Liberação de cálcio e magnésio por cápsulas porosas de porcelana usadas na extração de solução do solo

O uso de cápsulas porosas para extração de solução do solo é interessante por ser um ensaio não-destrutivo. Entretanto, persistem dúvidas sobre a liberação de íons da própria cápsula, que podem contaminar a solução extraída. Foram realizados testes na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas/UNESP, Botucatu (SP), com o objetivo de verificar a liberação de Ca e de Mg por cápsulas porosas de porcelana. No primeiro, foram empregados quatro tratamentos: T1 - lavagem das cápsulas com água destilada, forçando sua passagem pelas cápsulas, utilizando uma bomba a vácuo; T2 - lavagem das cápsulas com HCl 0,1 mol L-1, forçando sua passagem pelas cápsulas, utilizando uma bomba a vácuo; T3 - lavagem das cápsulas com água destilada, sem vácuo, e T4 - lavagem das cápsulas com HCl 0,1 mol L-1, sem vácuo, em um tempo de imersão de 24 h (para T3 e T4). No segundo teste, as cápsulas tratadas com HCl 0,1 mol L-1 no primeiro teste foram lavadas com água destilada novamente e deixadas de molho em água destilada e deionizada durante 45 min. Após estes procedimentos, as cápsulas foram imersas em água destilada, tomando-se alícotas desta solução para determinação de pH e dos teores de Ca e Mg após contato com as cápsulas por 0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0 e 24 h. Cada tratamento teve quatro repetições. Não se observou liberação significativa de Ca e Mg das cápsulas porosas para a solução, quando foram preparadas utilizando-se da passagem de HCl 0,1 mol L-1 a vácuo e água destilada, e deixadas, a seguir, em água destilada e deionizada durante 4 h.

Alterações no metabolismo da cana-de-açúcar em função da aplicação de maturadores

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações nos níveis de ácido chiquímico e ácido salicílico em plantas de cana-de-açúcar submetidas à aplicação de maturadores. Aplicou-se glyphosate nas doses de 400 e 200 mL ha-1 e na dose de 150 mL ha-1 em mistura com sulfumeturon-methyl a 12 e 20 g ha-1 e sulfumeturon-methyl a 20 g ha-1. As avaliações foram realizadas aos 15 e 30 dias após a aplicação (DAA) e aos 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 dias após a colheita da cana-de-açúcar. Os teores de ácido chiquímico e salicílico nas plantas de canade-açúcar foram determinados por cromatografia líquida e espectrometria de massas. Os resultados mostraram que as doses de glyphosate correlacionaram-se diretamente com as concentrações de ácido chiquímico na planta, sendo superiores à da testemunha. Aos 30 DAA, houve aumento na concentração de ácido salicílico em todos os tratamentos estudados, revelando um processo de senescência da planta. Maiores doses de glyphosate promoveram aumento na concentração de ácido chiquímico e ácido salicílico antes da colheita da canade-açúcar. No período de crescimento da planta, aumentos nos teores dos ácidos chiquímico e salicílico revelaram dependência da aplicação dos produtos e também dos fatores abióticos e bióticos a que a cultura foi exposta.

Recorte dos produtos educacionais em história no ensino da matemática e em didática da matemática a partir das dissertações e teses defendidas no brasil entre 1990-2010

This work has the main purpose of conducting a survey of educational products present in dissertations and doctoral theses focused on the use of history in mathematics teaching and Didactics of mathematics with a French foundation produced in graduate programs in the strict sense of the Brazil between 1990 and 2010, the areas of Education, Mathematics Education, school of Natural Sciences and Mathematics and related areas, according to the research proposal of Mendes (2010). Our interest was to select the products that present concrete proposals for educational activities that can be used in the classroom of Basic Education and Training of Teachers of Mathematics. The research was implemented through a bibliographic study documents the Bank of dissertations and theses from CAPES, libraries and archives of some Postgraduate programs in the country who focus their studies on the subject object of this research, besides the Brazilian Digital Library Theses and Dissertations (BDBTD). From this survey we selected works that present educational products materialized in blocks of activities based on the use of teaching history of mathematics to the classroom as well as the sequence of activities based on the Teaching of Mathematics. In possession of material, produce a CD-ROM containing the selected activities, in order to help support the work of teachers regarding the use of these activities, as a supplementary material to textbooks in their math classes

Aspectos tecnológicos e sensoriais do iogurte de soja enriquecido com cálcio

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a viabilidade de enriquecimento do iogurtede soja com cálcio, para que o produto apresentasse níveis deste mineral equivalentes ou superiores aos encontrados nos iogurtes tradicionais e mantivesse as propriedades tecnológicas e sensoriais adequadas. Foram testados cinco sais: carbonato, citrato, fosfato, gliconato e lactato de cálcio, na concentração de 600mg de cálcio elementar/l. Os produtos foram avaliados quanto ao tempo de fermentação, pH, acidez titulável, viscosidade, consistência, concentração de cálcio e propriedades sensoriais (testes de diferença do controle e aceitação). A adição de cálcio ao iogurte de soja na forma de citrato, fosfato, carbonato, gliconato e lactato de cálcio, apesar de provocar alterações na acidez titulável, viscosidade e consistência, não conferiu propriedades sensoriais indesejáveis ao produto e o tempo de fermentação não excedeu aos verificados nos processos industriais convencionais. Desta forma todos os sais testados se mostraram viáveis para o processo de enriquecimento do iogurte de soja com cálcio.

Metabolismo mitocondrial, radicais livres e envelhecimento

O envelhecimento pode estar associado ao maior acúmulo de lesões celulares decorrentes das espécies reativas do oxigênio e do nitrogênio derivadas do metabolismo mitocondrial. Com a progressão da idade, há acúmulo de proteínas, lipídeos, carboidratos e DNA oxidados em relação a organismos jovens, de acordo com a teoria dos radicais livres. Entretanto, nem sempre os idosos ou animais envelhecidos apresentam maior estresse oxidativo que os jovens. Este artigo discute o paradoxo da teoria dos radicais livres de acordo com a teoria da biogênese da manutenção adequada do metabolismo mitocondrial. Diversos fatores podem contribuir para a redução do estresse oxidativo, como a hormese induzida pela prática regular de exercícios físicos, a restrição calórica, a ingestão de antioxidantes nutricionais e o aumento da produção de antioxidantes celulares que. em conjunto, estes promovem a expressão das sirtuínas e das proteínas do choque térmico, protegendo a integridade e funcionalidade mitocondriais, reduzindo o estresse oxidativo e nitrosativo, o que está associado à redução do envelhecimento e aumento da longevidade.

Indicadores de cálcio e de voltagem codificados geneticamente na detecção de potenciais de ação e inputs sinápticos em cultura de neurônios hipocampais

Recently, genetically encoded optical indicators have emerged as noninvasive tools of high spatial and temporal resolution utilized to monitor the activity of individual neurons and specific neuronal populations. The increasing number of new optogenetic indicators, together with the absence of comparisons under identical conditions, has generated difficulty in choosing the most appropriate protein, depending on the experimental design. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to compare three recently developed reporter proteins: the calcium indicators GCaMP3 and R-GECO1, and the voltage indicator VSFP butterfly1.2. These probes were expressed in hippocampal neurons in culture, which were subjected to patchclamp recordings and optical imaging. The three groups (each one expressing a protein) exhibited similar values of membrane potential (in mV, GCaMP3: -56 ±8.0, R-GECO1: -57 ±2.5; VSFP: -60 ±3.9, p = 0.86); however, the group of neurons expressing VSFP showed a lower average of input resistance than the other groups (in Mohms, GCaMP3: 161 ±18.3; GECO1-R: 128 ±15.3; VSFP: 94 ±14.0, p = 0.02). Each neuron was submitted to current injections at different frequencies (10 Hz, 5 Hz, 3 Hz, 1.5 Hz, and 0.7 Hz) and their fluorescence responses were recorded in time. In our study, only 26.7% (4/15) of the neurons expressing VSFP showed detectable fluorescence signal in response to action potentials (APs). The average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) obtained in response to five spikes (at 10 Hz) was small (1.3 ± 0.21), however the rapid kinetics of the VSFP allowed discrimination of APs as individual peaks, with detection of 53% of the evoked APs. Frequencies below 5 Hz and subthreshold signals were undetectable due to high noise. On the other hand, calcium indicators showed the greatest change in fluorescence following the same protocol (five APs at 10 Hz). Among the GCaMP3 expressing neurons, 80% (8/10) exhibited signal, with an average SNR value of 21 ±6.69 (soma), while for the R-GECO1 neurons, 50% (2/4) of the neurons had signal, with a mean SNR value of 52 ±19.7 (soma). For protocols at 10 Hz, 54% of the evoked APs were detected with GCaMP3 and 85% with R-GECO1. APs were detectable in all the analyzed frequencies and fluorescence signals were detected from subthreshold depolarizations as well. Because GCaMP3 is the most likely to yield fluorescence signal and with high SNR, some experiments were performed only with this probe. We demonstrate that GCaMP3 is effective in detecting synaptic inputs (involving Ca2+ influx), with high spatial and temporal resolution. Differences were also observed between the SNR values resulting from evoked APs, compared to spontaneous APs. In recordings of groups of cells, GCaMP3 showed clear discrimination between activated and silent cells, and reveals itself as a potential tool in studies of neuronal synchronization. Thus, our results indicate that the presently available calcium indicators allow detailed studies on neuronal communication, ranging from individual dendritic spines to the investigation of events of synchrony in neuronal networks genetically defined. In contrast, studies employing VSFPs represent a promising technology for monitoring neural activity and, although still to be improved, they may become more appropriate than calcium indicators, since neurons work on a time scale faster than events of calcium may foresee

Caracterização de subpopulações de interneurônios imunorreativos para proteínas ligantes de cálcio no córtex pré-frontal do Sagui (Callithrix jacchus): distribuição e morfologia

Cortical interneurons are characterized by their distinct morphological, physiological and biochemical properties, acting as modulators of the excitatory activity by pyramidal neurons, for example. Various studies have revealed differences in both distribution and density of this cell group throughout distinct cortical areas in several species. A particular class of interneuron closely related to cortical modulation is revealed by the immunohistochemistry for calcium binding proteins calbindin (CB), calretinina (CR) and parvalbumin (PV). Despite the growing amount of studies focusing on calcium binding proteins, the prefrontal cortex of primates remains relatively little explored, particularly in what concerns a better understanding of the organization of the inhibitory circuitry across its subdivisions. In the present study we characterized the morphology and distribution of neurons rich in calcium-binding proteins in the medial, orbital and dorsolateral areas of the prefrontal cortex of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Using both morphometric and stereological techniques, we found that CR-reactive neurons (mainly double bouquet and bipolar cells) have a more complex dendritic arborization than CB-reactive (bitufted and basket cells) and PV-reactive neurons (chandelier cells). The neuronal densities of CR- and CB-reactive cells are higher in the supragranular layers (II/III) whilst PV-reactive neurons, conversely, are more concentrated in the infragranular layers (V/VI). CR-reactive neurons were the predominant group in the three regions evaluated, being most prevalent in dorsomedial region. Our findings point out to fundamental differences in the inhibitory circuitry of the different areas of the prefrontal cortex in marmoset

O efeito da dessincronização circadiana sobre o metabolismo

The lost of phase relationship between rhythms and behaviour can, and often do, undesirable consequences. The purpose os study was to ascertain the effect of circadian desynchronization in T22 about metabolism of wistar rats. The subjects consisted of 24 animals separated in two groups: control (n=12) T24 with 8 weeks of aged and experimental group (n=12) T22, also with 8 weeks of aged. Both the groups were subject to register of locomotor actitivity, body temperature, body weight and food intake in all the experiment. And more, both the groups were subject to food deprivation, running in treadmill and forced swimming. The results show rhythm of locomotor activity and body temperature desynchronized. Dont exist diference in body weight between both the groups (T24 = 386,75±40,78g e T22 380,83±44,28g) . However, the food intake was different between the phases, light and dark, in intergroup and intragroup. The body temperature was not different in food deprivation. The same ocurred for running in treadmill and forced swimming. Since similar alterations occur in shift workers, it is proposed that the experimental paradigm presented in this manuscript is a useful model of shift work. That is, alterations in activity/rest cycles and consummatory behavior can affect the health of organism

Influência do cálcio na calda de pulverização sobre a eficácia do carfentrazone-ethyl no controle de Euphorbia heterophylla

Alguns herbicidas podem ter sua eficácia de controle das plantas daninhas diminuída quando o cálcio encontra-se presente na calda de pulverização. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de estudar a influência do cálcio na eficácia do herbicida carfentrazone-ethyl aplicado em pós-emergência sobre plantas adultas de Euphorbia heterophylla. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com as concentrações de cálcio variando de 30 a 240 ppm e de 0 a 1.000 ppm respectivamente em cada experimento. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Observou-se que a eficácia do herbicida carfentrazone-ethyl não é afetada pela presença de cálcio em concentrações na calda de pulverização de até 1.000 ppm e que, na dose de 30 g i.a.ha-1 o herbicida é eficiente no controle de plantas adultas de E. heterophylla.

Determinação do teor de cálcio através da termogravimetria, em medicamentos utilizados no tratamento da osteoporose: um estudo comparativo

The present study utilized the thermogravimetry (TG) and optical emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma - ICP / OES to determine the calcium content in tablets of carbonate, citrate and calcium lactate used in the treatment of osteoporosis. The samples were characterized by IR, SEM, TG / DTG, DTA, DSC and XRD. The thermal analysis evaluated the thermal stability and physical-chemical events and showed that the excipients influence the decomposition of active ingredients. The results of thermogravimetry indicated that the decomposition temperature of the active CaCO3 (T = 630.2 °C) is lower compared to that obtained in samples of the tablets (633.4 to 655.2 °C) except for sample AM 2 (Ti = 613.8 oC). In 500.0 °C in the samples of citrate and calcium lactate, as well as their respective active principles had already been formed calcium carbonate. The use of N2 atmosphere resulted in shifting the initial and final temperature related to the decomposition of CaCO3. In the DTA and DSC curves were observed endo and exothermic events for the samples of tablets and active ingredients studied. The infrared spectra identified the main functional groups in all samples of active ingredients, excipients and tablets studied, such as symmetric and asymmetric stretches of the groups OH, CH, C = O. Analysis by X-ray diffraction showed that all samples are crystalline and that the final residue showed peaks indicative of the presence of calcium hydroxide by the reaction of calcium oxide with moisture of the air. Although the samples AM 1, AM 2, AM 3 and AM 6 in their formulations have TiO2 and SiO2 peaks were not observed in X-ray diffractograms of these compounds. The results obtained by TGA to determine the calcium content of the drugs studied were satisfactory when compared with those obtained by ICP-OES. In the AM 1 tablet was obtained the content of 35.37% and 32.62% for TG by ICP-OES, at 6 AM a percentage of 17.77% and 16.82% and for AM 7 results obtained were 8.93% for both techniques, showing that the thermogravimetry can be used to determine the percentage of calcium in tablets. The technique offers speed, economy in the use of samples and procedures eliminating the use of acid reagents in the process of the sample and efficiency results.

Caracterização estrutural de Perovskitas Lax-1AxCoO3 (x=0 e 0,2) ,dopadas com cálcio e bario, por espectroscopia de absorção de raios X (XAS).

In this work, the structures of LaCoO3, La0,8Ba0,2CoO3 and La0,8Ca0,2CoO3 perovskites were characterized as a function of temperature (LaCoO3 structure being analyzed only at room temperature). The characterization of these materials were made by X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS), in the cobalt K-edge, taking into account the correlated Einstein model X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). The first part of the absorption spectrum corresponded the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). These materials were prepared by the combustion method. The combustion products were calcinated at 900 0C, for 6 hours in air. Noted that the sample LaCoO3 at room temperature and samples doped with Calcium and Barium in the temperature range of 50 K to 298 K showed greater distortion to monoclinic symmetry with space group I2/a. However, the sample doped with barium at the temperatures 50 K, 220 K, and 260 K showed a slight distortion to rhombohedral symmetry with space group R-3c. The La0,8Ca0, 2CoO3 structure was few sensitive to temperature variation, showing a higher local distortion in the octahedron and a higher local thermal disorder. These interpretations were in agreement with the information electronic structural on the XANES region and geometric in the EXAFS region

Interações entre a carboximetilcelulose, carbonato de cálcio e bentonita: repercussões sobre as propriedades dos fluidos de perfuração aquosos

The role of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) in association to calcium carbonate particles (CaCO3) in most water-based drilling fluids is to reduce the fluid loss to the surrounding formation. Another essential function is to provide rheological properties capable of maintaining in suspension the cuttings during drilling operation. Therefore, it is absolutely essential to correlate the polymer chemical structure (degree of substitution, molecular weight and distribution of substituent) with the physical-chemical properties of CaCO3, in order to obtain the better result at lower cost. Another important aspect refers to the clay hydration inhibitive properties of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) in drilling fluids systems. The clay swelling promotes an undesirable damage that reduces the formation permeability and causes serious problems during the drilling operation. In this context, this thesis consists of two main parts. The first part refers to understanding of interactions CMC-CaCO3, as well as the corresponding effects on the fluid properties. The second part is related to understanding of mechanisms by which CMC adsorption occurs onto the clay surface, where, certainly, polymer chemical structure, ionic strength, molecular weight and its solvency in the medium are responsible to affect intrinsically the clay layers stabilization. Three samples of carboximetilcellulose with different molecular weight and degree of substitution (CMC A (9 x 104 gmol DS 0.7), CMC B (2.5 x 105 gmol DS 0.7) e CMC C (2.5 x 105 gmol DS 1.2)) and three samples of calcite with different average particle diameter and particle size distribution were used. The increase of CMC degree of substitution contributed to increase of polymer charge density and therefore, reduced its stability in brine, promoting the aggregation with the increase of filtrate volume. On the other hand, the increase of molecular weight promoted an increase of rheological properties with reduction of filtrate volume. Both effects are directly associated to hydrodynamic volume of polymer molecule in the medium. The granulometry of CaCO3 particles influenced not only the rheological properties, due to adsorption of polymers, but also the filtration properties. It was observed that the lower filtrate volume was obtained by using a CaCO3 sample of a low average size particle with wide dispersion in size. With regards to inhibition of clay swelling, the CMC performance was compared to other products often used (sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl) and quaternary amine-based commercial inhibitor). The low molecular weight CMC (9 x 104 g/mol) showed slightly lower swelling degree compared to the high molecular weight (2.5 x 105 g/mol) along to 180 minutes. In parallel, it can be visualized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) that the high molecular weight CMC (2.5 x 105 g/mol e DS 0.7) promoted a reduction in pores formation and size of clay compared to low molecular weight CMC (9.0 x 104 g/mol e DS 0.7), after 1000 minutes in aqueous medium. This behavior was attributed to dynamic of interactions between clay and the hydrodynamic volume of CMC along the time, which is result of strong contribution of electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bounds between carboxylate groups and hydroxyls located along the polymer backbone and ionic and polar groups of clay surface. CMC adsorbs on clay surface promoting the skin formation , which is responsible to minimize the migration of water to porous medium. With the increase of degree of substitution, it was observed an increase of pores onto clay, suggesting that the higher charge density on polymer is responsible to decrease its flexibility and adsorption onto clay surface. The joint evaluation of these results indicate that high molecular weight is responsible to better results on control of rheological, filtration and clay swelling properties, however, the contrary effect is observed with the increase of degree of substitution. On its turn, the calcite presents better results of rheological and filtration properties with the decrease of average viii particle diameter and increase of particle size distribution. According to all properties evaluated, it has been obvious the interaction of CMC with the minerals (CaCO3 and clay) in the aqueous medium

Produtividade e componentes da produção do amendoim da seca em razão da época de semeadura e da aplicação de cálcio

Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar o efeito do calcário, como fornecedor de cálcio, em diferentes épocas de semeadura, na cultura do amendoim cultivar Tatu, sobre os componentes da produção e a produtividade de vagens em semeadura na época considerada seca. O experimento foi conduzido em um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro, argiloso, em Selvíria, MS. Foram estudadas quatro épocas de semeadura do amendoim da seca (21/1, 4/2, 18/2 e 4/3), combinadas com quatro doses de Ca (0, 45, 90 e 135 kg ha-1 de Ca), aplicadas no sulco de semeadura, usando como fonte calcário dolomítico com PRNT de 90,1% e com teores de 21% de CaO e 18% de MgO. Foram avaliados o número de vagens por planta, o número de grãos por vagem e por planta, o peso de 100 grãos, o rendimento e a produtividade das vagens. Conclui-se que: 1) à medida que se atrasa a semeadura, há a probabilidade de ocorrer deficiência hídrica nos períodos vegetativo e reprodutivo, reduzindo a produtividade do amendoim da seca; 2) há boa produtividade de vagens quando a semeadura é realizada até o início do mês de fevereiro; 3) a resposta do amendoim da seca ao Ca é baixa em solos onde inicialmente se tem alto teor de Ca e saturação por bases considerada média, principalmente, quando a disponibilidade hídrica também é um fator limitante; 4) a aplicação de calcário no sulco de semeadura como meio de fornecimento de Ca para a cultura do amendoim é uma prática viável.

Influência do molibdênio e do cálcio aplicados via semente nas frações protéicas de amendoim cv.iac 886

Chemical composition of seed displays, in general, the same compounds found in other parts of the plant, and the environment where they grow plants, fertilizer and many other factors are able to change this constitution, increasing or decreasing the amount of certain components. The study aimed to determine the effect of application by seed doses of calcium and molybdenum on protein content of peanut seeds cv.IAC 886. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a factorial design with four replicates per treatment, which are constituted by the combination of molybdenum doses (0, 50, 100 and 150 g ha(-1)) and calcium by seeds (0, 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg L-1). The peanut harvest was done manually. Seeds were removed from the pod manually and individually for each treatment and were taken to the Laboratorio de Genetica de Populacoes e Silvicultura, do Departamento de Fitotecnia, Tecnologia de Alimentos e Socio-Economia, da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira da Universidade Estadual Paulista, where we determined the protein (albumin-Alb, prolamin-PRO, glutelin-GLU and globulin-GLO, mg g(-1). Regardless of the doses used the albumin protein fraction showed the highest in the peanut seeds. The addition of molybdenum resulted in increased seed prolamin content in the peanut seeds. The combination of calcium and molybdenum applied to seeds resulted in increased levels of albumin, globulin and glutelin in the peanut seeds.