed.

Vertical distribution of bacterial and archaeal communities along discrete layers of a deep-sea cold sediment sample at the East Pacific Rise (similar to 13 degrees N)

The community structure and vertical distribution of prokaryotes in a deep-sea (ca. 3,191 m) cold sediment sample (ca. 43 cm long) collected at the East Pacific Rise (EPR) similar to 13 degrees N were studied with 16SrDNA-based molecular analyses. Total community DNA was extracted from each of four discrete layers EPRDS-1, -2, -3 and -4 (from top to bottom) and 16S rDNA were amplified by PCR. Cluster analysis of DGGE profiles revealed that the bacterial communities shifted sharply between EPRDS-1 and EPRDS-2 in similarity coefficient at merely 49%. Twenty-three sequences retrieved from DGGE bands fell into 11 groups based on BLAST and bootstrap analysis. The dominant groups in the bacterial communities were Chloroflexi, Gamma proteobacteria, Actinobacterium and unidentified bacteria, with their corresponding percentages varying along discrete layers. Pairwise Fst (F-statistics) values between the archaeal clone libraries indicated that the archaeal communities changed distinctly between EPRDS-2 and EPRDS-3. Sequences from the archaeal libraries were divided to eight groups. Crenarchaea Marine Group I (MGI) was prevalent in EPRDS-1 at 83%, while Uncultured Crenarchaea group II B (UCII B) abounded in EPRDS-4 at 61%. Our results revealed that the vertically stratified distribution of prokaryotic communities might be in response to the geochemical settings and suggested that the sampling area was influenced by hydrothermalism. The copresence of members related to hydrothermalism and cold deep-sea environments in the microbial community indicated that the area might be a transitional region from hydrothermal vents to cold deep-sea sediments.

Diversity and spatial distribution of sediment ammonia-oxidizing crenarchaeota in response to estuarine and environmental gradients in the Changjiang Estuary and East China Sea

Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) have recently been found to be potentially important in nitrogen cycling in a variety of environments, such as terrestrial soils, wastewater treatment reactors, marine waters and sediments, and especially in estuaries, where high input of anthropogenic nitrogen is often experienced. The sedimentary AOA diversity, community structure and spatial distribution in the Changjiang Estuary and the adjacent East China Sea were studied. Multivariate statistical analysis indicated that the archaeal amoA genotype communities could be clustered according to sampling transects, and the station located in an estuarine mixing zone harboured a distinct AOA community. The distribution of AOA communities correlated significantly with the gradients of surface-water salinity and sediment sorting coefficient. The spatial distribution of putative soil-related AOA in certain sampling stations indicated a strong impact of the Changjiang freshwater discharge on the marine benthic microbial ecosystem. Besides freshwater, nutrients, organic matter and suspended particles, the Changjiang Diluted Water might also contribute to the transport of terrestrial archaea into the seawater and sediments along its flow path.

Diversity and Distribution of Sediment NirS-Encoding Bacterial Assemblages in Response to Environmental Gradients in the Eutrophied Jiaozhou Bay, China

A gene-clone-library-based molecular approach was used to study the nirS-encoding bacteria-environment relationship in the sediments of the eutrophic Jiaozhou Bay. Diverse nirS sequences were recovered and most of them were related to the marine cluster I group, ubiquitous in estuarine, coastal, and marine environments. Some NirS sequences were unique to the Jiaozhou Bay, such as the marine subcluster VIIg sequences. Most of the Jiaozhou Bay NirS sequences had their closest matches originally detected in estuarine and marine sediments, especially from the Chesapeake Bay, indicating similarity of the denitrifying bacterial communities in similar coastal environments in spite of geographical distance. Multivariate statistical analyses indicated that the spatial distribution of the nirS-encoding bacterial assemblages is highly correlated with environmental factors, such as sediment silt content, NH4+ concentration, and OrgC/OrgN. The nirS-encoding bacterial assemblages in the most hypernutrified stations could be easily distinguished from that of the least eutrophic station. For the first time, the sedimentological condition was found to influence the structure and distribution of the sediment denitrifying bacterial community.

Fine-scale vertical distribution of bacteria in the East Pacific deep-sea sediments determined via 16S rRNA gene T-RFLP and clone library analyses

Although the deep-sea sediments harbor diverse and novel bacteria with important ecological and environmental functions, a comprehensive view of their community characteristics is still lacking, considering the vast area and volume of the deep-sea sedimentary environments. Sediment bacteria vertical distribution and community structure were studied of the E272 site in the East Pacific Ocean with the molecular methods of 16S rRNA gene T-RFLP (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism) and clone library analyses. Layered distribution of the bacterial assemblages was detected by both methods, indicating that the shallow sediments (40 cm in depth) harbored a diverse and distinct bacterial composition with fine-scale spatial heterogeneity. Substantial bacterial diversity was detected and nine major bacterial lineages were obtained, including Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Nitrospirae, Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria, and the candidate divisions OP8 and TM6. Three subdivisions of the Proteobacteria presented in our libraries, including the alpha-, gamma- and delta-Proteobacteria. Most of our sequences have low similarity with known bacterial 16S rRNA genes, indicating that these sequences may represent as-yet-uncultivated novel bacteria. Most of our sequences were related to the GenBank nearest neighboring sequences retrieved from marine sediments, especially from deep-sea methane seep, gas hydrate or mud volcano environments. Several sequences were related to the sequences recovered from the deep-sea hydrothermal vent or basalt glasses-bearing sediments, indicating that our deep-sea sampling site might be influenced to certain degree by the nearby hydrothermal field of the East Pacific Rise at 13A degrees N.

东海北部鱼类群落多样性和结构特征变化研究

在海洋渔业资源不断衰退的今天，渔业资源管理正经历着由单种和多种资源管理向生态系统水平管理的转变。开展在各种干扰因素影响下鱼类群落演替方向的研究是引入基于生态系统渔业管理策略的必要环节，本文以东海北部海域鱼类群落为研究对象，对其近十几年来结构和功能的变化趋势进行分析，以期今后为渔业资源的科学管理提供理论基础。 捕捞是引起鱼类群落结构变化的最为重要的因素，本研究首先就捕捞对鱼类群落影响的国内外研究方法进行了综述与归纳。在研究捕捞对鱼类群落的影响时，所选用的群落参数指标应符合预期性、可测性、敏感性和排他性标准，业已利用的研究方法大致可为生物多样性、聚合特征指标、群落功能性指标、多元分析以及生态系统模型五大类。各研究方法单独使用均无法全面反映群落的结构变化状况，建议在实际研究过程中同时使用多种研究方法进行鱼类群落结构的变化分析，以期全面掌握捕捞活动影响下鱼类群落结构的变动状况，更好地为渔业资源的科学管理提供理论支撑。 根据1991年1月和2004～2006年1月东海北部水域渔业资源底拖网调查资料，从物种和同功能种团两个层面分析了东海北部鱼类群落多样性及其结构组成特征的变化。同功能种团是生态系统中起着相似生态作用、并占据相近或相似生态位的若干物种集合体，本文结合各鱼种的摄食习性和活动能力差异，将该水域内的鱼类划分为8个同功能种团，分别为浮游动物食性种团、浮游/底栖动物食性种团、底栖动物食性种团、底栖/游泳动物食性种团、杂食性种团、活动能力强的游泳动物食性种团、软骨鱼类种团、活动能力弱的游泳动物食性种团。研究结果显示：东海北部冬季鱼类群落的物种多样性和同功能种团多样性呈显著线性正相关。经过十余年后，尽管该群落的物种多样性和同功能种团多样性均未发生显著变化，但各同功能种团内的物种数发生了明显变化，物种多样性与同功能种团多样性之间的关系曲线斜率由0.547增加到0.627，群落的生态冗余性有所降低。相似性分析检验表明，两时段群落间的物种和同功能种团结构组成均发生了显著变化，带鱼、龙头鱼、小黄鱼、黄鲫、灰鲳等物种和软骨鱼类种团、浮游/底栖动物食性种团相对量的变化是造成鱼类群落结构变化的主要因素。鱼类群落结构已显现出向以浮游动物食性和活动能力强的游泳动物食性鱼种为主体的方向发展的趋势。 最后本研究对实施伏季休渔以后近十年来东海北部鱼类群落的动态进行了分析。研究表明：实施伏休以后部分物种得到一定程度的恢复，而另些物种在伏休结束后强大的捕捞压力下仍然不断衰退，群落的物种生物量组成正朝一定的方向进行变化，但是这种变化并没有给鱼类群落带来稳定性和功能性方面的好转，群落仍处于中度干扰状态，物种多样性没有得到显著提高；群落的生产力水平以及营养传递效率没有恢复的迹象。每年伏休结束后强大的捕捞压力使伏季休渔没有达到预期的效果。为更有效的保护渔业资源、恢复东海北部生态系统，建议继续加大管理力度，进一步降低该海域的捕捞强度。

东海大规模赤潮对微型浮游动物群落结构影响的研究

本文从赤潮发生前的现场模拟实验、赤潮发生时的现场培养实验和赤潮发生过程中的现场调查等方面，较为系统地研究了东海大规模赤潮对微型浮游动物群落结构的影响。 2005年长江口及邻近海区赤潮发生前，赤潮973MC2005－03航次在本海区进行了综合调查，期间分别于4月27日、5月4日和5月8日，在zzf1、zc18a和ra5三个站位利用现场船基培养的方法，研究了添加到赤潮密度106 cells L-1的东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）对微型浮游动物群落结构的影响。结果发现，赤潮密度的东海原甲藻对小型无壳纤毛虫的种群数量影响较大，而对中大型砂壳纤毛虫的影响较小，从而使得微型浮游动物群落有向中大型砂壳纤毛虫演替的趋势。在zzf1站位，小型无壳纤毛虫占绝对优势，添加东海原甲藻72 h后，优势种由管游虫（Cyrtostrombidium sp.）演替为另一种小型无壳纤毛虫急游虫4（Strombidium sp.4）；在以中型砂壳纤毛虫百乐拟铃虫（Tintinnospsis beroidea）为优势种的zc18a站位，仍然是以此为优势种，但其在群落中的优势度更加明显；ra5站位也是以小型无壳纤毛虫为主，添加东海原甲藻72 h后，其群落结构由急游虫2（Strombidium sp.2）向中大型砂壳纤毛虫纤毛虫百乐拟铃虫和亚速岛网纹虫（Favella azorica）演替。不同站位微型浮游动物群落结构变化的差异与其本身的群落结构组成有一定关系，也与浮游植物的群落组成有关。zzf1和ra5站位实验组中微型浮游动物的总丰度和总生物量都低于对照组，而zc18a站位变化不明显，这是由于前两个站位实验组中的优势种管游虫（zzf1站位）和急游虫2（ra5站位）的丰度和生物量迅速下降，而zc18a站位实验组的优势种百乐拟铃虫的丰度和生物量比较稳定造成的。 2005年长江口及邻近海区赤潮发生时，赤潮973 MC2005－04航次在本海区进行了综合调查，期间分别于5月26日、5月28日、5月28日和5月29日，在xzm1、srb、sra1和hb8a四个站位利用现场培养的方法，研究了东海大规模赤潮对微型浮游动物群落结构的影响。结果发现，东海大规模赤潮对微型浮游动物群落结构的影响与赤潮藻的密度密切相关：xzm1、srb和sra1站位是赤潮区，两种赤潮藻的总密度分别为，1.3×106 cells L-1、1.8×106 cells L-1和5.6×106 cells L-1，而hb8a站位位于非赤潮区，两种赤潮藻的总密度仅为5×105 cells L-1；实验进行72 h后，在以大型砂壳纤毛虫网纹虫和筒壳虫（Tintinnidium sp.）为主的xzm1、srb和sra1站位，仍然是以这些大型砂壳纤毛虫为主，且其在群落中的百分比显著增大，尤其在赤潮藻密度最高的的sra1站位，这种演替趋势表现的最明显；而在以小型无壳纤毛虫急游虫2为主的hb8a站位，微型浮游动物群落向中型砂壳纤毛虫真丁丁虫（Eutintinnus sp.）演替。培养过程中微型浮游动物总丰度的变化以及总生物量的变化都与赤潮藻的密度密切相关：赤潮藻密度较低的xzm1站位和srb站位变化不大；赤潮藻密度较高的sra1站位则快速下降；而非赤潮区的hb8a站位呈快速上升的趋势。以上结果进一步表明东海大规模赤潮能使微型浮游动物群落向中大型砂壳纤毛虫演替。 在2006年4月18日－5月30日，赤潮973项目MC2006航次在长江口及其邻近海区围绕东海原甲藻和米氏凯伦藻赤潮进行了综合调查。为了研究该过程中微型浮游动物群落结构的变化，我们在南北5个断面共计21个站位进行了取样，样品涉及赤潮发生前期、发生期和消退期。本次调查共发现纤毛虫66种，其中砂壳纤毛虫有8属37种，寡毛类无壳纤毛虫25种，另外还有前口类3属4种。在赤潮发生前之前，小型无壳纤毛虫的丰度普遍较高，平均值为1574 ind L-1，而中大型砂壳纤毛虫的丰度普遍偏低，平均值仅为14 ind L-1；赤潮发生以后，在大多数站位小型无壳纤毛虫的丰度出现不同程度的下降，平均值降为171 ind L-1，而中大型砂壳纤毛虫的丰度出现一定程度的上升，平均值增至216 ind L-1。赤潮消退时，小型无壳纤毛虫丰度的平均值降为109 ind L-1，而中大型砂壳纤毛虫的丰度继续增长，变为401 ind L-1。不同微型浮游动物百分比的统计结果也表明：微型浮游动物群落由小型无壳纤毛虫向中大型砂壳纤毛虫演替的趋势：小型无壳纤毛虫在群落中百分比的平均值由赤潮发生前的62 %变为赤潮发生时的32 %，至赤潮消退时又降为15 %；而中大型砂壳纤毛虫百分比的平均值从赤潮发生前的10 %变为赤潮发生时的24 %，至赤潮消退时增至50 %。典型站位za3、za5、zb7和zb9的结果再次表明了赤潮发生过程中微型浮游动物群落由小型无壳纤毛虫向中大型砂壳纤毛虫演替的趋势。 由以上赤潮发生前的现场模拟实验、赤潮发生时的现场培养实验和赤潮发生过程中的现场调查的结果均可见，东海大规模赤潮可以改变微型浮游动物的群落结构，呈现由小型无壳纤毛虫向中大型砂壳纤毛虫演替的趋势，进而有可能影响中大型浮游动物等摄食者的种群数量和群落结构，最终可能会影响整个海洋生态系统的结构和功能。

长江口及其邻近海域鱼类浮游生物群落结构特征研究

本文根据1999年－2007年间7个航次的长江口及其邻近海域的鱼类浮游生物和环境因子的调查资料，探讨了三峡工程蓄水前后长江口鱼类浮游生物群落特征，主要包括长江口鱼类浮游生物的种类组成、数量变动、群落多样性、空间分布格局等，分析了三峡工程蓄水前后长江口鱼类浮游生物群落结构的动态变化，为评价三峡工程对河口生态环境及鱼类补充资源的影响提供科学依据，研究结果如下： 1．三峡工程蓄水前春季（1999年5月和2001年5月）共捕获11540个鱼类浮游生物隶属11目18科32种，其中凤鲚(Coilia mystus)、鳀(Engraulis japonicus)、六丝矛尾鰕虎鱼(Chaeturichthys hexanema)、白氏银汉鱼(Allanetta bleekeri)、松江鲈(Trachidermis fasciatus)为优势种；鱼类浮游生物群落可划分为三个类群：①以凤鲚为优势种的河口群组，②以松江鲈和白氏银汉鱼为优势种的沿岸群组，③以鳀和六丝矛尾鰕虎鱼为优势种的近海群组；盐度、深度、溶解氧和悬浮体是影响这一海域鱼类浮游生物分布的主要环境因子。 2．三峡工程蓄水后春季长江口的环境因子总体分布格局没有改变，部分环境因子表现出数量上的差异：溶解氧含量偏低，COD平均值下降，pH值显著上升，盐度升高，河道水域和口门附近悬浮体下降，长江口鱼类生物群聚栖息环境发生了变化。三峡工程蓄水后春季（2004年5月和2007年5月）共采获的25种鱼类浮游生物，总丰度(1 070个)仅为蓄水前(11 540)的10%，4种优势种白氏银汉鱼、凤鲚、松江鲈和鳀贡献了总丰度的94.57％；蓄水后影响长江口鱼类浮游生物格局的主要环境因子是盐度和悬浮体，蓄水后长江口鱼类浮游生物群聚类型(河口型、沿岸型和近海型)与蓄水前一致，但沿岸型空间分布区域明显减少，近海型分布区域向河口方向扩展。长江口环境因子中，盐度和悬浮体是蓄水前后鱼类浮游生物群聚变异的主要影响因素。 3．三峡工程蓄水前后春季四次调查共记录鱼类浮游生物39种，生态类型包括淡水、半咸水、沿岸和近海。春季长江口鱼类浮游生物优势种包括鯷、凤鲚、白氏银汉鱼、松江鲈和六丝矛尾鰕虎鱼，2004年和2007年鯷、凤鲚优势地位有所下降。长江口鱼类浮游生物群落结构年度间差异显著，以2004年长江口鱼类浮游生物群落结构与1999和2001年相异性最高，鯷和凤鲚种群数量变动对其群落变异的贡献率最大，群落相似性以2004和2007年最高，达71.17%。与蓄水前相比，三峡水库蓄水后的长江口鱼类浮游生物群落多样性显著下降。1999—2007年间，长江口发生了一系列环境环境条件变化，直接或间接的环境干扰带来了长江口鱼类生物群落结构变异。 4．2007年四个航次（春、夏、秋、冬）共捕获鱼类浮游生物6,463个, 隶属12目28科45种, 以鳀科丰度最高, 占总丰度的76.5%。长江口鱼类浮游生物包括4种生态类型: 淡水型(2种), 半咸水型(14种), 沿岸型(10种)和近海型(16种)。其中, 近海型物种个体数量最多, 占2007年长江口鱼类浮游生物总丰度的74.55%。鳀在4个季节均有出现, 对长江口鱼类浮游生物丰度贡献最大。鱼类浮游生物在物种组成上存在明显的季节变化: 白氏银汉鱼在春季占绝对优势, 鳀是夏季优势度最高的种类, 秋季除鳀外, 前颌间银鱼(Hemisalanx prognathus)成为优势种; 鱼类浮游生物丰度高度集中在优势种上, 各季节优势种对总丰度贡献超过89%。群落物种数量、丰度、丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数, 在夏季最高, 春季和秋季次之, 冬季最低。2007年长江口鱼类浮游生物的群落格局在空间上分为三个不同的群组：河口、沿岸、外海，并且这种分布随长江冲淡水的季节变化而变化。盐度是影响决定长江口鱼类浮游生物群落空间分布的最重要因子，而温度则是影响其季节性结构变化的主要因子。此外，生殖洄游和索饵洄游也是影响鱼类浮游生物群落结构时间变化的重要因子。

长江口及其邻近海域鱼类群落结构分析

根据长江口及其邻近海域鱼类群落的历史调查资料，综合运用主成分分析(PCA)、无偏对应分析(DCA)和典范对应分析(CCA)等群落排序方法，以及双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)等数量分类方法，分析了1998-2004年长江口鱼类群落结构，以及其相关环境因子的变化特征。从群落和环境两方面，分别探讨了其空间分布、时间动态和季节变化的特征，并着重讨论了环境因子对群落特征的影响程度。结果表明： 在空间分布上，自近岸到外海的水深、盐度、浊度、透明度、营养盐和悬浮物这一综合梯度，与鱼类丰度关系最密切。近岸区以营养盐丰富、初级生产力高等特点，为近岸的广盐性和半咸水鱼类提供了充足的食物来源；以高浊度和高溶解氧浓度，提供了良好的庇护所。外海区鱼类种类丰富，但丰度较低。南北方向上大致以31°30′N为界，鱼类群聚在特定季节表现出明显的空间分化。 在时间动态上，1998-2004年长江口及邻近海域生态环境的改变，驱动了鱼类群落的演替，具体表现为：三峡水库蓄水前，群落主控因子为水深、底层水温和底层溶解氧，蓄水后主控因子为表底层pH值、表层温度和表层溶解氧；蓄水后冲淡水量的减少导致海域内盐度升高，悬浮物的减少改善了浮游植物生长的光照条件；与此相关，春季和秋季鱼类群聚均发生了显著变化，海洋性鱼类和浮游生物食性鱼类在群落中比重分别有所增加。 在季节变化上，冬季环境以低水温、高溶解氧为突出特点，夏季则反之；春季表层pH值显著高于其他季节，而表底层温度与秋季相比偏低；秋季环境条件接近中等水平。受此影响，鱼类群落发生明显的季节性演替，主要表现为鱼类丰度的波动、物种组成和优势种组成的更替，以及各功能群相对比例的此消彼长。

Close coupling between phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing in the western South China Sea

We conducted 28 dilution experiments during August-September 2007 to investigate the coupling of growth and microzooplankton grazing rates among ultraphytoplankton populations and the phytoplankton community and their responses to habitat variability (open-ocean oligotrophy, eddy-induced upwelling, and the Mekong River plume) in the western South China Sea. At the community level, standing stocks, growth, and grazing rates were strongly and positively correlated, and were related to the higher abundance of larger phytoplankton cells (diatoms) at stations with elevated chlorophyll concentration. Phytoplankton growth rates were highest (> 2 d(-1)) within an eastward offshore jet at 13 degrees N and at a station influenced by the river plume. Among ultraphytoplankton populations, Prochlorococcus dominated the more oceanic and oligotrophic stations characterized by generally lower biomass and phytoplankton community growth, whereas Synechococcus became more important in mesotrophic areas (eddies, offshore jet, and river plume). The shift to Synechococcus dominance reflected, in part, its higher growth rates (0.87 +/- 0.45 d(-1)) compared to Prochlorococcus (0.65 +/- 0.29 d(-1)) or picophytoeukaryotes (0.54 +/- 0.50 d(-1)). However, close coupling of microbial mortality rates via common predators is seen to play a major role in driving the dominance transition as a replacement of Prochlorococcus, rather than an overprinting of its steady-state standing stock.

Studies on growth rate and grazing mortality rate by microzooplankton of size-fractionated phytoplankton in spring and summer in the Jiaozhou Bay, China

Dilution experiments were performed to examine the growth rate and grazing mortality rate of size-fractionated phytoplankton at three typical stations, inside and outside the bay, in the spring and summer of 2003 in the Jiaozhou Bay, China. in spring, the phytoplankton community structure was similar among the three stations, and was mainly composed of nanophytoplankton, such as, Skeletonema costatum and Cylindrotheca closterium. The structure became significantly different for the three stations in summer, when the dominant species at Stas A, B and C were Chaetoceros curvisetus, Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima, C. affinis, C. debilis, Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis and Paralia sulcata respectively. Tintinnopsis beroidea and T. tsingtaoensis were the dominant species in spring, whereas the microzooplankton was apparently dominated by Strombidium sp. in summer. Pico- and nanophytoplankton had a relatively greater growth rate than microzooplankton both in spring and summer. The growth rate and grazing mortality rate were 0.18 similar to 0.44 and 0.12 similar to 1.47 d(-1) for the total phytoplankton and 0.20 similar to 0.55 and 0.21 similar to 0.37 d-1 for nanophytoplankton in spring respectively. In summer, the growth rate and grazing mortality rate were 0.38 similar to 0.71 and 0.27 similar to 0.60 d-1 for the total phytoplankton and 0.11 similar to 1.18 and 0.41 similar to 0.72 d(-1) for nano- and microphytoplankton respectively. The carbon flux consumed by microzooplankton per day was 7.68 similar to 39.81 mg/m(3) in spring and 12.03 similar to 138.22 mg/m(3) in summer respectively. Microzooplankton ingested 17.56%similar to 92.19% of the phytoplankton standing stocks and 31.77%similar to 467.88% of the potential primary productivity in spring; in contrast, they ingested 34.60%similar to 83.04% of the phytoplankton standing stocks and 71.28%similar to 98.80% of the potential primary productivity in summer. Pico- and nanophytoplankton appeared to have relatively greater rates of growth and grazing mortality than microphytoplankton during the experimental period. The grazing rate of microzooplankton in summer was a little bit greater than that in spring because of the relatively higher incubation temperature and different dominant microzooplankton species. Microzooplankton preferred ingesting nanophytoplankton to microphytoplankton in spring, while they preferred ingesting picophytoplankton to nanophytoplankton and microphytoplankton in summer. Compared with the results of dilution experiments performed in various waters worldwide, the results are in the middle range.

Preliminary study on different nutrient pools supplies for the phytoplankton growth in the Jiaozhou Bay in China in the fall of 2004

The source and significance. of two mitrients, nitrogen. and phosphorous, were investigated by a modified dilution method performed on seawater samples from the Jiaozhou Bay in autumn 2004. This modified dilution method accounted for the phytoplankton growth rate, microzooplankton grazing mortality rate, the external nutrient pools, as well as nutrient supplied through remineralization by microzooplankton. The results indicated that the phytoplankton net growth rate increased in turn from inside the bay, to outside the bay, to in the Xiaogang Harbor. The phytoplankton, maximum growth rates and microzooplankton grazing mortality rates were 1.14 and 0.92 d(-1) outside the bay, 0.42 and 0.32 d(-1) inside the bay and 0.98 and 0.62 d(-1) in the harbor respectively. Outside the bay, the remineralized nitrogen (K-r = 24.49) had heavy influence on the growth of the phytoplankton. Inside the bay, the remineralized phosphorus(K-r = 3.49) strongly affected the phytoplankton growth. In the harbor, the remineralized phosphorus (K-r = 3.73) was in larger demand by phytoplankton growth. The results demonstrated that the different nutrients pools supplied for phytoplankton growth were greatly in accordance with the phytoplankton community structure, microzooplankton grazing mortality rates and environmental conditions. It is revealed that, nutrient remineralization is much more important for the phytoplankton growth in the Jiaozhou Bay than previously believed.