Desarrollo de la ingenieria basica de una planta industrial para extraccion con CO2 liquido. I. Extractores

En base a los resultados obtenidos en una unidad piloto cuyo diseño, montaje y puesta en operación fueron realizados con la finalidad de poder producir el cambio de escala, se dio inicio al proyecto de una planta de producción con características modulares por su flexibilidad operativa en cuanto a capacidad de producción y tipo de materia prima. Se desarrolló la ingeniería conceptual, consistente en la definición de las bases de diseño; las diferentes etapas del proceso, la capacidad de producción a instalar, los rangos de trabajo de las variables operativas, el régimen, la especificación de los materiales de construcción, características de la carga, materiales auxiliares y tipo de instrumentación y control. La ingeniería básica, especificación de equipos y componentes auxiliares, para: alimentación de CO2, bombeo y presurización, acondicionamiento térmico, extracción, separación fluido/extracto, medida y control del caudal, temperatura y presión, se encuentra en una etapa avanzada de ejecución. Se ha comenzado con la ingeniería de detalle de extractores con diferente capacidad.

Efeito da adição de CO2 sobre o crescimento microbiano em macarrão tipo massa fresca

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da adição de CO2 sobre a qualidade do macarrão tipo massa fresca. O uso de atmosfera modificada no interior da embalagem, com concentrações mais elevadas de CO2, tem sido empregado comercialmente com a finalidade de inibir microrganismos, principalmente os aeróbios. Dessa forma, neste trabalho foi empregada uma nova técnica para a adição do CO2 no produto. Esta técnica consistiu em carbonatar a água que foi utilizada para a produção do macarrão tipo massa fresca, em substituição à injeção do gás CO2 na embalagem. Foram testadas as concentrações de 160 e 745mg/L de CO2. Os resultados mostraram, pelas análises microbiológicas, que o nível de 745mg/L de CO2 foi satisfatório para a inibição de bolores e leveduras durante os 50 dias de armazenamento a 7±1ºC. No entanto, não houve efeito na inibição de psicrotróficos e coliformes totais.

Redução do teor de limoneno e bergapteno do óleo essencial de bergamota adsorvido em sílica gel pelo CO2 - supercrítico

Testou-se a utilização do CO2 supercrítico na extração seletiva de compostos oxigenados (linalol e acetato de linalila) contidos no óleo essencial de bergamota (Citrus bergamia Risso), var. bergamia, adsorvido em sílica gel contendo baixo teor de limoneno e bergapteno. A densidade do dióxido de carbono e a temperatura de extração foram otimizadas, e os extratos obtidos foram analisados por cromatografia. Nas condições estudadas, observou-se uma redução de 72% no teor de limoneno e 92,5% para o bergapteno, sendo extraídos 52% de linalol e 69,4% de acetato de linalila.

Shelf life of minimally processed carrot and green pepper

The postharvest losses of horticultural products justify the use of preservation techniques. The processing not only adds value to the products, but also makes the products more convenient to the consumers. The objective of this research was to define the methodologies for the minimal processing of carrot and green pepper as to the type and intensity of the adoption of conservation techniques, and to monitor the products after processing through microbiological, physicochemical and nutritional analysis. The vegetables were washed and they were immersed in cold (7ºC) water with 100 mg L-1 free chlorine for sanitation, followed by centrifugation for 5 min. The product was put into BOPP/LDPE (biaxially orientated polypropylene/low-density polyethylene) plastic bags, which were sealed under atmospheric air, vacuum and modified atmosphere (2% O2, 10% CO2, 88% N2) and stored at 1ºC±1ºC. The approximate composition of the vegetables stayed stable during the storage period, in the three tested treatments. The contents of vitamin C for the samples of minimally processed carrot and green pepper did not present differences among treatments. The contents of beta-carotene decreased slightly during the storage period for the minimally processed carrot and green pepper. After processing, carrot and green pepper had psychrotrophic counts of 10²-10(5) and 10³-10(6) CFU g-1, respectively. Anaerobic mesophiles and total coliforms were found in green peppers, representing 1.6x10³ - 7.4x10(5) and <10.g-1 - 7.4x10(5), respectively. Total and fecal coliforms, anaerobic mesophiles and Salmonella were not found in carrots. Salmonella was not found in green pepper.

Avaliação de diferentes híbridos suínos submetidos à insensibilização elétrica e gasosa (CO2): parte 2 - mensurações objetivas de qualidade

Suínos provenientes de três linhagens genética (A, B e C) comercializados no Brasil, com peso vivo de 100 a 120 kg foram submetidos ao insensibilizador elétrico manual (Karl Schermer 220-230/250 volts, 45-60 Hz e 1,4-1,5A) e ao gasoso coletivo (Combi-Butina 90% CO2) no mesmo abatedouro. O sistema gasoso proporcionou aos híbridos valores (b*) superiores (p<0,001) quando comparados ao sistema elétrico, assim como diferenças nos valores médios de refletância luminosa interna (Hennessy-gp4) aos 45 min. pm e 24ª h pm (p<0,05). Quando submetidos ao sistema gasoso, diferenças entre os híbridos nos valores médios de luminosidade superficial (L) 24ª h pm (p<0,0001), pH 24ª h pm (SM) (p<0,0001), valores (b*) 24ª h pm (p<0,05), reflectância luminosa interna aos 45 min e 24ª h (LD) (p<0,001) foram observadas. Utilizando-se o sistema manual elétrico verificaram-se diferenças significativas nos valores médios de refletância luminosa interna (LD) aos 45 min. e 24ª h pm (p<0,001), assim como nos valores médios de pH 24ª h pm (SM) e (SC) (p<0,05). Entretanto as diferenças obtidas entre os sistemas de insensibilização e híbridos estudados não foram suficientes para proporcionar diferenças significativas nos valores de capacidade de retenção de água, perda por exsudação e "umidade exprimível".

Avaliação de diferentes híbridos suínos submetidos à insensibilização elétrica e gasosa (CO2). Parte 3: mensurações visuais de qualidade

Três linhagens genética suína A, B e C comercializadas no Brasil, foram submetidas ao insensibilizador elétrico manual (Karl Schermer 220-230/250 volts, 45-60 Hz e 1,4 - 1,5 A) e ao sistema gasoso coletivo (COMBI-BUTINA 90% CO2) . A insensibilização elétrica proporcionou níveis mais elevados de salpicamento nas regiões do coxão mole (0,477 e 0,26, p < 0,01), paleta/cranial (0,154 e 0,039, p < 0,05), paleta/central (0,261 e 0,052, p < 0,001), paleta/caudal (0,180 e 0,030, p < 0,01), lombo/central (0,185 e 0,065, p < 0,01), lombo/caudal (0,06 e 0,207, p < 0,01) e lombo/lateral externa (0,061 e 0,013, p < 0,05), assim como salpicamento mais difuso nas regiões do coxão-mole (0,461 e 0,279, p < 0,05), paleta/cranial (0,154 e 0,039, p < 0,01), paleta/central (0,231 e 0,039, p < 0,001) e paleta/caudal (0,185 e 0,026, p < 0,001). O sistema elétrico também proporcionou maiores índices de escoriações da pele nas regiões da paleta (1,098 e 0,795, p < 0,001), corpo (1,04 e 0,948, p < 0,05) e pernil (0,84 e 0,68, p < 0,001), assim como elevados índices de reflexo palpebral (11,57%) comparativamente ao gasoso (2,86%), de um total de 426 suínos. Pequenos índices de fraturas ósseas e contusões musculares em animais de ambos os sistemas foram observados.

Avaliação de diferentes híbridos suínos submetidos à insensibilização elétrica e gasosa (CO2). Parte 1: mensuração de indicadores sanguíneos de estresse

Suínos provenientes de três linhagens genéticas A, B e C comercializadas no Brasil, com peso vivo de 100 a 120 kg foram submetidos ao insensibilizador elétrico manual (Karl Schermer 220-230/250 volts, 45-60 Hz e 1,4 -1,5 A) e ao sistema gasoso coletivo (COMBI-BUTINA 90% CO2). Alíquotas sanguíneas, para determinação dos níveis de creatina fosfoquinase (CPK), lactato e cortisol, assim como amostras do músculo semimembranosus (10 g) para a determinação do gene halotano, foram coletadas. Comparando-se os sistemas de insensibilização elétrico e gasoso (CO2), o elétrico demonstrou ser mais estressante, proporcionando maiores concentrações plasmáticas de cortisol (p < 0,001) e lactato (p < 0,001) para as linhagens genéticas A e C, nas condições estudadas, porém não se observou diferenças significativas para os indicadores sanguíneos e sistemas de insensibilização em questão quando a linhagem B foi considerada. Diferenças significativas entre as linhagens genéticas A, B e C foram obtidas comparando-se os valores plasmáticos de creatina fosfoquinase (p < 0,001), lactato (p < 0,001) e cortisol (p < 0,001) quando atordoados com o sistema gasoso, entretanto, quando o sistema elétrico foi utilizado, somente os valores de cortisol apresentaram diferenças significativas (p < 0,001). A presença do gene halotano (Nn) foi observada somente na linhagem B.

Sensory profile of 'Douradão' peaches cold stored under controlled atmosphere

The sensory quality of 'Douradão' peaches cold stored in three different conditions of controlled atmosphere (CA1, CA2, CA3 and Control) was studied. After 14, 21 and 28 days of cold storage, samples were withdrawn from CA and kept for 4 days in ambient air for ripening. The sensory profile of the peaches and the descriptive terminology were developed by methodology based on the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA). The panelists consensually defined the sensory descriptors, their respective reference materials and the descriptive evaluation ballot. Fourteen panelists were selected based on their discrimination capacity and reproducibility. Seven descriptors were generated showing similarities and differences between samples. The data were analyzed by ANOVA, Tukey test and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Results showed significant differences in the sensory profiles of the peaches. The PCA showed that CA2 and CA3 treatments were more characterized by the fresh peach flavor, fresh peach appearance, juiciness and flesh firmness, and were effective in keeping the good quality of the 'Douradão' peaches during the 28 days of cold storage. The Control and CA1 treatments were characterized by the mealiness and were ineffective for quality maintenance of the fruits during cold storage.

Dynamics of gas levels inside packages containing minimally processed Pera orange

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in concentrations of O2 and CO2 inside packages of minimally processed Pera orange. Previously selected oranges that were washed, sanitized, and chilled were peeled using hydrothermal treatment (immersion of fruits in water at 50 °C for 8 minutes). The peeled oranges were then packed in five different plastic packages under passive and active modified atmosphere (5% O2 + 10% CO2 + 85% N2). The fruits were stored at 6 °C and 12 °C. The package headspace gas composition was evaluated for twelve days at 6 °C and nine days at 12 °C. The polypropylene film (32 µm) promoted modified atmosphere similar to that initially injected (5% O2 + 10% CO2 + 85% N2) at 6 °C and 12 °C. With regard to the atmosphere modification system, the injection of a gas mixture anticipated achieving an equilibrium atmosphere inside the packages at 12 °C. At 6 °C, the gas composition inside the packages was kept close to that of the injection, but the equilibrium was not verified.

Modified atmosphere efficiency in the quality maintenance of Eva apples

Modified atmosphere is a method of food preservation that provides increased lifetime, decreases deterioration losses, and facilitates marketing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of different plastic films in modifying the atmosphere around Eva apples to assure quality maintenance during postharvest storage. The fruits were cleaned and separated into three treatment groups: polypropylene, low density polyethylene, and high density polyethylene packing with a total of 5 fruits per package for each evaluation period. A group of control apples was not submitted to atmospheric modification. After the treatment, all fruits were stored at 0.5±0.5°C (cold storage) for up to 225 days. The analyses were performed at 45, 135, and 225 days after cold storage. Respiration, ethylene production, firmness, mass loss, total pectin, soluble pectin, soluble solids, total acidity, and epidermis background color of each treatment group were evaluated. The high density polyethylene film treatment did not show a decrease in ethylene production during storage and allowed the fruits to maintain a greater firmness and smaller percentage of mass loss during the study period. Moreover, the storage of the Eva apple cultivar under modified atmosphere allowed the preservation of quality for up to seven months.

Forced-air, vacuum, and hydro precooling of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis cv. Freemont): Part II. Determination of quality parameters during storage

Cauliflower heads, which were precooled using four different methods including vacuum, forced-air, and high and low flow hydro precooling, were stored under controlled atmosphere and room conditions. Controlled atmosphere conditions (CA) were as follows: 1°C temperature, 90 ± 5% relative humidity, and 0:21 [(%CO2:%O2) – (0:21) control] atmosphere composition. Room conditions (RC) were: 22±1°C temperature and 55-60% humidity. Various quality parameters of the cauliflower heads were assessed during storage (days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35) under controlled atmosphere and room conditions (days 0, 5, and 10). During storage, weight loss, deterioration rate, overall sensory quality score, hardness, and colour (L, a, b, C and α) were evaluated. In the present study, the strength and quality parameters of cauliflower under CA and RC conditions were obtained. Vacuum precooling was found to be most suitable method before cauliflower was submitted to cold storage and sent to market. Furthermore, the storage of cauliflower without precooling resulted in a significant decrease in quality parameters.

Immunomodulatory effects of supercritical fluid CO2 extracts from freeze-dried powder of Tenebrio molitor larvae (yellow mealworm)

Abstract In order to take full advantage of Tenebrio molitor larvae (yellow mealworm) resources, the supercritical CO2 fluid freeze-dried powder of T. molitor larvae (fdTML) extraction on the immune systems of mice was carried out. The results about the effects of supercritical CO2 fluid fdTML extraction on carbon expurgation and phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages experiments of mice indicated that the fdTML extraction enhanced observably carbon expurgatory index, phagocytic rate and phagocytic index. The fdTML extraction could stimulate response of delayed hypersensitivity. The proliferation of ConA-induced mitogenic reponse for spleen lymphocyte was also increased. The amount of hemolytic antibody in mice serum increased compared with those of the control group mice. The half of hemolysis values in serum of treated mice increased compared to the control group. Furthermore, serum NO content in all treatment groups was higher than that of the control group whereas acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activity was only significantly higher relative to the control group. Our findings suggest that supercritical CO2 fluid the fdTML extraction has potential as a health food supplement.

Inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus in raw salmon with supercritical CO2 using experimental design

Abstract Considering the microbial safety of consumption of raw foods (Asian food), this study aimed to explore the inactivation S. aureus in raw salmon by supercritical CO2 treatment (SC-CO2). For this purpose, experimental design methodology was employed as a tool to evaluate the effects of pressure (120-220 bar), the depressurization rate (10 to 100 bar.min–1) and the salmon:CO2 mass relation (1:0.2 to 1:1.0). It was observed that the pressure and the depressurization rate was statistically significant, i.e. the higher the system pressure and depressurization rate, the greater the microbial inactivation. The salmon: CO2 mass relation did not influence the S. aureus inactivation in raw salmon. There was a total reduction in S. aureus with 225 bar, a depressurizing rate of 100 bar.min–1, a salmon: CO2 mass relation of 1:0.6, for 2 hours at 33 °C.

Climate change and global responsibility - the role of energy consumption, GDP and CO2 emissions

Climate change is one of the biggest challenges faced by this generation. Despite being the single most important environmental challenge facing the planet and despite over two decades of international climate negotiations, global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions continue to rise. By the middle of this century, GHGs must be reduced by as much as 40-70% if dangerous climate change is to be avoided. In the Kyoto Protocol no quantitative emission limitation and reduction commitments were placed on the developing countries. For the planning of the future commitments period and possible participation of developing countries, information of the functioning of the energy systems, CO2 emissions development in different sectors, energy use and technological development in developing countries is essential. In addition to the per capita emissions, the efficiency of the energy system in relation to GHG emissions is crucial for the decision of future long-term burden sharing between countries. Country’s future development of CO2 emissions can be defined by the estimated CO2 intensity of the future and the estimated GDP growth. The changes in CO2 intensity depend on several factors, but generally developed countries’ intensity has been increasing in the industrialization phase and decreasing when their economy shifts more towards the system dominated by the service sector. The level of the CO2 intensity depends by a large extent on the production structure and the energy sources that are used. Currently one of the most urgent issues regarding global climate change is to decide the future of the Kyoto Protocol. Negotiations on this topic have already been initiated, with the aim of being finalised by the 2015. This thesis provides insights into the various approaches that can be used to characterise the concept of comparable efforts for developing countries in a future international climate agreement. The thesis examines the post-Kyoto burden sharing questions for developing countries using the contraction and convergence model, which is one approach that has been proposed to allocate commitments regarding future GHG emissions mitigation. This new approach is a practical tool for the evaluation of the Kyoto climate policy process and global climate change negotiations from the perspective of the developing countries.

The feasibility of torrefaction for the co-firing of wood in pulverised-fuel boilers

Torrefaction is the partial pyrolysis of wood characterised by thermal degradation of predominantly hemicellulose under inert atmosphere. Torrefaction can be likened to coffee roasting but with wood in place of beans. This relatively new process concept makes wood more like coal. Torrefaction has attracted interest because it potentially enables higher rates of co-firing in existing pulverised-coal power plants and hence greater net CO2 emission reductions. Academic and entrepreneurial interest in torrefaction has sky rocketed in the last decade. Research output has focused on the many aspects of torrefaction – from detailed chemical changes in feedstock to globally-optimised production and supply scenarios with which to sustain EU emission-cutting directives. However, despite its seemingly simple concept, torrefaction has retained a somewhat mysterious standing. Why hasn’t torrefied pellet production become fully commercialised? The question is one of feasibility. This thesis addresses this question. Herein, the feasibility of torrefaction in co-firing applications is approached from three directions. Firstly, the natural limitations imposed by the structure of wood are assessed. Secondly, the environmental impact of production and use of torrefied fuel is evaluated and thirdly, economic feasibility is assessed based on the state of the art of pellet making. The conclusions reached in these domains are as follows. Modification of wood’s chemical structure is limited by its naturally existing constituents. Consequently, key properties of wood with regards to its potential as a co-firing fuel have a finite range. The most ideal benefits gained from wood torrefaction cannot all be realised simultaneously in a single process or product. Although torrefaction at elevated pressure may enhance some properties of torrefied wood, high-energy torrefaction yields are achieved at the expense of other key properties such as heating value, grindability, equilibrium moisture content and the ability to pelletise torrefied wood. Moreover, pelletisation of even moderately torrefied fuels is challenging and achieving a standard level of pellet durability, as required by international standards, is not trivial. Despite a reduced moisture content, brief exposure of torrefied pellets to water from rainfall or emersion results in a high level of moisture retention. Based on the above findings, torrefied pellets are an optimised product. Assessment of energy and CO2-equivalent emission balance indicates that there is no environmental barrier to production and use of torrefied pellets in co-firing. A long product transport distance, however, is necessary in order for emission benefits to exceed those of conventional pellets. Substantial CO2 emission reductions appear possible with this fuel if laboratory milling results carry over to industrial scales for direct co-firing. From demonstrated state-of-the-art pellet properties, however, the economic feasibility of torrefied pellet production falls short of conventional pellets primarily due to the larger capital investment required for production. If the capital investment for torrefied pellet production can be reduced significantly or if the pellet-making issues can be resolved, the two production processes could be economically comparable. In this scenario, however, transatlantic shipping distances and a dry fuel are likely necessary for production to be viable. Based on demonstrated pellet properties to date, environmental aspects and production economics, it is concluded that torrefied pellets do not warrant investment at this time. However, from the presented results, the course of future research in this field is clear.