The application of NMR and MS methods for detection of adulteration of wine, fruit juices, and olive oil. A review

This review covers two important techniques, high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS), used to characterize food products and detect possible adulteration of wine, fruit juices, and olive oil, all important products of the Mediterranean Basin. Emphasis is placed on the complementary use of SNIF-NMR (site-specific natural isotopic fractionation nuclear magnetic resonance) and IRMS (isotope-ratio mass spectrometry) in association with chemometric methods for detecting the adulteration.

The effect of sub-lethal doses of Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) oil on the midgut of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is one of the major field pests for maize production. It is mainly controlled by means of synthetic, and more recently by resistant cultivar of maize expressing Bt toxins. The neem tree, Azadirachta indica, is a plant that can potentially control insects with the advantage of being food and environmental safe. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of neem oil on the development and survival of S. frugiperda caterpillars by assessing histological alterations caused on their midgut. Newly hatched caterpillars were submitted to three neem oil concentrations: 0.006; 0.05; 0.4%, which were added to their artificial diet. Ten 3rd instar caterpillars, taken from each treatment, were submitted to histological analysis. The alimentary canals from the specimens were fixed in Baker for 12 hours, desiccated and diaphanized in alcohol/xylol (1:1) and xylol. After placing the samples in paraffin, they were sliced in 8 µm sections and stained with hematoxylin-eosin stain. The neem oil added to the diet of S. frugiperda caused total mortality at dose of 0.4% whilst still in the first instars, prolonged the larval and pupal stages, and reduced the pupal weight. Histo-physiological alterations such as degeneration of the epithelial lining of the midgut and in the peritrophic matrix were found at all concentrations of neem oil.

Condiciones bio-oceanográfica frente a la costa norte y centro del Perú durante octubre y noviembre 1995 (Operación MOPFEN 9510-11)

Constituye una análisis de la información oceanográfica obtenida de la Operación MOPFEN 9510-11 que se ejecutó del 25 de Octubre al 10 de noviembre de 1995, a bordo de la E/E Huamanga del CEP de Paita. Para ello, se realizó seis perfiles oceanográficos frente a Puerto Pizarro, Paita, Punta Falsa, Chicama, Chimbote y Callao. El estudio tuvo por finalidad conocer la variación que han tenido los parámetros ambientales durante la primavera e identificar la tendencia de las condiciones del mar peruano para el mes de diciembre de 1995 e inicios del verano de 1996, todo ello en base a ocurrencias de anomalías ambientales relacionadas al Fenómeno El Niño.

I Prospección bio-oceanográfica y pesca en el Callao (Playas carpayo, Arenilla, Cocos y Mar Brava)

Presenta el estudio bio-oceanográfico en las playas de Carpayo, Arenilla, Cocos y Mar Brava del Callao, con la finalidad de ampliar el conocimiento sobre la intensidad del fenómeno El Niño 1991-1993 a través de indicadores biológicos y definir la fauna típica estacional de la zona.

Processes and consequences in business ethical dilemmas: The oil industry and climate changes

This paper proposes a framework to examine business ethical dilemmas andbusiness attitudes towards such dilemmas. Business ethical dilemmas canbe understood as reflecting a contradiction between a socially detrimentalprocess and a self-interested profitable consequence. This representationallows us to distinguish two forms of behavior differing by whetherpriority is put on consequences or on processes. We argue that theseforms imply very different business attitudes towards society:controversial or competitive for the former and aligned or cooperativefor the latter. These attitudes are then analyzed at the discursive level in order to address the question of good faith in businessargumentation, i.e. to which extent are these attitudes consistent withactual business behaviors. We argue that consequential attitudes mostlyinvolve communication and lobbying actions aiming at eluding the dilemma.Therefore, the question of good faith for consequential attitudes liesin the consistency between beliefs and discourse. On the other hand,procedural attitudes acknowledge the dilemma and claim a change of theprocess of behavior. They thus raise the question of the consistencybetween discourses and actual behavior. We apply this processes/consequencesframework to the case of the oil industry s climate change ethical dilemmawhich comes forth as a dilemma between emitting greenhouse gases and making more profits . And we examine the different attitudes of two oilcorporations-BP Amoco and ExxonMobil-towards the dilemma.

The role of Mexico in the first oil shortage: 1918-1922, an international perspective

In 1921 Mexico produced a quarter of world s petroleum, making the country the secondlargest producer in the world, but by 1930 it only accounted for 3 per cent of world sproduction. To date the discussion has mostly relied on events taking place in Mexico forexplaining the decline of the industry. Very little attention has been placed todevelopments in petroleum industry elsewhere, except Venezuela. Practically noattention has been paid to the reasons for the rise of oil output in Mexico. This neglectsthe massive changes taking place in the petroleum industry worldwide during the GreatWar years and its aftermath, and overall ignores the shortage of oil that occurred in theworld s markets between 1918-1921. These are crucial events in order to understand theearly rise of the Mexican oil industry and set the basis for a better understanding of thesubsequent sudden decline.

The macroeconomic effects of oil price shocks: Why are the 2000s so different from the 1970s?

We characterize the macroeconomic performance of a set of industrialized economies in the aftermath of the oil price shocks of the 1970s and of the last decade, focusing on the differences across episodes. We examine four different hypotheses for the mild effects on inflation and economic activity of the recent increase in the price of oil: (a) good luck (i.e. lack of concurrent adverse shocks), (b) smaller share of oil in production, (c) more flexible labor markets, and (d) improvements in monetary policy. Weconclude that all four have played an important role.

Notas sobre el estado actual del stock de anchoveta a base del informe del panel de expertos realizado en julio de 1972 y de los últimos estudios y prospecciones bio-oceanológicas efectuados por el Instituto del Mar

Revisa los acontecimientos recientes de la pesquería de anchoveta a la luz de las investigaciones contínuas realizadas y de las conclusiones del terce informe del Panel de Expertos en dinámica de poblaciones.

Monitoreo bio-oceanográfico pesquero en el litoral sur del Perú. MOBOP 0708.

El monitoreo se realizó en agosto 2007, a bordo de la L/P IMARPE IV, desde La Yarada hasta 40 mn frente a Quilca. La temperatura superficial varió de 13,7 a 16,4 °C, menores valores (<14,5 °C) se registraron entre Tancona y Quilca dentro de las 15 mn y mayores (>16 °C) entre Punta Coles y el Dominio Marítimo Sur por fuera de 20 mn. Las anomalías térmicas variaron de -1,4 a -0,8 °C. La gradiente térmica vertical estuvo conformada por 3 isotermas (14 a 16 °C), la isolínea de 15 °C se presentó entre la superficie (zonas costeras) y 35 m. La anchoveta tuvo mayor distribución hasta 40 mn frente a Mollendo, dentro de las 5 mn se ubicó mezclada con múnida, principalmente frente a Playa Tacna y Mollendo.

Algunos aspectos bio-ecológicos del "Muy Muy" Emerita analoga (Stimpson, 1857) (DECAPODA: ANOMURA) en playas al sur de Lima

Da a conocer algunos parámetros de la dinámica - poblacional de este crustáceo en la zona central del litoral peruano, tales como: estructura poblacional, densidad, crecimiento, reproducción, ciclo sexual y comportamiento. Así mismo, referir la comunidad biótica de la Playa arenosa estudiada y dar a conocer el valor nutritivo de la especie en cuestión.

Condiciones bio-oceanográficas en San José, islas Lobos de Afuera, Perú. 2010

En este estudio se muestra la variabilidad oceanográfica que se presenta en Lambayeque. Se evidenció con la generación del evento frío La Niña, después que se registrara el arribo de ondas Kelvin hacia la costa desde fines del 2009, lo que se llegó a considerar como la ocurrencia de un evento El Niño de intensidad moderada. Esta situación propició que los recursos pesqueros se ausentaran de sus áreas habituales de pesca, sumado a la presencia de oleajes anómalos y fuertes vientos que dificultaron las faenas de pesca. Durante el 2010, la Extensión Sur de la Corriente de Cromwell (ESCC) se presentó moderadamente fortalecida en marzo, evidenciada por la relativa alta concentración de oxígeno disuelto en las áreas más profundas de San José, situación inusual para la época en la zona. La proyección de la ESCC se vio intensificada en abril, pero comenzó a debilitarse en junio hasta ausentarse en noviembre, como se puede deducir de los valores de oxígeno encontrados cerca del fondo durante las prospecciones realizadas.

Fish oil for prevention of sudden death in hemodialysis patients?

Friedman et al. report that hemodialysis patients with the highest levels of n-3 fatty acids had impressively low odds of sudden cardiac death. The study is limited by a small sample size, and the analysis relies on only a single baseline measurement of blood levels. Recent randomized evidence indeed fails to support that n-3 fatty acids may prevent sudden death in nonrenal patients. More evidence is needed to advocate fish oil in this setting.

Effect of fructose overfeeding and fish oil administration on hepatic de novo lipogenesis and insulin sensitivity in healthy men.

High-fructose diet stimulates hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and causes hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance in rodents. Fructose-induced insulin resistance may be secondary to alterations of lipid metabolism. In contrast, fish oil supplementation decreases triglycerides and may improve insulin resistance. Therefore, we studied the effect of high-fructose diet and fish oil on DNL and VLDL triglycerides and their impact on insulin resistance. Seven normal men were studied on four occasions: after fish oil (7.2 g/day) for 28 days; a 6-day high-fructose diet (corresponding to an extra 25% of total calories); fish oil plus high-fructose diet; and control conditions. Following each condition, fasting fractional DNL and endogenous glucose production (EGP) were evaluated using [1-13C]sodium acetate and 6,6-2H2 glucose and a two-step hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was performed to assess insulin sensitivity. High-fructose diet significantly increased fasting glycemia (7 +/- 2%), triglycerides (79 +/- 22%), fractional DNL (sixfold), and EGP (14 +/- 3%, all P < 0.05). It also impaired insulin-induced suppression of adipose tissue lipolysis and EGP (P < 0.05) but had no effect on whole- body insulin-mediated glucose disposal. Fish oil significantly decreased triglycerides (37%, P < 0.05) after high-fructose diet compared with high-fructose diet without fish oil and tended to reduce DNL but had no other significant effect. In conclusion, high-fructose diet induced dyslipidemia and hepatic and adipose tissue insulin resistance. Fish oil reversed dyslipidemia but not insulin resistance.

Numerical simulation of ambient seismic wavefield modification caused by pore-fluid effects in an oil reservoir

We have modeled numerically the seismic response of a poroelastic inclusion with properties applicable to an oil reservoir that interacts with an ambient wavefield. The model includes wave-induced fluid flow caused by pressure differences between mesoscopic-scale (i.e., in the order of centimeters to meters) heterogeneities. We used a viscoelastic approximation on the macroscopic scale to implement the attenuation and dispersion resulting from this mesoscopic-scale theory in numerical simulations of wave propagation on the kilometer scale. This upscaling method includes finite-element modeling of wave-induced fluid flow to determine effective seismic properties of the poroelastic media, such as attenuation of P- and S-waves. The fitted, equivalent, viscoelastic behavior is implemented in finite-difference wave propagation simulations. With this two-stage process, we model numerically the quasi-poroelastic wave-propagation on the kilometer scale and study the impact of fluid properties and fluid saturation on the modeled seismic amplitudes. In particular, we addressed the question of whether poroelastic effects within an oil reservoir may be a plausible explanation for low-frequency ambient wavefield modifications observed at oil fields in recent years. Our results indicate that ambient wavefield modification is expected to occur for oil reservoirs exhibiting high attenuation. Whether or not such modifications can be detected in surface recordings, however, will depend on acquisition design and noise mitigation processing as well as site-specific conditions, such as the geologic complexity of the subsurface, the nature of the ambient wavefield, and the amount of surface noise.