What Do We Know about Long Laminar Plasma Jets?

Silent and stable long laminar plasma jets can be generated in a rather wide range of working parameters. The laminar flow state can be maintained even if considerable parameter fluctuations exist in the laminar plasma jet or if there is an impact of laterally injected particulate matter and its carrier gas. The attractive special features of laminar plasma jets include extremely low noise level, less entrainment of ambient air, much longer and adjustable high-temperature region length, and smaller axial gradient of plasma parameters. Modeling results show that the laminar plasma jet length increases with increasing jet inlet velocity or temperature and the effect of natural convection on laminar plasma jet characteristics can be ignored, consistent with experimental observations. The large difference between laminar and turbulent plasma jet characteristics is revealed to be due to their different laws of surrounding gas entrainment. Besides the promising applications of the laminar plasma jet to remelting and cladding strengthening of the metallic surface and to thermal barrier coating preparation, it is expected that the laminar plasma jet can become a rather ideal object for the basic studies of thermal plasma science owing to the nonexistence of the complexity caused by turbulence.

Study of multi-walled carbon nanotube structures fabricated by PMMA suspended dispersion

We report on the electrical characteristics of plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD)-grown, multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) devices made by a new fabrication method, PMMA suspended dispersion. This method makes it possible to suspend nanotubes between metal electrodes and to remove unwanted nanotubes from the substrate. The measurements show that the MWCNTs are metallic and able to maintain a current density ∼2×106 A/cm2 for more than 15 days with a maximum current density of ∼1.8×107 A/cm2. This high current density and reliability will make PECVD-grown MWCNTs applicable to field emission cathodes. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

A model of an isolated magnetic-flux tube in a stratified atmosphere

A two-dimensional model of a magnetic flux tube confined in a gravitational stratified atmosphere is discussed. The magnetic field in the flux tube is assumed to be force-free. By using the approximation of large scale height, the problem of a free boundary with nonlinear conditions may be reduced to one involving a fixed boundary. The two-dimensional features are obtained by applying the perturbation method and adopting the Luest-Schlueter model as the basic state. The results show that the configuration of a flux tube confined in a gravitational stratified atmosphere is divergent, and the more twisted the magnetic field, the more divergent is the flux tube.

What Do We Know about Long Laminar Plasma Jets?

Silent and stable long laminar plasma jets can be generated in a rather wide range of working parameters. The laminar flow state can be maintained even if considerable parameter fluctuations exist in the laminar plasma jet or if there is an impact of laterally injected particulate matter and its carrier gas. The attractive special features of laminar plasma jets include extremely low noise level, less entrainment of ambient air, much longer and adjustable high-temperature region length, and smaller axial gradient of plasma parameters. Modeling results show that the laminar plasma jet length increases with increasing jet inlet velocity or temperature and the effect of natural convection on laminar plasma jet characteristics can be ignored, consistent with experimental observations. The large difference between laminar and turbulent plasma jet characteristics is revealed to be due to their different laws of surrounding gas entrainment. Besides the promising applications of the laminar plasma jet to remelting and cladding strengthening of the metallic surface and to thermal barrier coating preparation, it is expected that the laminar plasma jet can become a rather ideal object for the basic studies of thermal plasma science owing to the nonexistence of the complexity caused by turbulence.

Space-resolved spectral diagnosis of line-shaped laser-produced magnesium plasmas

Space-resolved spectra of line-shaped laser-produced magnesium plasmas in the normal direction of the target have been obtained using a pinhole crystal spectrograph. These spectra are treated by a spectrum analyzing code for obtaining the true spectra and fine structures of overlapped lines. The spatial distributions of electron temperature and density along the normal direction of the target surface have been obtained with different spectral diagnostic techniques. Especially, the electron density plateaus beyond the critical surface in line-shaped magnesium plasmas have been obtained with a fitting technique applied to the Stark-broadened Ly-alpha wings of hydrogenic ions. The difference of plasma parameters between those obtained by different diagnostic techniques is discussed. Other phenomena, such as plasma satellites, population inversion, etc., which are observed in magnesium plasmas, are also presented.

Laser wakefield and self-modulation of driving pulse

A self-consistent theory of plasma response to a single laser beam is proposed. The driving pump is not viewed as invariant during its interaction with the plasmas. Its modulation by the plasmas has an obvious influence on the strength of the wakefield behind the pulse. This suggests that the compression of the low-intensity pulse by the plasmas might be a possible way to excite largae-amplitude wakefield. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics.

Multiwavelength observations of the black hole candidate 1E 1740.7-2942

Observations of the Galactic center region black hole candidate 1E 1740.7-2942 have been carried out using the Caltech Gamma-Ray Imaging Payload (GRIP), the Röntgensatellit (ROSAT) and the Very Large Array (VLA). These multiwavelength observations have helped to establish the association between a bright emitter of hard X-rays and soft γ-rays, the compact core of a double radio jet source, and the X-ray source, 1E 1740.7-2942. They have also provided information on the X-ray and hard X-ray spectrum.

The Galactic center region was observed by GRIP during balloon flights from Alice Springs, NT, Australia on 1988 April 12 and 1989 April 3. These observations revealed that 1E 1740.7-2942 was the strongest source of hard X-rays within ~10° of the Galactic center. The source spectrum from each flight is well fit by a single power law in the energy range 35-200 keV. The best-fit photon indices and 100 keV normalizations are: γ = (2.05 ± 0.15) and K_(100) = (8.5 ± 0.5) x 10^(-5) cm^(-2) s^(-1) keV^(-1) and γ = (2.2 ± 0.3) and K_(100) = (7.0 ± 0.7) x 10^(-5) cm^(-2) s^(-1) keV^(-1) for the 1988 and 1989 observations respectively. No flux above 200 keV was detected during either observation. These values are consistent with a constant spectrum and indicate that 1E 1740.7-2942 was in its normal hard X-ray emission state. A search on one hour time scales showed no evidence for variability.

The ROSAT HRI observed 1E 1740.7-2942 during the period 1991 March 20-24. An improved source location has been derived from this observation. The best fit coordinates (J2000) are: Right Ascension = 17^h43^m54^s.9, Declination = -29°44'45".3, with a 90% confidence error circle of radius 8".5. The PSPC observation was split between periods from 1992 September 28- October 4 and 1993 March 23-28. A thermal bremsstrahlung model fit to the data yields a column density of N_H = 1.12^(+1.51)_(0.18) x cm^(-2) , consistent with earlier X- ray measurements.

We observed the region of the Einstein IPC error circle for 1E 1740.7-2942 with the VLA at 1.5 and 4.9 GHz on 1989 March 2. The 4.9 GHz observation revealed two sources. Source 'A', which is the core of a double aligned radio jet source (Mirabel et al. 1992), lies within our ROSAT error circle, further strengthening its identification with 1E 1740.7-2942.

Ion acceleration in laser-excited plasma wake fields

The dynamics of the plasma ions in the wake fields of short, ultraintense laser pulses in underdense plasmas are investigated analytically and numerically. Owing to the large ion-to-electron mass ratio, the motion of plasma ions in-such wake fields has often been assumed to be neglectable. It is shown that when the laser intensity exceeds 10(20) W/cm(2), the ion motion can no longer be ignored. In this case, ion momentum peaks appear behind the laser pulse, which correspond with the ion density peaks. The laser-excited wake field appears to be effective for ion acceleration, in particular to ions with high-charge numbers. The dependence of ion acceleration on the laser intensity, pulse width, and background plasma density is discussed. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America.

Long lifetime plasma channel in air generated by multiple femtosecond laser pulses and an external electrical field

The lifetime of a plasma channel produced by self-guiding intense femtosecond laser pulses in air is largely prolonged by adding a high voltage electrical field in the plasma and by introducing a series of femtosecond laser pulses. An optimal lifetime value is realized through adjusting the delay among these laser pulses. The lifetime of a plasma channel is greatly enhanced to 350 ns by using four sequential intense 100fs( FWHM) laser pulses with an external electrical field of about 350kV/m, which proves the feasibility of prolonging the lifetime of plasma by adding an external electrical field and employing multiple laser pulses. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America.

Mechanism initiated by nanoabsorber for UV nanosecond-pulse-driven damage of dielectric coatings

A model of plasma formation induced by UV nanosecond pulselaser interaction with SiO2 thin film based on nanoabsorber is proposed. The model considers the temperature dependence of band gap. The numerical results show that during the process of nanosecond pulsed-laser interaction with SiO2 thin film, foreign inclusion which absorbs a fraction of incident radiation heats the surrounding host material through heat conduction causing the decrease of the band gap and consequently, the transformation of the initial transparent matrix into an absorptive medium around the inclusion, thus facilitates optical damage. Qualitative comparison with experiments is also provided. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America.

Carcinoma epidermóide invasivo de pênis: subexpressão dos fragmentos C3 e C4A/B do sistema complemento detectado no plasma pela plataforma proteômica ClinProt/MALDI/TOF

O carcinoma epidermóide de pênis (CEP) representa 95% das neoplasias penianas e afeta quase sempre pacientes não circuncidados estando muitas vezes associado à falta de higiene local adequada e à fimose. No Brasil a sua incidência é de 2,7 % porém em algumas áreas do país pode chegar a 17% dos casos diagnosticados por ano. O tumor pode ocorrer em qualquer parte do órgão sexual masculino e o tipo de estadiamento empregado é controverso. A classificação de Broders é a mais utilizada. Estudos sugerem a relação entre o desenvolvimento do carcinoma de pênis com a infecção por HPV (Papiloma Vírus Humano). O método de avaliação dos linfonodos inguinais permanece controverso sendo difícil a diferenciação entre linfadenomegalia inflamatória reacional e metastática. O exame físico não é um preditor confiável do comprometimento linfonodal pois pacientes com linfonodos palpáveis podem não apresentar metástases. Há poucas publicações sobre os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na gênese e progressão do CEP. Apesar de vários marcadores terem sido avaliados, atualmente a aplicação clínica destes é limitada. A maior parte dos marcadores estudados requer procedimentos invasivos para obtenção do tecido tumoral. Existe a necessidade de encontrar através de uma técnica pouco invasiva marcadores tumorais circulantes capazes de diferenciar portadores de CEP com e sem envolvimento metastático. Neste tipo de neoplasia, a descoberta de biomarcadores que avaliem o prognóstico é relevante, pois o exame físico não é um indicador confiável do comprometimento linfonodal e da sobrevida.Os objetivos foram 1) revisar e discutir a epidemiologia, a etiologia, os diversos tipos de abordagem cirúrgica e as controvérsias no tratamento cirúrgico do câncer de pênis 2) investigar através da plataforma ClinProt/ MALDI / TOF a presença de marcadores plasmáticos capazes de discriminar indivíduos saudáveis de pacientes afetados por carcinoma epidermóide de pênis (CEP) 3) avaliar a importância destes marcadores na evolução da doença. Foram coletados e analisados pela plataforma ClinProt / MALDI / TOF o plasma de 36 indivíduos saudáveis e 25 pacientes com CEP invasivo, submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico entre junho de 2010 e junho de 2011, nos serviços de urologia do Instituto Nacional de Câncer e do Hospital Mário Kröeff (Rio de Janeiro). Nossos resultados apontaram para um conjunto de dois peptídeos (A = m / z 1897,22 + -9 Da e B = m / z 2021,99 + -9 Da) que foram capazes de diferenciar pacientes com CEP de indivíduos controles. Esses peptídeos foram posteriormente identificados como fragmentos C3 e C4 A/B do sistema complemento. A validação cruzada, utilizando toda casuística apresentou 62,5% e 86,76% de sensibilidade e de especificidade, respectivamente, com uma alta sensibilidade (100%) e especificidade (97%) nos pacientes que morreram pela doença. Além disso, os pacientes com envolvimento ganglionar obtiveram uma sensibilidade e uma especificidade de 80 % e 97%, respectivamente. Ficou demonstrado que à medida que a doença progride mais subexpressos está o conjunto de peptídeos quando comparados com indivíduos saudáveis. Estes resultados podem ser úteis como ferramentas para a avaliação do prognóstico destes pacientes.

Uso de plasma rico em plaquetas em queimaduras Modelo experimental em ratos

As queimaduras são eventos comuns e recorrentes no dia a dia dos atendimentos médicos. Há uma constante busca para entender a sua fisiopatologia, no intuito de minimizar seus resultados devastadores. Plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) é um concentrado de plaquetas com capacidade de liberação local de múltiplos fatores de crescimento (FC) que aceleram a cicatrização. Este estudo consiste em dois experimentos: o primeiro visa validar um modelo experimental para a criação de queimaduras de tamanho e profundidade padronizados e, o segundo, avalia o uso de PRP em queimaduras. Para o desenvolvimento de queimaduras na validação do modelo experimental, foi idealizado um equipamento que permitisse o controle preciso da temperatura, além da utilização em conjunto de uma técnica inovadora de fixação que garante pressão constante no momento das queimaduras. Para o primeiro experimento, foram utilizados 12 ratos, por grupo, submetidos a queimaduras de 60 oC, 70 oC ou 80 oC por dez segundos, com um equipamento que desenvolvemos. Metade dos animais de cada grupo foi morta no terceiro dia e suas feridas foram analisadas por histologia, e, na outra metade, a ferida foi mensurada e acompanhada até o seu fechamento. No uso de PRP em queimaduras, foram avaliadas queimaduras de segundo grau (SG), segundo grau com diabetes mellitus induzido (SGD) e queimaduras de terceiro grau (TG). Noventa animais foram distribuídos em três grupos (SG, SGD e TG), onde, em cada um, dez animais foram tratados, dez serviram de controle e dez foram utilizados para o preparo do PRP. As áreas das feridas foram acompanhadas até o vigésimo primeiro dia, quando os animais foram mortos e biópsias de pele foram realizadas. Os resultados da validação do modelo mostram que as queimaduras produzidas com 60 oC foram de SG superficial (28% da derme envolvida); com 70 oC foram de SG profundo (72% da derme envolvida); e com 80 oC foram de TG (100% da derme envolvida). Em relação ao uso de PRP em queimaduras, observou-se que nos grupos tratados SG e SGD houve aceleração do fechamento da ferida e redução no número de células CD31, CD163, CD68, MPO e TGF-β positivas, e aumento do número de células MMP2 positivas. A neoepiderme foi mais fina nos controles dos grupos SG e SGD, e o tecido de granulação foi reduzido nos controles SGD e TG. O modelo utilizado é seguro e confiável para produzir queimaduras regulares e uniformes, de diâmetros variados, pela capacidade do controle fino da temperatura e pelo posicionamento do animal, e reprodutíveis. PRP parece acelerar a cicatrização de queimaduras de SG e SGD, mas não de TG.

Distribution of mercury in a tropical estuary (India) situated near a chloro-alkali plant

The distribution of mercury in water, sediment and some biological samples of the Rushikulya estuary, east coast of India were assessed during Jan-Dec. 1989. Both the dissolved plus acid leachable mercury contents in water and the sediment mercury discerned conspicuous spatial and seasonal fluctuations. Adsorption on to the suspended particulates was found to be the most likely mechanism for removal of mercury from the water column. Exchange of mercury from sediments to water was observed at high salinities (20-30x10-3). The residual mercury contents in the biological samples revealed that bio-accumulation by bottom-dwelling organisms are higher than the pelagic components.

Single UV excitation of Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide for viability assessment of rhesus monkey spermatozoa using flow cytometry

Many fluorescent probes excited by visible light have been used to assess sperm quality by flow cytometry. Developing a viability evaluation method using UV excited stains would be useful for multiparameter analysis of sperm function. This investigation was conducted to determine the efficacy of Hoechst 33342 (H342) and propidium iodide (PI) dual staining for evaluating rhesus monkey sperm viability through use of flow cytometry and excited by a single UV laser. The results showed that the live cells stained only with H342 strongly correlated with expected sperm viability, and flow cytometric analyses were highly correlated with fluorescence microscopic observation. Using H342/PI/SYBR-14 triple staining method, it was found that the live/dead sperm distributions were completely concordant in both H342/PI and SYBR-14/PI assays. In addition, this dual staining was extended with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated peanut agglutinin (FITC-PNA) to simultaneously analyze viability and acrosome integrity of sperm cryopreserved using two different extenders, TTE and TEST, and indicated that TTE offered better Preservation of plasma and acrosome integrity than TEST Therefore, the H342/PI dual staining provides an accurate technique for evaluating viability of rhesus monkey sperm and should be valuable for multiparameter flow cytometric analysis of sperm function.

Movements of haplochromines (Pisces: Cichlidae) in Lake George, Uganda

In Lake George, the abundance of haplochromines in inshore regions during the day and at night differs significantly. Futhermore, while by day there are more haplochromines in the lower than the upper layers, at night these fishes appear to be uniformly distributed throught the water column. Regions of the lake near river mouths had fewer haplochromines during the wet than the dry season, while the reverse was true of regions distant form the river mouths. Possible causes of these movements are discussed.