Essays in Applied and Labor Economics

This thesis consists of three self-contained papers. In the first paper I analyze the labor supply behavior of Bologna Pizza Delivery Vendors. Recent influential papers analyze labor supply behavior of taxi drivers (Camerer et al., 1997; and Crawford and Meng, 2011) and suggest that reference-dependence preferences have an important influence on drivers’ labor-supply decisions. Unlike previous papers, I am able to identify an exogenous and transitory change in labor demand. Using high frequency data on orders and rainfall as an exogenous demand shifter, I invariably find that reference-dependent preferences play no role in their labor’ supply decisions and the behavior of pizza vendors is perfectly consistent with the predictions of the standard model of labor’ supply. In the second paper, I investigate how the voting behavior of Members of Parliament is influenced by the Members seating nearby. By exploiting the random seating arrangements in the Icelandic Parliament, I show that being seated next to Members of a different party increases the probability of not being aligned with one’s own party. Using the exact spatial orientation of the peers, I provide evidence that supports the hypothesis that interaction is the main channel that explain these results. In the third paper, I provide an estimate of the trade flows that there would have been between the UK and Europe if the UK had joined the Euro. As an alternative approach to the standard log-linear gravity equation I employ the synthetic control method. I show that the aggregate trade flows between Britain and Europe would have been 13% higher if the UK had adopted the Euro.

Stochastic foundations of dynamic trade and labor market models

This dissertation consists of three self-contained papers that are related to two main topics. In particular, the first and third studies focus on labor market modeling, whereas the second essay presents a dynamic international trade setup.rnrnIn Chapter "Expenses on Labor Market Reforms during Transitional Dynamics", we investigate the arising costs of a potential labor market reform from a government point of view. To analyze various effects of unemployment benefits system changes, this chapter develops a dynamic model with heterogeneous employed and unemployed workers.rn rnIn Chapter "Endogenous Markup Distributions", we study how markup distributions adjust when a closed economy opens up. In order to perform this analysis, we first present a closed-economy general-equilibrium industry dynamics model, where firms enter and exit markets, and then extend our analysis to the open-economy case.rn rnIn Chapter "Unemployment in the OECD - Pure Chance or Institutions?", we examine effects of aggregate shocks on the distribution of the unemployment rates in OECD member countries.rn rnIn all three chapters we model systems that behave randomly and operate on stochastic processes. We therefore exploit stochastic calculus that establishes clear methodological links between the chapters.

Verhalten von Recycling-Materialien in der Umwelt : Labor- und Feldversuche

Im Baugewerbe fallen jährlich mehrere Millionen Tonnen an Baureststoffen an, die nach erfolgter Aufbereitung als Recycling-Baustoffe erneut verwendet werden können. Allerdings besteht Unklarheit hinsichtlich der Stofffreisetzung aus Recycling-Materialien sowie der Parameter, die zur Beurteilung im Wesentlichen heranzuziehen sind. Des Weiteren gilt es der Frage nachzugehen, welche Laborversuche eine realistische Prognose zum Stoffaustrag unter Freilandbedingungen ermöglichen. Ein Ergebnisvergleich aus Feld- und Laborversuchen mit Recycling-Materialien zeigt, dass weder Ammoniumnitrat-Extraktion, pH-stat Versuch noch S4- und Modifizierter S4-Test genauere Prognosen zum Stoffaustrag unter Freilandbedingungen ermöglichen. Mit einem Langzeit-Standtest sowie Schüttelversuchen mit unterschiedlichen Wasser/Feststoff-Verhältnissen lässt sich der Einfluss durch verschiedene Korngrößen sowie Materialabrieb besser kontrollieren. Diese Versuchskombination erlaubt Rückschlüsse auf die Löslichkeit und Verfügbarkeit von Stoffen in den Recycling-Materialien. Die Ergebnisse aus Säulenversuchen weisen auf eine gute Vergleichbarkeit mit den Feldversuchen hin, was sich an denselben vorherrschenden Prozessen bei der Freisetzung für eine Reihe von Stoffen zeigt. Bei mehreren Stoffen treten ähnliche Konzen-trationshöchstwerte bei Säulen- und Feldversuch auf, ebenso zeigt der Vergleich aufsummierter Massenanteile für den Säulenversuch, dass bei einer Reihe von Stoffen eine grobe Abschätzbarkeit für eine Langzeitprognose unter Freilandbedingungen existiert. Als wesentliche Parameter für die Stofffreisetzung aus den Recycling-Materialien sind neben CO2-Einfluss und pH-Wert ebenfalls Temperatureinfluss, Material-Heterogenität sowie einzusetzende Korngröße anzusehen.

Off-label use of misoprostol for labor induction: a nation-wide survey in Switzerland

Off-label use of drugs is frequent in obstetrical practice. No data however are available about nation-wide off-label use in obstetrics regarding frequency and patient information. The objective of our study was to assess the clinical practice of off-label use of misoprostol for labor induction.

A Dynamic Approach to Stakeholder Theory: A Case Study of Labor - Management Relations at General Motors

The purpose of this thesis is to identify areas for improvement in the current stakeholder management literature. The current stakeholder management theories were analyzed to determine their benefits and detriments. To determine how these theories work in a corporation, General Motors was selected as a single-case study to determine the patterns of stakeholder management over time. These patterns demonstrated the need for dynamic stakeholder management over time, with an emphasis on collaboration and the necessity of recognizing the greater stakeholder network surrounding the corporation. Proper stakeholder management in the early years of General Motors would have prevented its failure, while the organizational culture as a path-dependent variable made it difficult for General Motors to alter long-standing stakeholder relationships.