Redução da concentração de cloro combinado em águas de piscinas com aplicação de um zeólito

Tendo em conta a contaminação normal de compostos azotados existente na água de uma piscina, derivados na sua maioria do próprio banhista, é inevitável a formação de subprodutos, quando estes reagem com o cloro como desinfectante. De todos os subprodutos de desinfecção que se formam, as cloraminas, incluídas no controlo químico da água de piscina no parâmetro cloro combinado, são as mais conhecidas. Estes compostos são responsáveis por irritações oculares, das mucosas e do trato respiratório. São estes os compostos responsáveis pelo comummente designado ‘cheiro a cloro’ característico de muitas piscinas. Para além destes efeitos nefastos da sua presença na água, estes compostos possuem um poder desinfectante muito menor ao do ácido hipocloroso, a forma activa do cloro com maior capacidade desinfectante. Por todas estas razões, uma piscina com uma concentração de cloro combinado elevada não é adequada para uso. Com a premissa comprovada em diversos estudos do uso de zeólitos para diminuição de compostos amoniacais por adsorção, é objectivo deste estudo comprovar a sua viabilidade no uso da redução destes compostos nas águas de piscinas. Para tal, foram realizados estudos em contínuo, numa piscina piloto onde foram aplicados hipoclorito de sódio e amoníaco, e ensaios em descontínuo, para que fosse determinada a capacidade e o tempo necessário ao equilíbrio de adsorção para este par adsorvente/adsorvato. Nos ensaios em contínuo, a clinoptilolite adsorveu 1,652 g Cl2/kg de clinoptilolite, em aproximadamente 300 horas de funcionamento, a 23,5 ºC. Nos ensaios em descontínuo, foram estudadas diferentes concentrações iniciais de cloro combinado. Os ensaios foram realizados a 20 ºC. Para uma concentração inicial de 4,06 mg/L Cl2, obteve-se uma capacidade de adsorção de 0,28 g Cl2/kg de clinoptilolite, ao fim de 360 horas. Para uma concentração inicial de 2 mg / L Cl2, o ensaio teve uma duração de 360 horas, e não se verificou estabilização. No entanto, findo este tempo, ocorreu a adsorção de 0,28 g Cl2/kg de clinoptilolite. Para uma concentração inicial de 0,56 mg/L Cl2, obteve-se um valor inferior, de 0,027 g Cl2/kg de clinoptilolite ao fim de 168 horas.

Preparação de materiais de carbono para a adsorção de compostos orgânicos voláteis (COV).

A presente dissertação estudou a produção de carvão ativado a partir de resíduo de wet-blue, proveniente da indústria de curtumes, para a adsorção de compostos orgânicos voláteis, nomeadamente o acetato de etilo. Este estudo teve como principais objetivos: a otimização das condições de preparação de carvões ativados a partir deste tipo de resíduo; a avaliação do seu desempenho na adsorção do acetato de etilo e a correlação das propriedades texturais dos adsorventes com o seu desempenho na adsorção do COV. O método de ativação para a preparação dos carvões ativados foi a ativação química com hidróxido de potássio. Nesta etapa foi estudado o efeito da temperatura de ativação e da razão de impregnação KOH:precursor nas propriedades texturais. Nestes ensaios observou-se uma diminuição do rendimento de carbonizado com o aumento da temperatura de ativação e da razão KOH:precursor. Para a caracterização dos carvões ativados foram determinados os seus parâmetros texturais a partir das isotérmicas de adsorção/dessorção de N2 a 77 K. O carvão ativado com melhores propriedades texturais foi o ativado a 900ºC e com razão de impregnação de 3:1, m ca_900 3:1, com área superficial específica de 1902 m2/g, seguindo-se o carvão preparado a 800 ºC e com a mesma razão de impregnação, m ca_800 3:1, com área superficial específica de 1830 m2/g. Por fim, foi avaliado o desempenho do carvão ativado selecionado, m ca_800 3:1, na remoção de acetato de etilo de uma corrente gasosa. Foram efetuados ensaios de adsorção/ dessorção de acetato de etilo e o modelo de Langmuir foi ajustado aos resultados experimentais obtidos, tendo-se determinado uma capacidade de saturação de 500 mgCOV/ gadsorvente.

Association between grip strength, anthropometric data and functional capacity

The hand is one of the most important instruments of the human body, mainly due to the possibility of grip movements. Grip strength has been described as an important predictor of functional capacity. There are several factors that may influence it, such as gender, age and anthropometric characteristics. Functional capacity refers to the ability to perform daily activities which allow the individual to self-care and to live with autonomy. Composite Physical Function (CPF) scale is an evaluation tool for functional capacity that includes daily activities, self-care, sports activities, upper limb function and gait capacity. In 2011, Portugal had 15% of young population (0-14years) and 19% of elderly population (over 65 years). Considering the double-ageing phenomen, it is important to understand the effect of the grip strength in elderly individuals, considering their characteristics, as the need to maintainin dependency as long as possible.

DNA-based biosensor for the electrocatalytic determination of antioxidant capacity in beverages

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced as a consequence of normal aerobic metabolism and are able to induce DNA oxidative damage. At the cellular level, the evaluation of the protective effect of antioxidants can be achieved by examining the integrity of the DNA nucleobases using electrochemical techniques. Herein, the use of an adenine-rich oligonucleotide (dA21) adsorbed on carbon paste electrodes for the assessment of the antioxidant capacity is proposed. The method was based on the partial damage of a DNA layer adsorbed on the electrode surface by OH• radicals generated by Fenton reaction and the subsequent electrochemical oxidation of the intact adenine bases to generate an oxidation product that was able to catalyze the oxidation of NADH. The presence of antioxidant compounds scavenged hydroxyl radicals leaving more adenines unoxidized, and thus, increasing the electrocatalytic current of NADHmeasured by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Using ascorbic acid (AA) as a model antioxidant species, the detection of as low as 50nMof AA in aqueous solution was possible. The protection efficiency was evaluated for several antioxidant compounds. The biosensor was applied to the determination of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in beverages.

Adsorption behavior of α-cypermethrin on cork and activated carbon

Studies were undertaken to determine the adsorption behavior of α-cypermethrin [R)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl(1S)-cis- 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate, and (S)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1R)-cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2- dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate] in solutions on granules of cork and activated carbon (GAC). The adsorption studies were carried out using a batch equilibrium technique. A gas chromatograph with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD) was used to analyze α-cypermethrin after solid phase extraction with C18 disks. Physical properties including real density, pore volume, surface area and pore diameter of cork were evaluated by mercury porosimetry. Characterization of cork particles showed variations thereby indicating the highly heterogeneous structure of the material. The average surface area of cork particles was lower than that of GAC. Kinetics adsorption studies allowed the determination of the equilibrium time—24 hours for both cork (1–2 mm and 3–4 mm) and GAC. For the studied α-cypermethrin concentration range, GAC revealed to be a better sorbent. However, adsorption parameters for equilibrium concentrations, obtained through the Langmuir and Freundlich models, showed that granulated cork 1–2 mm have the maximum amount of adsorbed α-cypermethrin (qm) (303 μg/g); followed by GAC (186 μg/g) and cork 3-4 mm (136 μg/g). The standard deviation (SD) values, demonstrate that Freundlich model better describes the α-cypermethrin adsorption phenomena on GAC, while α-cypermethrin adsorption on cork (1-2 mm and 3-4 mm) is better described by the Langmuir. In view of the adsorption results obtained in this study it appears that granulated cork may be a better and a cheaper alternative to GAC for removing α-cypermethrin from water.

Electrochemical DNA-sensor for evaluation of total antioxidant capacity of flavours and flavoured waters using superoxide radical damage

In this paper, a biosensor based on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was used for the evaluation of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of flavours and flavoured waters. This biosensor was constructed by immobilising purine bases, guanine and adenine, on a GCE. Square wave voltammetry (SWV) was selected for the development of this methodology. Damage caused by the reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide radical (O2·−), generated by the xanthine/xanthine oxidase (XOD) system on the DNA-biosensor was evaluated. DNA-biosensor encountered with oxidative lesion when it was in contact with the O2·−. There was less oxidative damage when reactive antioxidants were added. The antioxidants used in this work were ascorbic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid and resveratrol. These antioxidants are capable of scavenging the superoxide radical and therefore protect the purine bases immobilized on the GCE surface. The results demonstrated that the DNA-based biosensor is suitable for the rapid assess of TAC in beverages.

Flavored waters: influence of ingredients on antioxidant capacity and terpenoid profile by HS-SPME/GC-MS

The antioxidant profiles of 39 water samples (29 flavored waters based on 10 natural waters) and 6 flavors used in their formulation (furnished by producers) were determined. Total phenol and flavonoid contents, reducing power, and DPPH radical scavenging activity were the optical techniques implemented and included in the referred profile. Flavor extracts were analyzed by HS-SPME/GC-MS to obtain the qualitative and quantitative profiles of the volatile fraction of essential oils. Results pointed out a higher reducing power (0.14 11.8 mg of gallic acid/L) and radical scavenging activity (0.29 211.5 mg Trolox/L) of flavored waters compared with the corresponding natural ones, an interesting fact concerning human health. Bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, were present in all samples (0.5 359 mg of gallic acid/L), whereas flavonoids were not present either in flavored waters or in flavors. The major components of flavor extracts were monoterpenes, such as citral, R-limonene, carveol, and R-terpineol.

Electrocatalytic evaluation of DNA damage by superoxide radical for antioxidant capacity assessment

The integrity of DNA purine bases was herein used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity. Unlike other DNA-based antioxidant sensors reported so far, the damaging agent chosen was the O 2 radical enzymatically generated by the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system. An adenine-rich oligonucleotide was adsorbed on carbon paste electrodes and subjected to radical damage in the presence/absence of several antioxidant compounds. As a result, partial damage on DNA was observed. A minor product of the radical oxidation was identified by cyclic voltammetry as a diimine adenine derivative also formed during the electrochemical oxidation of adenine/guanine bases. The protective efficiency of several antioxidant compounds was evaluated after electrochemical oxidation of the remaining unoxidized adenine bases, by measuring the electrocatalytic current of NADH mediated by the adsorbed catalyst species generated. A comparison between O 2 and OH radicals as a source of DNA lesions and the scavenging efficiency of various antioxidant compounds against both of them is discussed. Finally, the antioxidant capacity of beverages was evaluated and compared with the results obtained with an optical method.

Evaluation of the total antioxidant capacity of flavored water and electrochemical purine damage by sulfate radicals using a purine-based sensor

In this study, a method for the electrochemical quantification of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in beverages was developed. The method is based on the oxidative damage to the purine bases, adenine or guanine, that are immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface. The oxidative lesions on the DNA bases were promoted by the sulfate radical generated by the persulfate/iron(II) system. The presence of antioxidants on the reactive system promoted the protection of the DNA bases immobilized on the GCE by scavenging the sulfate radical. Square-wave voltammetry (SWV) was the electrochemical technique used to perform this study. The efficiencies of five antioxidants (ascorbic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid and resveratrol) in scavenging the sulfate radical and, therefore, their ability to protect the purine bases immobilized on the GCE were investigated. These results demonstrated that the purine-based biosensor is suitable for the rapid assessment of the TAC in flavors and flavored water.

Towards a reliable technology for antioxidant capacity and oxidative damage evaluation: Electrochemical (bio)sensors

To counteract and prevent the deleterious effect of free radicals the living organisms have developed complex endogenous and exogenous antioxidant systems. Several analytical methodologies have been proposed in order to quantify antioxidants in food, beverages and biological fluids. This paper revises the electroanalytical approaches developed for the assessment of the total or individual antioxidant capacity. Four electrochemical sensing approaches have been identified, based on the direct electrochemical detection of antioxidant at bare or chemically modified electrodes, and using enzymatic and DNA-based biosensors.

Control and comparison of the antioxidant capacity of beers

The purpose of the present work is to determine the antioxidant capacity (AC) of 27 commercial beers. The AC indicates the degree of protection of a certain organism against oxidative damage provoked by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Assays were carried out by the following methods: (i) total radical trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP); (ii) trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC); (iii) trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (DPPH); (iv) ferric-ion reducing antioxidant parameter (FRAP); (v) cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC); (vi) oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Ascorbic acid (AA), gallic acid (GA) and trolox (TR) were used as standards. All beers showed antioxidant power, but a wide range of ACs was observed. The effect of several factors upon these differences was studied. Statistical differences were found between ACs of beers of different colours. ORAC method provided always higher experimental ACs, of significant statistical differences to other assays.

Influence of crystallite size of nanophased hydroxyapatite on fibronectin and osteonectin adsorption and on MC3T3-E1 osteoblast adhesion and morphology

The characteristic topographical features (crystallite dimensions, surface morphology and roughness) of bioceramics may influence the adsorption of proteins relevant to bone regeneration. This work aims at analyzing the influence of two distinct nanophased hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramics, HA725 and HA1000 on fibronectin (FN) and osteonectin (ON) adsorption and MC3T3-E1 osteoblast adhesion and morphology. Both substrates were obtained using the same hydroxyapatite nanocrystals aggregates and applying the sintering temperatures of 725ºC and 1000ºC, respectively. The two proteins used in this work, FN as an adhesive glycoprotein and ON as a counter-adhesive protein, are known to be involved in the early stages of osteogenesis (cell adhesion, mobility and proliferation). The properties of the nanoHA substrates had an important role in the adsorption behavior of the two studied proteins and clearly affected the MC3T3- E1 morphology, distribution and metabolic activity. HA1000 surfaces presenting slightly larger grain size, higher root-mean-square roughness (Rq), lower surface area and porosity, allowed for higher amounts of both proteins adsorbed. These substrates also revealed increased number of exposed FN cell-binding domains as well as higher affinity for osteonectin. Regarding the osteoblast adhesion results, improved viability and cell number were found for HA1000 surfaces as compared to HA725 ones, independently of the presence or type of adsorbed protein. Therefore the osteoblast adhesion and metabolic activity seemed to be more sensitive to surfaces morphology and roughness than to the type of adsorbed proteins.

Adsorption kinetics of removal of yellow lanasol dyestuff using gallinaceous feathers

Gallinaceous feathers are an abundant solid waste from the poultry processing industries, which poses disposal problems. A kinetic study dealing with the adsorption process of wool reactive dye, Yellow Lanasol 4G (CI Reactive Yellow 39), on gallinaceous (Gallus gallus, Cobb 500) feathers was carried out. The main research goals of this work were to evaluate the viability of using this waste as adsorbent and to study the kinetics of the adsorption process, using a synthetic effluent. The characterization of feathers was performed by scanning electron microscopy, mercury porosimetry and B.E.T. method. The study of several factors (stirring, particles size, initial dye concentration and temperature) showed their influence over the adsorption process. An adapted version of the Schumckler and Goldstein´s unreacted core model fitted the experimental data. The best fit was obtained when the rate-limiting step was the diffusion through the reacted layer, which was expected considering the size of the dyestuff molecules. The comparison with the granular activated carbon (GAC) Sutcliffe GAC 10-30 indicate that in spite of the high adsorption capacities shown by feathers the GAC presented higher values, the values obtained were respectively 150 and 219 mg g-1, for an initial concentration of 500 mg L-1. The results obtained might open future perspectives both to the valorization of feathers and to the economical treatment of textile wastewaters.

Capacity sharing and stealing in serverbased real-time systems

A dynamic scheduler that supports the coexistence of guaranteed and non-guaranteed bandwidth servers is proposed. Overloads are handled by an efficient reclaiming of residual capacities originated by early completions as well as by allowing reserved capacity stealing of non-guaranteed bandwidth servers. The proposed dynamic budget accounting mechanism ensures that at a particular time the currently executing server is using a residual capacity, its own capacity or is stealing some reserved capacity, eliminating the need of additional server states or unbounded queues. The server to which the budget accounting is going to be performed is dynamically determined at the time instant when a capacity is needed. This paper describes and evaluates the proposed scheduling algorithm, showing that it can efficiently reduce the mean tardiness of periodic jobs. The achieved results become even more significant when tasks’ computation times have a large variance.