Revisão taxonômica e relações filogenéticas das espécies de Roeboides grupo-microlepis (Ostariophysi, Characiformes, Characidae)

The Roeboides microlepis species-group is revised. Four species are recognized: R. myersii Gill, 1870 from the Amazon basin, R. microlepis (Reinhardt, 1851) from river Paraguay, middle and lower river Paraná, R. araguaito sp. nov. from the river Orinoco basin, and R. margareteae sp. nov. known only from Rio Parnaíba and Pindaré-Mearim, northeastern Brazil. The type-locality of R. microlepis is restricted to river Paraguay; R. bonariensis (Steindachner, 1879) is considered a synonym of R. microlepis. The phylogenetic analysis indicates that R. myersii and R. araguaito are most parsimoniously related and may be a sister group. These two species are here considered as sister group of the monophyletic lineage which includes R. microlepis and R. margareteae. A key to the microlepis species-group genus Roeboides is given.

Nova espécie de Pimelodus (Siluriformes, Pimelodidae) dos rios Tapajós e Tocantins, Brasil

Pimelodus tetramerus sp. nov. difere das outras espécies de Pimelodus Lacepède por sua coloração típica, que consiste de quatro faixas escuras sobre os lados do corpo, a primeira, mais dorsal, iniciando logo após o final da placa pré-dorsal e terminando no final da base da nadadeira adiposa; a segunda, mais larga que a primeira, logo acima da linha lateral, percorre desde a borda lateral do processo supra-occipital até a base da nadadeira caudal. Ambas faixas estão fragmentadas em sua porção anterior, formando pontos escuros que, ocasionalmente, podem estar unidos, compondo um padrão vermiculado. Tais pontos escuros e/ou padrão vermiculado se distribui sobre a região pré-dorsal e cabeça. A terceira faixa, tão larga quanto a segunda, logo abaixo da linha lateral, inicia junto à região superior do processo pós-cleitral e estende-se até a base da nadadeira caudal e a quarta, de menor comprimento, podendo estar fraca ou ausente, inicia-se logo abaixo do processo pós-cleitral e finaliza até próximo à nadadeira pélvica. Além disso, constituem caracteres diagnósticos da nova espécie a presença de uma estreita faixa clara sobre a linha lateral, com aproximadamente 1/3 da largura da terceira faixa escura, e a presença de uma barra escura percorrendo longitudinalmente o lobo ventral da nadadeira caudal. A nova espécie compartilha o forâmen trigeminal tripartido com outras espécies de pimelodídeos.

Revisão taxonômica das espécies do gênero Roeboides grupo-affinis (Ostariophysi, Characiformes, Characidae)

A revisão taxonômica do gênero Roeboides grupo-affinis é apresentada. Sete espécies são reconhecidas: R. affinis (Günther, 1868) das drenagens dos rios Amazonas, Orinoco e Paraná-Paraguai, rios da Guiana, Suriname e sistema Tocantins-Araguaia; R. biserialis Garman, 1890 da drenagem do rio Amazonas; R. descalvadensis Fowler, 1932 das drenagens dos rios Amazonas e Paraná-Paraguai; R. oligistos Lucena, 2000 da bacia do rio Amazonas; R. numerosus Lucena, 2000 da bacia do rio Orinoco; R. xenodon (Reinhardt, 1851) da bacia do rio São Francisco e R. sazimai sp. nov., conhecida dos rios Parnaíba and Pindaré-Mearim, nordeste do Brasil. Roeboides paranensis Pignalberi, 1975 é considerado sinônimo de R. descalvadensis; Roeboides prognathus e R. thurni Eigenmann, 1912 sinônimos de R. affinis. Lectótipos são designados para R. affinis, R. biserialis e R. francisci Steindachner, 1908. Uma chave de identificação das espécies de Roeboides grupo-affinis é fornecida.

Hábitos alimentares de Enyalius perditus (Squamata, Leiosauridae) no Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais, Brasil

No presente estudo foi analisado a dieta de Enyalius perditus Jackson, 1978 e suas variações de acordo com disponibilidade de alimento no Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Três áreas de matas foram amostradas, utilizando-se armadilhas de queda e adesivas para captura dos lagartos e itens-presa disponíveis. Os lagartos (n= 55) foram dissecados e o conteúdo estomacal analisado. O Índice de eletividade mostrou que larvas foram importantes volumetricamente na dieta de E. perditus, enquanto que formigas e isópodos foram importantes numericamente. A quantidade de itens nas dietas de machos e fêmeas diferiram estatisticamente, talvez como uma conseqüência da maior quantidade de formigas ingeridas pelas fêmeas e isópodos e larvas pelos machos. Baseado no comportamento alimentar, os machos são mais semelhantes aos forrageadores ativos e as fêmeas, aos predadores senta-e-espera.

Studies in search of a suitable experimental insect model for xenodiagnosis of hosts with Chagas' disease. 1 - Comparative xenodiagnosis with nine triatomine species of animals with acute infections by Trypanosoma cruzi

In search of a suitable vector species for xenodiagnosis of humans and animals with chronic Chagas' disease we first investigated the reactions of different vector species to acute infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. Vector species utilized in this study were: Triatoma infestans, Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma dimidiata, all well adapted to human habitats; Triatoma rubrovaria and Rhodnius neglectus both considered totally wild species; Panstrongylus megistus, Triatoma sordida, Triatoma pseudomaculata and Triatoma brasiliensis, all essentially sylvatic but some with domiciliary tendencies and others restricted to peridomestic biotopes with incipient colonization of human houses after successful eradication of T. infestans. Results summarized in Table IV suggest the following order of infectivity among the 9 studied vector species: P. megistus with 97.8% of infected bugs, T. rubrovaria with 95% of positive bugs a close second followed by T. Pseudomaculata with 94.3% and R. neglectus with 93.8% of infected bugs, almost identical thirds. R. prolixus, T. infestans and T. dimidiata exhibited low infection rates of 53.1%, 51.6% and 38.2% respectively, coupled with sharp decreases occuring with aging of infection (Fig. 1). The situation was intermediate in T. brasiliensis and T. sordida infection rates being 76.9% and 80% respectively. Results also point to the existence of a close correlation between prevalence and intensity of infection in that, species with high infection rates ranging from 93.8% to 97.8% exhibited relatively large proportions of insects (27.3% - 33.5%) harbouring very dense populations of T. cruzi. In species with low infection rates ranging from 38.2% to 53.1% the proportion of bugs demonstrating comparable parasite densities was at most 6%. No differences attributable to blood-meal size or to greater susceptibility of indigenous vector species to parasites of their own geographical area, as suggested in earlier...

Morbidade da esquistossomose mansoni no Brasil. I - Estudo de 4.652 casos observados no Rio de Janeiro de 1960 a 1979

No período de vinte anos (1960-1979), os autores observaram na Clínica de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, sediada no Pavilhão Carlos Chagas do Hospital São Francisco de Assis, 4.652 casos de esquistossomose mansoni procedentes de 18 Estados do Brasil. Entre os casos observados 87,18% eram da forma hepatointestinal e 12,82% da forma hepatoesplênica entre os quais 30 tinham a forma pulmonar associada. Adicionalmente 30 casos da forma aguda ou toxémica foram estudados no mesmo Serviço, em famílias residentes no Rio de Janeiro. Além da observação clínica e do estudo epidemiológico incluindo o perfil migratório de cada caso e da casuística como um todo, foram realizados exames complementares como hemograma, mielograma, dosagem de transaminases, provas de função hepática, eletroforese de proteínas séricas, biópsia hepática, radiografias de tórax e de esôfago, esplenoportografia, eletrocardiograma e estudos hemodinâmicos do sistema porta, do coração e da artéria pulmonar em grupos de pacientes selecionados.

Studies in search of a suitable experimental insect model for xenodiagnosis of hosts with Chagas' disease: 2 - Attempts to upgrade the reliability and the efficacy of xenodiagnosis in chronic Chagas' disease

In order to upgrade the reliability of xenodiagnosis, attention has been directed towards population dynamics of the parasite, with particular interest for the following factors: 1. Parasite density which by itself is not a research objective, but by giving an accurate portrayal of parasite development and multiplication, has been incorporated in screening of bugs for xenodiagnosis. 2. On the assumption that food availability might increase parasite density, bugs from xenodiagnosis have been refed at biweekly intervals on chicken blood. 3. Infectivity rates and positives harbouring large parasite yields were based on gut infections, in which the parasite population comprised of all developmental forms was more abundant and easier to detect than in fecal infections, thus minimizing the probability of recording false negatives. 4. Since parasite density, low in the first 15 days of infection, increases rapidly in the following 30 days, the interval of 45 days has been adopted for routine examination of bugs from xenodiagnosis. By following the enumerated measures, all aiming to reduce false negative cases, we are getting closer to a reliable xenodiagnostic procedure. Upgrading the efficacy of xenodiagnosis is also dependent on the xenodiagnostic agent. Of 9 investigated vector species, Panstrongylus megistus deserves top priority as a xenodiagnostic agent. Its extraordinary capability to support fast development and vigorous multiplication of the few parasites, ingested from the host with chronic Chagas' disease, has been revealed by the strikingly close infectivity rates of 91.2% vs. 96.4% among bugs engorged from the same host in the chronic and acute phase of the disease respectively (Table V), the latter comporting an estimated number of 12.3 x 10[raised to the power of 3] parasites in the circulation at the time of xenodiagnosis, as reported previously by the authors (1982).

Nova espécie de Hyla da Serra da Mantiqueira, Itatiaia, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae)

Hyla gouveai n. sp. is described and illustrated and it is closest to the bigger individuals of the species in the group "circumdata", not presenting, however, the characteristic pattern of dark transversal bands on the posterior inner coxal surface.

Assessment of immunity induced in mice by glycoproteins derived from different strains and species of Leishmania

A comparative study was undertaken on the immunogenic properties of 63kDa glycoproteins obtained from five different strains/species of Leishmania and assessed in C57BL/10 mice. The humoral immune response was assessed by ELISA against the five different antigens of the immunized animals. The cellular immune response was derived from Leishmania. The response was found to be species-specific in all of determined by means of the cytokine profiles secreted by the spleen cells of immunized animals. The presence of ³-IFN and IL-2, and the absence of IL-4 in the supernatants of cells stimulated by L. amazonensis antigen established that the cellular response is of Th1 type. The five glycoproteins tested were equally effective in protecting C57BL/10 mice against challenge by L. amazonensis. About 50% of the immunized animals were protected for six months.