Practice links [Issue 37, April 2010]

Practice Links is a free e-publication for practitioners working in Irish social services, voluntary and nongovernmental sectors. Practice Links was created to enable practitioners to keep up-to-date with new publications, electronic resources and conference opportunities. Issue 37 reports on some preliminary results from a survey by IASW Southern Region on supervision practices.

Corporate Bond Market in the Transition Economy of Vietnam, 1990-2010

Corporate bond appeared early in 1992-1994 in Vietnamese capital markets. However, it is still not popular to both business sector and academic circle. This paper explores different dimensions of Vietnamese corporate bond market using a unique, and perhaps, most complete dataset. State not only intervenes in the bond markets with its powerful budget and policies but also competes directly with enterprises. The dominance of SOEs and large corporations also prevents SMEs from this debt financing vehicle. Whenever a convertible term is available, bondholders are more willing to accept lower fixed income payoff. But they would not likely stick to it. On one hand, prospective bondholders could value the holdings of equity when realized favorably ex ante. On the other hand, the applicable coupon rate for such bond could turn out negative inflationadjusted payoff when tight monetary policy is exercised and the corresponding equity holding turns out valueless, ex post. Given the weak primary market and virtually nonexistent secondary market, the corporate bond market in Vietnam reflects our perception of the relationship-based and rent-seeking behavior in the financial markets. For the corporate bonds to really work, they critically need a higher level of liquidity to become truly tradable financial assets.

Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the infectious diseases society of america.

Cryptococcosis is a global invasive mycosis associated with significant morbidity and mortality. These guidelines for its management have been built on the previous Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines from 2000 and include new sections. There is a discussion of the management of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in 3 risk groups: (1) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, (2) organ transplant recipients, and (3) non-HIV-infected and nontransplant hosts. There are specific recommendations for other unique risk populations, such as children, pregnant women, persons in resource-limited environments, and those with Cryptococcus gattii infection. Recommendations for management also include other sites of infection, including strategies for pulmonary cryptococcosis. Emphasis has been placed on potential complications in management of cryptococcal infection, including increased intracranial pressure, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), drug resistance, and cryptococcomas. Three key management principles have been articulated: (1) induction therapy for meningoencephalitis using fungicidal regimens, such as a polyene and flucytosine, followed by suppressive regimens using fluconazole; (2) importance of early recognition and treatment of increased intracranial pressure and/or IRIS; and (3) the use of lipid formulations of amphotericin B regimens in patients with renal impairment. Cryptococcosis remains a challenging management issue, with little new drug development or recent definitive studies. However, if the diagnosis is made early, if clinicians adhere to the basic principles of these guidelines, and if the underlying disease is controlled, then cryptococcosis can be managed successfully in the vast majority of patients.

Trends in anemia management in US hemodialysis patients 2004-2010.

BACKGROUND: There have been major changes in the management of anemia in US hemodialysis patients in recent years. We sought to determine the influence of clinical trial results, safety regulations, and changes in reimbursement policy on practice. METHODS: We examined indicators of anemia management among incident and prevalent hemodialysis patients from a medium-sized dialysis provider over three time periods: (1) 2004 to 2006 (2) 2007 to 2009, and (3) 2010. Trends across the three time periods were compared using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: Prior to 2007, the median proportion of patients with monthly hemoglobin >12 g/dL for patients on dialysis 0 to 3, 4 to 6 and 7 to 18 months, respectively, was 42%, 55% and 46% declined to 41%, 54%, and 40% after 2007, and declined more sharply in 2010 to 34%, 41%, and 30%. Median weekly Epoeitin alpha doses over the same periods were 18,000, 12,400, and 9,100 units before 2007; remained relatively unchanged from 2007 to 2009; and decreased sharply in the patients 3-6 and 6-18 months on dialysis to 10,200 and 7,800 units, respectively in 2010. Iron doses, serum ferritin, and transferrin saturation levels increased over time with more pronounced increases in 2010. CONCLUSION: Modest changes in anemia management occurred between 2007 and 2009, followed by more dramatic changes in 2010. Studies are needed to examine the effects of declining erythropoietin use and hemoglobin levels and increasing intravenous iron use on quality of life, transplantation rates, infection rates and survival.

The empirical analysis of cigarette tax avoidance and illicit trade in Vietnam, 1998-2010.

Illicit trade carries the potential to magnify existing tobacco-related health care costs through increased availability of untaxed and inexpensive cigarettes. What is known with respect to the magnitude of illicit trade for Vietnam is produced primarily by the industry, and methodologies are typically opaque. Independent assessment of the illicit cigarette trade in Vietnam is vital to tobacco control policy. This paper measures the magnitude of illicit cigarette trade for Vietnam between 1998 and 2010 using two methods, discrepancies between legitimate domestic cigarette sales and domestic tobacco consumption estimated from surveys, and trade discrepancies as recorded by Vietnam and trade partners. The results indicate that Vietnam likely experienced net smuggling in during the period studied. With the inclusion of adjustments for survey respondent under-reporting, inward illicit trade likely occurred in three of the four years for which surveys were available. Discrepancies in trade records indicate that the value of smuggled cigarettes into Vietnam ranges from $100 million to $300 million between 2000 and 2010 and that these cigarettes primarily originate in Singapore, Hong Kong, Macao, Malaysia, and Australia. Notable differences in trends over time exist between the two methods, but by comparison, the industry estimates consistently place the magnitude of illicit trade at the upper bounds of what this study shows. The unavailability of annual, survey-based estimates of consumption may obscure the true, annual trend over time. Second, as surveys changed over time, estimates relying on them may be inconsistent with one another. Finally, these two methods measure different components of illicit trade, specifically consumption of illicit cigarettes regardless of origin and smuggling of cigarettes into a particular market. However, absent a gold standard, comparisons of different approaches to illicit trade measurement serve efforts to refine and improve measurement approaches and estimates.

Characteristics of primary care office visits to nurse practitioners, physician assistants and physicians in United States Veterans Health Administration facilities, 2005 to 2010: a retrospective cross-sectional analysis.

UNLABELLED: BACKGROUND: Primary care, an essential determinant of health system equity, efficiency, and effectiveness, is threatened by inadequate supply and distribution of the provider workforce. The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) has been a frontrunner in the use of nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs). Evaluation of the roles and impact of NPs and PAs in the VHA is critical to ensuring optimal care for veterans and may inform best practices for use of PAs and NPs in other settings around the world. The purpose of this study was to characterize the use of NPs and PAs in VHA primary care and to examine whether their patients and patient care activities were, on average, less medically complex than those of physicians. METHODS: This is a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of administrative data from VHA primary care encounters between 2005 and 2010. Patient and patient encounter characteristics were compared across provider types (PA, NP, and physician). RESULTS: NPs and PAs attend about 30% of all VHA primary care encounters. NPs, PAs, and physicians fill similar roles in VHA primary care, but patients of PAs and NPs are slightly less complex than those of physicians, and PAs attend a higher proportion of visits for the purpose of determining eligibility for benefits. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that a highly successful nationwide primary care system relies on NPs and PAs to provide over one quarter of primary care visits, and that these visits are similar to those of physicians with regard to patient and encounter characteristics. These findings can inform health workforce solutions to physician shortages in the USA and around the world. Future research should compare the quality and costs associated with various combinations of providers and allocations of patient care work, and should elucidate the approaches that maximize quality and efficiency.

SAXOPHONE SONATAS 1980-2010

The purpose of this dissertation project identifies contemporary solo saxophone literature, specifically sonatas between the years 1980 and 2010. The overwhelming majority of repertoire written during these thirty years consisted primarily of either multi-movement or through-composed character pieces. By limiting the selected repertoire to sonatas one can still investigate the breadth of the literature that has helped validate the saxophone in the realm of classical music in a format that has seemingly fallen out of favor with composers. The saxophone had developed a unique voice by the middle of the twentieth century in both Europe and in the United States. European composers such as Claude Debussy, Florent Schmidt, Jacques Ibert, Darius Milhaud, Alexander Glazounov, Erwin Schulhoff and Bernard Heiden recognized the potential and beauty of the instrument, while the saxophone had found quite a different niche in vaudeville, jazz, and military bands in the United States. If not for the dynamic performances by concert saxophonist such as Marcel Mule, Sigurd Rascher, Jean-Marie Londeix, Daniel Deffayet, Cecil Lesson, Larry Teal, Eugene Rousseau, Fredrick Hemke and Donald Sinta, the timbral possibilities and technical virtuosity of the saxophone would not have been discovered. The awe inspiring performances by these soloists led to the commissioning of a multitude of works by composers looking to expand the sonic possibilities of this relatively new instrument. Through the 1970's American composers such as Leslie Bassett, Paul Creston, Henry Brant, Robert Muczynski, and Karel Husa were writing significant works for the saxophone, while European composers such as IngolfDahl, Edison Denisov, Alfred Desenclos, Henri Tomasi and Marius Constant were each making their own contributions, all leading to a significant quantity of repertoire that met the quality demands set by the performers. The compositions chosen for this dissertation project were selected after numerous performance, pragmatic, programming and pedagogical considerations were taken into account. The three recitals occurred on: March 7, 2010, December 10, 2010 and May 1, 2011 in either the Gildenhorn Recital Hall or Lecture Hall 2100.

Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 December 2009-31 January 2010

This article documents the addition of 220 microsatellite marker loci to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Allanblackia floribunda, Amblyraja radiata, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Brachycaudus helichrysi, Calopogonium mucunoides, Dissodactylus primitivus, Elodea canadensis, Ephydatia fluviatilis, Galapaganus howdenae howdenae, Hoplostethus atlanticus, Ischnura elegans, Larimichthys polyactis, Opheodrys vernalis, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, Phragmidium violaceum, Pistacia vera, and Thunnus thynnus. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Allanblackia gabonensis, Allanblackia stanerana, Neoceratitis cyanescens, Dacus ciliatus, Dacus demmerezi, Bactrocera zonata, Ceratitis capitata, Ceratitis rosa, Ceratits catoirii, Dacus punctatifrons, Ephydatia mülleri, Spongilla lacustris, Geodia cydonium, Axinella sp. Ischnura graellsii, Ischnura ramburii, Ischnura pumilio, Pistacia integerrima and Pistacia terebinthus. © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Análisis del mercado de cosechadoras de origen nacional 1990-2010

La industria de Maquinaria Agrícola de origen Nacional ha acompañado a lo largo de la historia el desarrollo económico y social de la Argentina. Desde fábricas de características artesanales ubicadas en la región Pampeana, nuestro país ha sabido durante los años 1950 a 1980 ser un precursor en materia de cosechadoras que ofrecían respuestas a quienes comenzaban a mecanizar todas las actividades agrícolas. Sin embargo, durante las décadas siguientes, diferentes inconvenientes macroeconómicos y propios de la globalización han cambiado el panorama de la fabricación de cosechadoras. En este contexto, el objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar dicho mercado en el período 1990-2010. La estrategia metodológica se basó en el análisis de mercado con información secundaria proveniente de organismos oficiales. Entre los principales resultados se pueden citar la estructura de la oferta, de la demanda, del producto y la comercialización.

Inundaciones y su relación con el clima y la hidrología subterránea en el Noroeste de Buenos Aires (1980-2010) : aplicación de percepción remota

Gran parte de la llanura pampeana Argentina presenta una escasa red de drenaje superficial y niveles freáticos cercanos a la superficie que, junto a los excesos hídricos, producen a menudo inundaciones provocando un fuerte impacto sobre los ecosistemas naturales y modificados. En esta tesis, mediante la utilización de sensores remotos, caractericé el área inundada y su relación con condicionantes climáticos, hidrológicos y de uso de la tierra para el período 1980-2010 en una superficie de 24.000 km2 en el noroeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires. La estimación de la fracción del área inundada mediante una clasificación con umbral en la banda 5 de imágenes Landsat presentó alta confiabilidad cuando se la comparó con un método más complejo de clasificación preexistente (r2=0,99, EEest = 1 por ciento, n = 10). Se observaron fuertes oscilaciones de la superficie inundada lo largo del período de estudio con valores extremos de 0,96 y 27,7 por ciento. Se identificaron claramente dos grandes ciclos completos de inundación en 1987 y 2001, los que llegaron a cubrir el 22,5 y 27,7 por ciento del territorio respectivamente y retrayéndose a niveles menor a 5 por ciento en los siguientes dos años en ambos episodios. La utilización del producto MOD13Q1 del sensor MODIS para estimar el área inundada empleando la técnica de Análisis Lineal de Mezclas Espectrales presentó altos niveles de error cuando se lo comparó con las estimaciones realizadas con Landsat. El análisis que vinculó al área inundada con la precipitación (PPT), el nivel freático absoluto y sus variaciones, la evapotranspiración potencial (ETP) y el balance hídrico, mostró que la precipitación fue el factor que más estuvo asociado a los eventos de inundación aún con períodos largos de integración de 24 y 36 meses. La inclusión de la evapotranspiración en el análisis, tanto en forma directa como a través del balance PPT-ETP, no mejoró en forma apreciable la explicación de las inundaciones. El nivel freático absoluto mostró una asociación alta con el área inundada (mayor inundación con niveles más superficiales) a la escala de 3 meses, perdiendo peso como variable explicativa en períodos más extensos. Ante la posibilidad de que se desarrollen nuevos eventos de inundación masiva en la llanura pampeana es trascendental avanzar en el conocimiento de las interacciones entre la hidrología, el clima y el uso del suelo a fin de compatibilizar estrategias agrícolas con estrategias de ordenamiento hidrológico del territorio para reducir el impacto de dichos eventos

Políticas públicas dirigidas a organizaciones indígenas en la provincia de Tucumán, Argentina, durante el período 2000 - 2010

En la República Argentina habitan en la actualidad aproximadamente 18 pueblos indígenas registrados, pertenecientes a diversas etnias. Muchos de éstos son parte de los llamados beneficiarios de proyectos y/o programas generados principalmente desde el Estado. Dichas iniciativas han tenido diferentes efectos en las organizaciones indígenas, como en los aspectos productivos al interior de las comunidades. La provincia de Tucumán cuenta con 17 comunidades indígenas organizadas, las cuales han formado parte de los procesos mencionados. En el presente trabajo se abordan desde una mirada cualitativa los efectos que estas políticas públicas tuvieron en los pueblos originarios en las dimensiones socio-organizacionales y técnico-productivas, durante el periodo 2000-2010. Específicamente, se realizó esta investigación desde el método de estudio de caso, para lo cual se tomaron como referencia cuatro pueblos indígenas ubicados en diferentes zonas de la provincia de Tucumán. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan un escenario complejo donde existen diversos actores con su problemática particular y que en la mayoría de los casos poseen objetivos diferentes. Sin embargo estos actores interactúan entre si y en muchos casos se necesitan unos de otros. Este trabajo intenta visibilizar la situación por la que atraviesan las comunidades indígenas tucumanas, su relación con el Estado, y en este contexto las interrelaciones que se dan entre las partes. Las conclusiones no son absolutas, y permiten indagar o reflexionar acerca de la cuestión indígena en torno a su relación con el Estado, los equipos técnicos y hacia el interior de los propios pueblos originarios

Políticas públicas dirigidas a organizaciones indígenas en la provincia de Tucumán, Argentina, durante el período 2000 - 2010

En la República Argentina habitan en la actualidad aproximadamente 18 pueblos indígenas registrados, pertenecientes a diversas etnias. Muchos de éstos son parte de los llamados beneficiarios de proyectos y/o programas generados principalmente desde el Estado. Dichas iniciativas han tenido diferentes efectos en las organizaciones indígenas, como en los aspectos productivos al interior de las comunidades. La provincia de Tucumán cuenta con 17 comunidades indígenas organizadas, las cuales han formado parte de los procesos mencionados. En el presente trabajo se abordan desde una mirada cualitativa los efectos que estas políticas públicas tuvieron en los pueblos originarios en las dimensiones socio-organizacionales y técnico-productivas, durante el periodo 2000-2010. Específicamente, se realizó esta investigación desde el método de estudio de caso, para lo cual se tomaron como referencia cuatro pueblos indígenas ubicados en diferentes zonas de la provincia de Tucumán. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan un escenario complejo donde existen diversos actores con su problemática particular y que en la mayoría de los casos poseen objetivos diferentes. Sin embargo estos actores interactúan entre si y en muchos casos se necesitan unos de otros. Este trabajo intenta visibilizar la situación por la que atraviesan las comunidades indígenas tucumanas, su relación con el Estado, y en este contexto las interrelaciones que se dan entre las partes. Las conclusiones no son absolutas, y permiten indagar o reflexionar acerca de la cuestión indígena en torno a su relación con el Estado, los equipos técnicos y hacia el interior de los propios pueblos originarios