La formación de la Unión de Cañeros Independientes de Tucumán : El nuevo asociacionismo de los cañeros tucumanos en los orígenes del peronismo

El presente trabajo aborda la unificación del gremio cañero tucumano en los orígenes del peronismo. Los cañeros tucumanos cuentan con una larga tradición asociativa que se inicia a finales del siglo XIX con la modernización de la agroindustria azucarera, con la particularidad de la coexistencia de varias asociaciones gremiales surgidas como consecuencia de las recurrentes crisis del sector y de disputas intersectoriales. De esta forma, en este trabajo analizaremos el proceso por el cual el gremio cañero abandonó su tradición asociativa disgregada para dar lugar a la conformación de un gremio unificado, denominado Unión de Cañeros Independientes de Tucumán

Formulación de un plan de desarrollo agropecuario y forestal para una comunidad ejidal del municipio de San Fernando, Chiapas, México

El perfil socioeconómico de Chiapas es primordialmente rural, debiendo reconocerse la diversidad de sus actividades agropecuarias y forestales para generar condiciones específicas de desarrollo. Considerando lo anterior, se realizó esta investigación entre mayo de 1998 y diciembre de 1999, como un estudio de caso sobre los aspectos agropecuarios y forestales más relevantes en el ejido Villa Allende, que expresa problemas ejidales característicos de la región. El ejido cuenta con 3.300 hectáreas, 554 ejidatarios y se ubica en el municipio de San Fernando en la Región Central de Chiapas. Se estudiaron las circunstancias de los ejidatarios, conocimiento local y procesos de trabajo agrícola desde una perspectiva de planeación. A partir de ello se generó el plan de desarrollo, el cual es el primero expuesto en el municipio de San Fernando que se dirige al sector ejidal. Su propósito es plasmar una propuesta general en materia agropecuaria y forestal que pueda ser base para la concertación y que permita vislumbrar opciones dirigidas a mejorar la calidad de vida de los habitantes del ejido Villa Allende. Se postulan las siguientes políticas de desarrollo: 1. Fortalecimiento de la producción y la autosuficiencia alimentaria. 2. Impulso al crecimiento económico. 3. Dotación de infraestructura básica. 4. Reordenamiento agropecuario y forestal con criterios sociales, ecológicos y económicos. 5. Promoción de la salud. Con base en las políticas, se enuncian objetivos programas y subprogramas o proyectos.

Las esferas del poder. Hacendados y comerciantes de Buenos Aires ante los cambios de la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII

El propósito es analizar la formación de los "intereses locales" en la sociedad rioplatense de Antiguo Régimen, durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII. Nos preguntamos, mediante las acciones de los comerciantes y hacendados en relación al cabildo porteño, acerca de la creación de espacios institucionales propios tendientes a proteger los intereses particulares de cada grupo. Los Hacendados encontraron desde siempre en el cabildo un espacio institucional apto para canalizar sus aspiraciones. Sin embargo, en 1775 crearon un Gremio que los representara. Los comerciantes como grupo, buscaron inorgánicamente desde la primera mitad del siglo XVIII, y orgánicamente desde 1779, canalizar sus demandas mediante un órgano colectivo: las juntas de comercio. Los comerciantes obtuvieron su Consulado en 1794. En el 1797, la Corona establece que se integren a él, alternándose en su conducción tanto los hacendados como los comerciantes. Con ello, pasó a representar los intereses locales vinculados tanto al comercio como a la producción.

Benthic and fish community composition as well as water quality along the Thousand Islands north of the megacity Jakarta, Indonesia

Worldwide, coral reefs are challenged by multiple stressors due to growing urbanization, industrialization and coastal development. Coral reefs along the Thousand Islands off Jakarta, one of the largest megacities worldwide, have degraded dramatically over recent decades. The shift and decline in coral cover and composition has been extensively studied with a focus on large-scale gradients (i.e. regional drivers), however special focus on local drivers in shaping spatial community composition is still lacking. Here, the spatial impact of anthropogenic stressors on local and regional scales on coral reefs north of Jakarta was investigated. Results indicate that the direct impact of Jakarta is mainly restricted to inshore reefs, separating reefs in Jakarta Bay from reefs along the Thousand Islands further north. A spatial patchwork of differentially degraded reefs is present along the islands as a result of localized anthropogenic effects rather than regional gradients. Pollution is the main anthropogenic stressor, with over 80 % of variation in benthic community composition driven by sedimentation rate, NO2, PO4 and Chlorophyll a. Thus, the spatial structure of reefs is directly related to intense anthropogenic pressure from local as well as regional sources. Therefore, improved spatial management that accounts for both local and regional stressors is needed for effective marine conservation.

Avian species identity and predation success in tropical cacao agroforestry of the Napu Valley in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

Avian ecosystem services such as the suppression of pests are considered being of high ecological and economic importance in a range of ecosystems, especially in tropical agroforestry. But how bird predation success is related to the diversity and composition of the bird community, as well as local and landscape factors, is poorly understood. The author quantified arthropod predation in relation to the identity and diversity of insectivorous birds, using experimental exposure of artificial, caterpillar-like prey on smallholder cacao agroforestry systems, differing in local shade management and distance to primary forest. The bird community was assessed using both mist netting (targeting on active understory insectivores) and point count (higher completeness of species inventories) sampling. The study was conducted in a land use dominated area in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, adjacent to the Lore Lindu National Park. We selected 15 smallholder cacao plantations as sites for bird and bat exclosure experiments in March 2010. Until July 2011, we recorded several data in this study area, including the bird community data, cacao tree data and bird predation experiments that are presented here. We found that avian predation success can be driven by single and abundant insectivorous species, rather than by overall bird species richness. Forest proximity was important for enhancing the density of this key species, but did also promote bird species richness. The availability of local shade trees had no effects on the local bird community or avian predation success. Our findings are both of economical as well as ecological interest because the conservation of nearby forest remnants will likely benefit human needs and biodiversity conservation alike.

Bird observation and sampling in tropical agroforestry landscapes of the Napu Valley in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

We investigated the local bird community in Central Sulawesi (Indonesia), with focus on insectivorous species in the agroforestry landscapes adjacent to the Lore Lindu National Park. All study sites were situated at the northern tip of Napu Valley in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. After an initial mapping of the study area, we selected 15 smallholder cacao plantations as sites for our study in March 2010. These sides were mainly used for bird and bat exclosure experiments. All sited were situated along a local gradient (shade availability on each plantation) and a landscape gradient (distance to primary forest), which were independent from each other. In September 2010 and from February until June 2011, we assessed the bird community on our 15 study sites using monthly point count and mist netting sampling. Point count (20 minutes between 07 am and 10 am and in between the net checking hours) and mist netting surveys (12 hours, between 05:30 am and 17:30 pm) were conducted simultaneously but only once per month on each study site, to avoid habituation of the local bird community to our surveys. Further, point counts were conducted at least 100 m apart from the mist netting sites, to avoid potential disturbance between the two methods. We discarded all observations beyond 50 m (including those individuals that flew over the canopy) from the statistical analysis, as well as recaptures of individuals within identical mist netting rounds.

Flying vs. climbing: Factors controlling arboreal seed removal in oak-beech forests

Nuts are heavy and nutritious seeds that need animals to be successfully dispersed. Most studies address nut removal by a single animal species once seeds fall onto the ground. However, nuts are also accessible before the seed drop and usually to a wide guild of seed foragers. This study examines the factorscontrollingarborealseedremoval in oak–beechforests within the whole guild of nut foragers. We found that seed-dispersing rodents (Apodemus sylvaticus) were the main acorn removers in the oaks (up to 3.75 m height), with a rapid seed encounter and a high removal rate. However, rodents did not climb the beech trees, probably due to their smoother bark in comparison to oak bark and/or the lower nutritional value of beechnuts with regard to acorns. Jays (Garrulus glandarius) were more abundant in oak stands (both dense and scattered) and clearly preferred acorns to beechnuts whereas nuthatches (Sitta europaea) were more abundant in beech stands and preferred beechnuts to acorns. Non-storing birds such as great tits (Parus major) also removed acorns and beechnuts, especially in the stands where oaks are dominant. Jays and rodents preferred sound seeds over insect-infested seeds but such a preference was not found for nuthatches. This study highlights that pure beech stands showed a reduced guild of arboreal nut foragers in comparison to oak stands. This different guild could probably affect the spatial patterns of seed dispersal, with a proportionally higher number of long dispersal events for acorns (mostly jay-dispersed) than for beechnuts (mostly nuthatch-dispersed). Long-distance dispersal of beechnuts (by jays) is determined by the presence of other preferred species (oaks) and their frequency of non-mast years. Seed location in different habitats strongly determines the contribution of different arboreal removers (including climbing rodents) and their removal speed, leading to a differential seed fate that will eventually affect tree regeneration. As nuthatches are sedentary birds, it is important to maintain old and dead trees where they can breed (crevices), forage (arthropods) and store seeds in order to favor beechnut dispersal and gene flow. By maintaining or favoring oak trees within beech stands we will ensure a wider guild of arboreal nut dispersers.

Responses of riparian guilds to flowalterations in a Mediterranean stream

Questions: Do Mediterranean riparian guilds show distinct responses to stream water declines? If observed,which are the most sensitive and resilient guilds and theirmost affected attributes? Location: Tie¿tar river below the Rosarito dam, central-western Spain. Methods: We identified riparian guilds based on key woody species features and species distribution within this Mediterranean river corridor, and evaluated similarity of their responses to long-term flow alteration (i.e. stream water declines since dam construction in 1959). Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to group surveyed vegetation bands according to species composition. The groups were designated as riparian guilds where each vegetation group comprising a guild: (1) contains species sharing similar features (using PCA); and (2) shares a similar environment (using DCA). Changes in several guild attributes (i.e. dominance and species composition, diversity and establishment patterns) during the regulated period were compared statistically. We used pre- and post-dam established vegetation bands identified based on old (1956) and modern (2006) aerial photographs and field measurements of woody species diameter. Results: Responses to flow alterations varied between guilds according to ecological requirements of their species. The ability to survive water stress (i.e. ?Xeric? guilds) and drag forces caused by floods (?Torrential? guilds) allowed certain pioneer shrub-dominated guilds (e.g. Flueggea tinctoria and Salix salviifolia) to spread on newly emerged surfaces downward to the main channel after flow alterations, although new shrubland had less species diversity than pre-dam shrubland. In contrast, new hydromorphological conditions following damming limited recruitment of native late-successional tree guilds sensitive to floods (to drag forces, inundation and anoxia; i.e. ?Slow-water? and ?Flood-sensitive?, respectively) and those with greater water requirements (i.e. ?Hydric?) (e.g. Alnus glutinosa and Celtis australis), although species diversity increased in this mature forest through co-existence of remaining riparian species and new arrival of upland species. Conclusions: Changes in several riparian attributes after flow alterations differed between guilds. Stream water declines after damming caused shifts in species-poor pioneer shrubland downwards to the watered channel, resulting in severe declines ofmaturenative forest.Understanding vegetation guild responses provides information about general trends in plant populations and assemblage structures expected to occur during river development and flow regulation, increasing our capacity to detect and synthesize complex flowalteration?riparian ecosystem response relationships, and anticipate irreversible impacts.

News in engineering education in Spain effective from 2010 in presence of external changes and mixed crisis, looking mostly to agro and civil engineers.

The engineering careers models were diverse in Europe, and are adopting now in Spain the Bolonia process for European Universities. Separated from older Universities, that are in part technically active, Civil Engineering (Caminos, Canales y Puertos) started at end of 18th century in Spain adopting the French models of Upper Schools for state civil servants with exam at entry. After 1800 intense wars, to conserve forest regions Ingenieros de Montes appeared as Upper School, and in 1855 also the Ingenieros Agrónomos to push up related techniques and practices. Other Engineers appeared as Upper Schools but more towards private factories. These ES got all adapted Lower Schools of Ingeniero Tecnico. Recently both grew much in number and evolved, linked also to recognized Professions. Spanish society, into European Community, evolved across year 2000, in part highly well, but with severe discordances, that caused severe youth unemployment with 2008-2011 crisis. With Bolonia process high formal changes step in from 2010-11, accepted with intense adaptation. The Lower Schools are changing towards the Upper Schools, and both that have shifted since 2010-11 various 4-years careers (Grado), some included into the precedent Professions, and diverse Masters. Acceptation of them to get students has started relatively well, and will evolve, and acceptation of new grades for employment in Spain, Europe or outside will be essential. Each Grado has now quite rigid curricula and programs, MOODLE was introduced to connect pupils, some specific uses of Personal Computers are taught in each subject. Escuela de Agronomos centre, reorganized with its old name in its precedent buildings at entrance of Campus Moncloa, offers Grados of Agronomic Engineering and Science for various public and private activities for agriculture, Alimentary Engineering for alimentary activities and control, Agro-Environmental Engineering more related to environment activities, and in part Biotechnology also in laboratories in Campus Monte-Gancedo for Biotechnology of Plants and Computational Biotechnology. Curricula include Basics, Engineering, Practices, Visits, English, ?project of end of career?, Stays. Some masters will conduce to specific professional diploma, list includes now Agro-Engineering, Agro-Forestal Biotechnology, Agro and Natural Resources Economy, Complex Physical Systems, Gardening and Landscaping, Rural Genie, Phytogenetic Resources, Plant Genetic Resources, Environmental Technology for Sustainable Agriculture, Technology for Human Development and Cooperation.

Posibilidades de cultivo de nuevas especies marinas en el área mediterránea

La acuicultura, el cultivo y cría de animales y plantas acuáticas, representa en la actualidad una fuente esencial de proteína animal y vegetal altamente saludable y nutritiva, proporcionando un sistema de vida y de ingresos en todo el mundo. La acuicultura además de ser un motor para el desarrollo social y económico de las áreas costeras marinas y fluviales mundiales, supone en muchas regiones subdesarrolladas una garantía de alimento de alta calidad y es clave en la seguridad alimentaria de sus poblaciones. El desarrollo de la acuicultura se ha realizado fundamentalmente en los últimos 50 años, y ha sido sobre todo en la década de los años 80, cuando la acuicultura ha experimentado un fuerte crecimiento con tasas anuales que superan el 6%. Con el estancamiento de la producción pesquera y el incremento de la población mundial, la acuicultura se presenta como la única fuente posible de suministro de proteínas (vegetales y animales) de alta calidad, ricas en aceites omega 3 (EPA y DHA) de origen acuático. En la actualidad la producción procedente de la acuicultura supera los 95 millones de toneladas anuales, siendo ligeramente superior a los 94 millones de toneladas anuales provenientes de la pesca extractiva. De este total mundial acuícola, la producción asiática representa el 89%, mientras que la europea el 4,2% Aunque el 46% de la producción mundial acuícola se concentra únicamente en solo 10 especies, una de las principales características de la acuicultura es la gran diversidad de especies cultivadas, más de 500, realizándose su cría bajo diferentes tecnologías y sistemas productivos. El ámbito de esta tesis, es únicamente la acuicultura marina que se desarrolla en las aguas del mar mediterráneo, indistintamente de los sistemas y tecnología de producción utilizados. Los principales grupos de cultivo que se realizan en las aguas del Mediterráneo son los moluscos y los peces, siendo muy escasos los cultivos de otros grupos como crustáceos y macroalgas. La piscicultura marina mediterránea está dominada por el cultivo en jaulas flotantes de dos especies, la dorada (Sparus auratus) y la lubina (Dicentrarchus labrax). Estas dos especies y tras 30 años de experiencia de cultivo, mantienen todavía una ineficiencia productiva alta (reducida selección genética, lento crecimiento hasta talla comercial, alto factor de conversón del pienso…) y además ocupan un estrecho nicho de mercado, ya que prácticamente toda la comercialización de la dorada y lubina se realiza en fresco y sin elaborar ni transformar, a una talla media de 500 g. Para dar respuesta desde la acuicultura mediterránea al alto consumo y a la creciente demanda que en la Unión Europea existe de los productos acuícolas, y en especial los productos elaborados y transformados, es necesario de manera urgente, un aumento de la producción de las especies ya cultivadas (dorada y lubina) mediante la mejora de su eficiencia productiva, al mismo tiempo que se debe iniciar la producción industrial de nuevas especies piscícolas, mediante la diversificación de los cultivos. Para llevar a cabo esta diversificación, se hace necesario el establecimiento de una metodología clara, que asegure una selección de especies apropiadas y rentables para la industria acuícola mediterránea, cuyo cultivo sostenible debiera cumplir con los desafíos que el sector tiene. Nuevas especies que complementen y cubran las demandas actuales y futuras del mercado Europeo e Internacional de productos acuícolas. Nuevas especies con parámetros productivos eficientes, que garanticen unos costes productivos competitivos. Nuevas especies que puedan ser cultivadas utilizando como base la tecnología de producción ya existente en el sector. El objetivo de esta tesis es la definición y desarrollo de una metodología sencilla para la selección de nuevas especies piscícolas marinas para su cultivo eficiente y sostenible Y bajo la aplicación de esta metodología, la selección de un grupo de especies piscícolas para su cultivo rentable a corto y medio plazo (6-8 años) en el Mediterráneo. Para ello se ha definido y aplicado una metodología con la que se han evaluado diez especies candidatas, previamente escogidas de una serie de listas previas originadas en los distintos estudios y trabajos de diversificación realizados con anterioridad por otros equipos de investigación. Estas especies candidatas han sido: Seriola dumerili. (Seriola) , Argyrosomus regius (Corvina), Polyprion americanus (Cherna), Ephinephelus marginatus (Mero), Dentex dentex (Dentón), Pagrus pagrus (Pargo), Solea senegalensis (Lenguado del Senegal), Thunnus thynnus (Atún rojo), Mugil cephalus (Lisa), Coryphaena hippurus (Lampuga). El conjunto de estas especies ocupa un amplio y variado espectro dentro de las distintas áreas de mercado, productiva, tecnológica, y medioambiental . Y en todas ellas existe una experiencia mínima en sus diferentes fases de cultivo. En el desarrollo de la metodología de selección, en esta tesis se han definido diversos parámetros de evaluación, considerados como los más significativos y sencillos de aplicar. Los parámetros se han agrupado en tres bloques, el comercial, el productivo y el medioambiental. El Bloque de Mercado, comprende aquellos criterios que están relacionados con la comercialización de la especie. Calidad de la carne del pescado. Competencia con otras especies en el mercado. Potencial de Transformado. Precio de venta del pescado. El bloque Medioambiental incluye criterios del grado de idoneidad de la especie en la región y del grado de impacto ambiental de su cultivo. Rango de temperaturas del agua óptimo para el cultivo. Potencial impacto ambiental de su cultivo. Eslabón trófico de la especie.. El bloque Productivo, engloba los criterios y parámetros relacionados con el nivel de conocimiento y control que sobre su cultivo existen ( larvario, engorde, tecnología) Grado de control de la fase larvaria. Disponibilidad de alevines en el sector Crecimiento. Factor de conversión Aprovechamiento de la capacidad productiva instalada, Coste de inversión. Previa a la evaluación se han descrito las principales características de las especies candidatas en función del estado y experiencia actual sus cultivos. En la aplicación de estos criterios se han establecido matrices de evaluación y a cada criterio se le ha asignado un valor diferente en función de sus características y propiedades selectivas. Los resultados obtenidos mediante la aplicación de la metodología de evaluación propuesta, han señalado la seriola y la corvina como especies más recomendadas para su puesta en cultivo en el Mediterráneo a corto y medio plazo. Las otras dos especies seleccionadas han sido la lisa y la lampuga. Como conclusión final podemos señalar que el cultivo de nuevas especies es fundamentalmente para el desarrollo sostenible de la acuicultura mediterránea. Esta diversificación debe basarse en la aplicación de una metodología sencilla y práctica, que garantice una selección de especies cuyo cultivo sea rentable y abarquen nuevos segmentos de mercado. ABSTRACT Aquaculture, the cultivation and breeding of aquatic animals and plants, currently represents an essential source of highly nutritious and healthy protein that provides a way of life and income all over the world. Apart from being a social and economic driver in coastal and marine areas, it also entails a guaranteed high quality nourishment in many undeveloped areas being key to the alimentary safety of their population. Aquaculture has developed mainly in the last 50 years and experienced a high growth especially during the Eighties when the annual rates were above 6%. With fishing production stagnating and the global population increasing, aquaculture emerges as the only possible animal and vegetable protein source of aquatic origin, high in quality and omega 3 oils (EPA and DHA). Here and now, aquaculture production is over 95 million tons per year, which is slightly higher than the 94 million tons per year that come from extractive fisheries. From this aquaculture total, Asiatic production represents 89% while Europe´s is only 4.2%. Even though 46% of the global aquaculture production focuses just on 10 species, one of the main characteristics of aquaculture is the wide diversity of cultivated species –over 500– using different technologies and production systems. This PhD’s scope is only marine aquaculture in Mediterranean water, regardless of the technology or systems used. The main crop groups in the Mediterranean sea are molluscs and finfish, while crustacean and macroalgae cultivations are very limited. Mediterranean fish culture is dominated by the cultivation in floating cages of two species: Bream (Sparus auratus) and Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). After 30 years of farming, these two species still keep a high productive inefficiency –reduced genetic selection, slow growth to marketable size, high feed conversion rate– and fill a narrow niche market as practically all bream and bass is sold fresh and whole, unprocessed and untransformed, with an average size of 500 grams. To meet the high consumption and growing demand of aquaculture products, in the European Union (especially those prepared and transformed), Mediterranean aquaculture needs to urgently increase the production of the species already under cultivation (Bass and Bream) by means of improving its productive efficiency and at the same time begin initiating industrial production of new species by diversifying the cultivation. To carry out this diversification it is necessary to establish a clear methodology that ensures the selection of adapted and profitable species for the Mediterranean aquaculture industry. The sustainable farming of these new species needs to meet the challenges this sector faces: New species that complement and meet the current and future needs of the European and International markets for aquaculture products. New species with efficient production parameters that ensure competitive production costs. New species that can be cultivated using already existing production technologies. The aim of this PhD is to define and develop a simple methodology for the selection of new marine fish species for their efficient and sustainable cultivation. And by applying this methodology, to select a group of fish species for its profitable crop in the short and medium term (6-8 years) in the Mediterranean. For this, a methodology has been defined and applied evaluating ten candidate species selected from a series of lists originated from different studies and from diversification works previously conducted by other research teams. These candidate species are: Seriola dumerili. (Greater amberjack), Argyrosomus regius (Meagre), Polyprion americanus (Wreckfish), Ephinephelus marginatus (Dusky grouper), Dentex dentex (Common dentex), Pagrus pagrus (Red porgy), Solea senegalensis (Senegal sole), Thunnus thynnus (Bluefin tuna), Mugil cephalus (Grey mullet), Coryphaena hippurus (Dolphinfish). All these species occupy a broad and varied spectrum within different productive, technological and environmental market areas. There is minimal experience in their different stages of cultivation for all of them. While developing the selection methodology several evaluation parameters have been defined in this PhD, considered the most significant and simple to apply. The parameters are grouped in three blocks: commercial, productivity and environmental. Market block comprises criteria related to the marketing of the species. Quality of the fish meatCompetition with other species in the marketTransformation potentialFish selling price Environment block includes criteria related to the degree of suitability of the species in the region and the degree of environmental impact of their cultivation. Optimal water temperature range for cultivationPotential environmental impact of their cultivationTrophic chain level. Productivity block includes criteria and parameters related to the level of knowledge and control over their cultivation (larval, ongrowing, technology) Degree of control of the larval stageAvailability of alevin in the sector GrowthFeed conversion rate. Exploitation of installed capacityInvestment cost Prior to the evaluation, the main characteristics of the candidate species have been described based on the current status and experience of their cultivations. When applying these criteria evaluation matrices have been established assigning to each criteria a different value depending on their characteristics and selective properties. The results obtained by applying the proposed assessment methodology have identified the Greater Amberjack and Meagre as the most recommended species for farming in the Mediterranean in the short and medium term. The other two selected species were the Grey Mullet and the Dolphinfish. In conclusion, the cultivation of new species is crucial for the sustainable development of Mediterranean aquaculture. This diversification has to be based on the application of a simple and practical methodology that guarantees a selection of species whose cultivation is profitable and covers new market segments.

Estructura espacial y dinámica del bosque montano del sur del Ecuador. Interacciones bióticas y limitaciones abióticas

Muchos estudios han descrito la composición y diversidad de los bosques montanos tropicales, pero los patrones espaciales y las diferentes tipos de relaciones de estos, entre especies o entre grupos funcionales ha sido poco documentada. El presente trabajo se realizó en tres parcelas completamente censadas del bosque de la Estación Biológica “Chamusquin” (Zamora Chinchipe, Ecuador), y se plantea como objetivo principal conocer la estructura espacial y dinámica del bosque montano tropical del sur del Ecuador, así como las interacciones bióticas y limitaciones abióticas que influyen en esta dinámica, para ello se planteó cuatro objetivos de estudio que son: conocer los patrones espaciales de los gremios ecológicos dentro de la zona de estudio; conocer la influencia de la dependencia negativa de la densidad sobre dos especies de helechos arborescentes (Cyatheaceae); conocer si existen especies o grupos ecológicos acumuladoras o repulsoras de diversidad en el área de estudio; y conocer cómo influyen la diversidad filogenética y la densidad del vecindario en la incidencia de herbivoría y parasitismo sobre las fases iniciales del establecimiento forestal (brinzales) así como en la supervivencia de los mismos Como paso previo para el análisis del resto de objetivos, dentro de cada parcela se marcaron todos los individuos con DAP ≥5 cm y se tomaron sus coordenadas (X, Y). Además se tomaron datos de variables superficiales y muestras del suelo. Las especies encontradas se clasificaron de acuerdo a sus características biológicas, asignándolas a cada uno de los cuatro gremios forestales usualmente distinguidos en los bosques tropicales: tolerantes a la sombra (TS), tolerantes parciales a la sombra (TPS), pioneras de vida larga (PVL) y pioneras de vida corta (PVC). Para el estudio del primer objetivo tas se emplearon funciones K de Ripley inhomogéneas, ajustando la heterogeneidad en base a la variación espacial de las variables ambientales registradas . Los resultados demostraron que tanto la frecuencia relativa como el patrón espacial de las diferentes estrategias funcionales varían a lo largo de la sucesión y que éste además está influido por la variación ambiental. En adición, tanto el patrón espacial como la respuesta a la variación ambiental de los diferentes gremios es distinta entre adultos y juveniles. Todo ello sugiere que el ensamblaje de la diversidad en los bosque montanos andinos está controlado por procesos deterministas más que por procesos neutrales. Para responder el segundo objetivo se estudiaron los efectos de la dependencia negativa de la densidad (DND) y la heterogeneidad ambiental en las poblaciones de dos especies de helechos arborescentes abundantes, Cyathea caracasana y Alsophila engelii, y cómo estos efectos cambian a través de un gradiente sucesional. Los patrones de especies albergan información sobre procesos tales como la competencia que puede ser revelado fácilmente utilizando técnicas de análisis de patrones punto. Sin embargo, su detección puede ser difícil debido a los efectos de factores de confusión heterogeneidad del hábitat. Aquí, empleamos funciones K y funciones de correlación de par homogéneas y no homogéneas para cuantificar el cambio en el patrón espacial de diferentes clases de tamaño con un diseño de casos-controles para estudiar las asociaciones entre helechos arborescentes jóvenes y adultos. Usando estimaciones espaciales de la biomasa de los cuatro tipos de gremios ecológicos (PVC, PVL, TPS, TS) como covariables, hemos ajustado modelos de Poisson heterogéneos a los patrones de puntos de de los helechos juveniles y los adultos y hemos explorado además la existencia de dependencia del hábitat en estos patrones. Nuestro estudio reveló efectos de la DND para C. caracasana y un fuerte filtrado ambiental que subyace al patrón de A. engelii. Encontramos también que las poblaciones de adultos y juveniles de ambas especies respondieron de manera diferente a la heterogeneidad del hábitat y en la mayoría de los casos esta heterogeneidad se asoció con la distribución espacial de la biomasa de los cuatro tipos de gremios. Estos resultados muestran la eficacia de controlar los efectos de la heterogeneidad ambiental para evitar su confusión con los patrones derivados de interacciones biológicas cuando se estudia la DND y demuestran la utilidad de los mapas de covariables derivados de comunidades biológicas como resumen de la heterogeneidad ambiental. Para nuestro tercer objetivo nos centramos en explorar cómo influyen las especies más abundantes en la organización espacial de la diversidad a lo largo de un gradiente sucesional en el bosque montano del sur del Ecuador. Para ello utilizamos la función ISAR (Individual Species Area Relationship). Encontramos que la frecuencia de especies neutras, repulsoras y acumuladoras de diversidad taxonómica varía dependiendo del grado de sucesión. Además se comprobó que la mayoría de los gremios forestales se comportó de forma neutral, pero la proporción de acumuladores, aumentó al avanzar la sucesión hacia estados más maduros, lo que indica el establecimiento de fuertes procesos competitivos a medida que avanza la sucesión y la mayor importancia del papel de las especies individuales en dichos estados. Finalmente, examinamos el efecto de la vecindad taxonómica y filogenética, así como la estrategia de vida, sobre la incidencia de la herbivoría y el parasitismo en las poblaciones de brinzales de tres fragmentos forestales en una secuencia sucesional del bosque montano húmedo. Evaluamos además los efectos de herbivoría, parasitismo, estrategia de vida y diferentes indicadores de la vecindad sobre la supervivencia de los brinzales. Por último contrastamos la posible existencia de una tendencia compensatoria de la comunidad (CCT) a nivel de fragmento forestal. Nuestros análisis no consiguieron detectar una CCT pero si pusieron de manifiesto la existencia de efectos locales de dependencia negativa de la densidad. Por ejemplo, la presencia de herbivoría y parasitismo sobre los brinzales se relacionó significativamente con una menor supervivencia de estos. Por otro lado, indicadores del efecto de la vecindad como la densidad de brinzales del mismo género y el área basal de árboles vecinos del mismo género incrementaron la prevalencia de la herbivoría o el parasitismo en los brinzales. El incremento de la incidencia de la herbivoría o el parasitismo no está exclusivamente ligado a tener una vecindad taxonómicamente idéntica (vecinos de la misma especie) sino que categorías taxonómicas más laxas como el "género" o simplemente relaciones de semejanza filogenética son capaces de predecir los efectos negativos de la vecindad. Los efectos detectados variaron en los diferentes grupos funcionales distinguidos. Los resultados que hemos obtenido en este trabajo parecen indicar que el funcionamiento de las comunidades de brinzales del bosque montano tropical no difiere mucho del reportado para comunidades de plántulas en otros bosques tropicales y cumple las predicciones de la hipótesis de Janzen y Connell, aunque matizadas por la mayor resistencia de los brinzales al efecto de herbivoría y parasitismo. ABSTRACT Many studies have described the composition and diversity of tropical montane forests, but the different spatial patterns and types of relationships between species or between functional groups has been poorly documented. This work was made in three completely surveyed forest plots at Biological Station "Chamusquin" (Zamora Chinchipe, Ecuador). Our main objective was to know the spatial structure and dynamics of the tropical montane forest in southern Ecuador, as well as the biotic interactions and abiotic constraints affecting this dynamic. More specifically, we aimed to understand the spatial patterns of ecological guilds; to explore the influence of negative density dependence on two species of tree ferns (Cyatheaceae); to determine whether some species or ecological groups structure spatially plant diversity in these forests; and to test the effects of biological neighborhood on the incidence of herbivory and parasitism and on the survival of saplings. We mapped within each plot all trees with DBH ≥5 cm. Besides, surface data variables and soil samples they were taken. The species found were classified according to their biological characteristics in four forest guilds: shade-tolerant (ST), partial shade tolerant (PST), long-lived pioneer (LLP) and short-lived pioneer (SLP). To analyze the spatial patterns of the ecological guilds, we employed the inhomogeneous version of Ripley's K-function and adjusted heterogeneity surfaces based on the spatial variation of the measured environmental variables. The results showed that both the relative frequency of each functional guild as well as their spatial pattern varied throughout succession and that the spatial pattern is explained by environmental variation. In addition, both spatial pattern and the response to spatial variation of each guild varied throughout ontogeny. All in all suggest that diversity assembly in the studied forests is ruled by deterministic instead of neutral processes. We also addressed the negative effects of density dependence (NDD) and environmental heterogeneity in populations of two species of abundant tree ferns, Cyathea caracasana and Alsophila engelii, and how these effects change across a successional gradient.. Here, we used homogeneous and inhomogeneous K and pair-correlation functions to quantify the change in the spatial pattern of different size classes with a case-control design to study associations between young and adult tree ferns. Using spatial estimates of the biomass of the four types of ecological guilds (SLP, LLP, PST, ST) as co-variables, we fitted heterogeneous Poisson models to juvenile and adult tree fern point patterns and explored the existence of habitat dependence. Our study revealed NDD effects for C. caracasana and strong environmental filtering underlying the pattern of A. engelii. We found that adult and juvenile populations of both species responded differently to habitat heterogeneity and in most cases this heterogeneity was associated with the spatial distribution of biomass of the four functional tree types. These findings show the effectiveness of factoring out environmental heterogeneity to avoid confounding factors when studying NDD and demonstrate the usefulness of covariate maps derived from mapped communities. For our third objective we focused on exploring how the most abundant species influence the spatial organization of tree diversity in these forests. For this, we used the individual species-area relationship function (ISAR). We found that the proportion of accumulator, repeller and neutral species, varied depending on the degree of succession. We found also that most guilds behaved neutrally but the proportion of accumulator guilds increased as succession advanced to more mature stages. This point, to the existence of strong competitive effects mediated by individual species in these mature forests. Finally, we examined the effects of life strategies and taxonomic and phylogenetic neighborhood on the incidence of herbivory and parasitism in the communities of saplings in the same forest fragments. We evaluated also the effects of life strategies, herbivory, parasitism and some indicators of neighborhood on sapling survival. Finally we tested for the existences of a compensatory community trend at plot scale. We did not found a CCT but we found proof of local NND effects. For instance, the prevalence of herbivory and parasitism were related to lower sapling survival. On the other hand the density of con-generic saplings and the basal area of neighbor con-generic trees were related to a higher prevalence of herbivory or parasitism in the saplings. We demonstrated that the increase in the prevalence of herbivory or parasitism it s not exclusive of a conspecific neighborhood but instead larger taxonomic categories such as "genus" or simple phylogenetic relationships are also able to predict NND effects. The NND effects varied among functional guilds. Our results show that the dynamic of sapling communities in Ecuadorian montane forests is similar to seedling dynamics in other tropical forest and follows the predictions of Janzen-Connell hypothesis, although softened by the strong resilience of saplings in comparison to seedlings.

Juan Martínez Gutiérrez y la modernización de la arquitectura chilena

La presente tesis para optar al grado de Doctor en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, aborda la obra del arquitecto de origen español Juan Martínez Gutiérrez, reconocido por la crítica especializada como uno de los precursores de la arquitectura moderna en Chile. A pesar de la relevancia de su obra, en la actualidad se carece de un estudio sistematizado y preciso que, de manera global, expongan los factores de modernidad de sus principales edificios, aun cuando han aparecido en los últimos años dos publicaciones referentes al arquitecto y parcialmente a su obra. Formado tanto en arquitectura como en pintura, la labor profesional de Juan Martínez Gutiérrez se inscribió en un contexto de modernización de la sociedad chilena entre la década del 20 y del 50, adjudicándose mediante concurso público, el diseño de cinco edificios institucionales y de carácter público, los que conforman en la actualidad bienes de carácter patrimonial estando dos de ellos declarados Monumento Histórico. Se desenvolvió también en el ámbito de la docencia siendo profesor de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Chile por más de 35 años y Decano de la misma institución. Participó asimismo de la vida gremial de la profesión, recibiendo en el año 1969 el primer premio nacional de arquitectura. Sus edificios públicos, se han mantenido en uso siendo hitos urbanos y en el ámbito disciplinar reconocidas obras ejemplares. Sin embargo, al comenzar el siglo XXI, cuando la modernidad se nos presenta desde la historicidad, surge la pregunta por los valores que sustenta la arquitectura de Juan Martínez, en relación a su tiempo y a la actualidad. En este ámbito reflexivo se plantea la puesta en tesis de la presente investigación, donde las principales obras del arquitecto se analizan inquiriendo su condición de modernidad a la luz de un contexto local cuyas problemáticas sociales son aunadas por el proyecto desarrollista estatal de la primera mitad del siglo XX; interpelando algunos aspectos del estado técnico del país durante el periodo; las tendencias estéticas imperantes de la época y el entorno urbano en el que se emplazan. Al mismo tiempo, el desarrollo de la tesis examina un tópico referencial de la modernidad latinoamericana, que es el influjo europeo en el punto de inflexión que va desde el fin del modelo academicista y la incorporación de los preceptos de un funcionalismo y racionalismo arquitectónico, todo ello mediado por los condicionantes locales. ABSTRACT The following thesis, to achieve the Doctor´s degree at the Superior Technical School of Architecture of the Polytechnic University of Madrid aboard the work of the chilean architect of spanish origin Juan Martinez Gutierrez, recognized by specialized critic as one of the forefathers of modern architecture in Chile. Although the relevance of his work, currently there is no systematic and precise study of it. A study that in a global view exposes the factors of modernity in his foremost buildings. The absence of such study is, despite the appearance in the last two years of two publications about the architect and –partially- his work. Formed as much in architecture as in painting, the professional labor of Juan Martinez Gutierrez was inscribed in the context of Chilean society modernization, between the decades of the 20´s and 30´s. Awarding himself, by means of architectural contests, the design of institutional buildings of public use, witch conform current cultural goods, two of them having been declared National Monuments; a category of cultural heritage officially protected by the state. He also developed an important academic work, being for more than 35 years, professor at the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism at the University of Chile and in his time, Faculty Dean. He also participated, actively, in guild life, being awarded in 1969 the first ever, National Prize of Architecture. His public buildings, still in use, are urban landmarks and exemplar works in a disciplinary dimension. Never the less, at the begins of the XXI century, when the modern movement is presented to us from an historical viewpoint, even from historicity, questions surge about the values that sustain Juan Martinez´s architecture in relation to his time and ours. It is in this reflexive field, that is planted the thesis of the present research, where the principal works of the architect are analyzed inquiring their modern condition, at the light of a local context who´s social problems join the chilean social development state the “Estado Desarrolista” of the first half of the XX century, a situation that interpellants several dimensions: the technical status of the country during the period, the aesthetic tendencies prevailing, and the urban context were they place themselves. At the same time, in its development, the thesis examines a referential topic, that is the Latin American modern movement, or the European influx in that inflexion point that goes from the end of academicism Beaux – Art model and the incorporation of functional and rationalist precepts, all mediated by local conditions.

UM ESTUDO PRELIMINAR DAS INFLUÊNCIAS DO MERCADO DE COMMODITIES NA VARIAÇÃO DO CUSTO DA ALIMENTAÇÃO DO TRABALHADOR: ANÁLISE DE RISCO DA SEGURANÇA ALIMENTAR E NUTRICIONAL

A Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional do trabalhador brasileiro é uma das formas de garantia de saúde e conseqüente aumento de produtividade refletido pelo compromisso do PAT Programa de Alimentação do Trabalhador que completou 30 anos em 2006. O objetivo do estudo é relacionar a variação de preços das commodities de alimentos presentes na refeição do trabalhador de acordo com o sistema normativo do PAT, identificando possíveis conseqüências negativas à Segurança Alimentar do Trabalhador no Brasil. A metodologia, por meio da análise de regressão múltipla, utiliza os dados de ICV Índice de Custo de Vida - de alimentação fora do domicílio como proxy a alimentação do trabalhador. Os resultados sugerem que os alimentos que apresentaram variação negativa com os tipos de refeições analisadas, como a carne suína e a soja, podem ser substituídos por outro valor nutricional semelhante como a carne bovina, o frango e o óleo de milho. Apenas a variação do preço do feijão foi seguida pelo aumento do preço do prato comercial, cuja alternativa é a mudança na maneira de oferecer a refeiç ão ao trabalhador, como os restaurantes por quilo. Diante do cenário exposto, há indícios de que a variação de preços dos alimentos no mercado de commodities teria pouca influência no preço final das refeições, mas a discussão em torno da futura escassez de oferta de alimentos devido ao aumento da população mundial e a mudança dos padrões alimentares com as sociedades urbanizadas insere o risco da SAN no contexto político e econômico da nutrição.(AU)

UM ESTUDO PRELIMINAR DAS INFLUÊNCIAS DO MERCADO DE COMMODITIES NA VARIAÇÃO DO CUSTO DA ALIMENTAÇÃO DO TRABALHADOR: ANÁLISE DE RISCO DA SEGURANÇA ALIMENTAR E NUTRICIONAL

A Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional do trabalhador brasileiro é uma das formas de garantia de saúde e conseqüente aumento de produtividade refletido pelo compromisso do PAT Programa de Alimentação do Trabalhador que completou 30 anos em 2006. O objetivo do estudo é relacionar a variação de preços das commodities de alimentos presentes na refeição do trabalhador de acordo com o sistema normativo do PAT, identificando possíveis conseqüências negativas à Segurança Alimentar do Trabalhador no Brasil. A metodologia, por meio da análise de regressão múltipla, utiliza os dados de ICV Índice de Custo de Vida - de alimentação fora do domicílio como proxy a alimentação do trabalhador. Os resultados sugerem que os alimentos que apresentaram variação negativa com os tipos de refeições analisadas, como a carne suína e a soja, podem ser substituídos por outro valor nutricional semelhante como a carne bovina, o frango e o óleo de milho. Apenas a variação do preço do feijão foi seguida pelo aumento do preço do prato comercial, cuja alternativa é a mudança na maneira de oferecer a refeiç ão ao trabalhador, como os restaurantes por quilo. Diante do cenário exposto, há indícios de que a variação de preços dos alimentos no mercado de commodities teria pouca influência no preço final das refeições, mas a discussão em torno da futura escassez de oferta de alimentos devido ao aumento da população mundial e a mudança dos padrões alimentares com as sociedades urbanizadas insere o risco da SAN no contexto político e econômico da nutrição.(AU)

Association of the transferrin receptor in human placenta with HFE, the protein defective in hereditary hemochromatosis

Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is a common autosomal recessive disease associated with loss of regulation of dietary iron absorption and excessive iron deposition in major organs of the body. Recently, a candidate gene for HH (also called HFE) was identified that encodes a novel MHC class I-like protein. Most patients with HH are homozygous for the same mutation in the HFE gene, resulting in a C282Y change in the HFE protein. Studies in cultured cells show that the C282Y mutation abrogates the binding of the recombinant HFE protein to β2-microglobulin (β2M) and disrupts its transport to the cell surface. The HFE protein was shown by immunohistochemistry to be expressed in certain epithelial cells throughout the human alimentary tract and to have a unique localization in the cryptal cells of small intestine, where signals to regulate iron absorption are received from the body. In the studies presented here, we demonstrate by immunohistochemistry that the HFE protein is expressed in human placenta in the apical plasma membrane of the syncytiotrophoblasts, where the transferrin-bound iron is normally transported to the fetus via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Western blot analyses show that the HFE protein is associated with β2M in placental membranes. Unexpectedly, the transferrin receptor was also found to be associated with the HFE protein/β2M complex. These studies place the normal HFE protein at the site of contact with the maternal circulation where its association with transferrin receptor raises the possibility that the HFE protein plays some role in determining maternal/fetal iron homeostasis. These findings also raise the question of whether mutations in the HFE gene can disrupt this association and thereby contribute to some forms of neonatal iron overload.