998 resultados para 18-180


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The crystallization process and morphology of poly(aryl ether ether ketone ketone) containing meta-phenyl links (PEEKmK) have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. The results indicate that the thin films of PEEKmK isothermally crystallized from both the glassy state and the melt at the temperature range of 180 similar to 250 degrees C consist of two kinds of morphological forms, i. e. large (order of mu m), flat-on single crystals and narrow, lath-like, edge-on lamellae, The latter consists of the spherulites. Meanwhile, the growing process of the two kinds of morphological forms has been discussed.

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采用固相反应法在Al2O3-B2O3体系中合成了Al4B2O9和Al18B4O33两个相关化合物,测定了在两种基质中Ce3+,Tb3+和Ce3+-Tb3+的光谱,观察到在两种基质中Ce3+的光谱相似,Ce3+的发射峰位置在Al18B4O33中比Al4B2O9稍有红移。实验表明,Al18B4O33将是一种好的发光基质

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2-丙烯酰胺基烷磺酸的溶解行为和胶体化学性质明显随烷基长短而异。由于手性碳原子的存在,与其相邻亚甲基的质子峰在~1HNMR谱上清楚地发生分裂。研究了2-丙烯酰胺基十六烷磺酸(AMC16S)在水/二氧六环混合溶剂中的聚合动力学和胶体化学性质。发现聚合速度和所得聚合物分子量均在水/二氧六环体积比为1~1/2时出现最小值,临界胶束浓度随混合溶剂中二氧六环含量的增加而增加,当水/二氧六环体积比为1/2~1/4时,观察不到胶束化现象。

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合成了杂多化合物K8[P2W(18)Mo2Co2(H_2O)2O(68)]·MoO6·15H2O,依据XRD、IR、UV-Vis及XPS确定了其晶体结构和配位原子价态,考察了该化合物催化H2O2分解的动力学行为。

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Li~-和H~-因较强的亲水性,较难穿越液/液界面进行传输。本文报道了冠醚双环已基18冠6对Li~+,Na~+,Rb~-和H~-在水/硝基苯界面的促进传输行为,求得了相应促进传输过程的一系列参数,并对被传输离子在传输过程中的形态变化进行了初步的探讨。

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本文研究了电子轰击、化学电离条件下四碘合钴酸十八胺、四氯合钴酸十八胺加热分解产生的C_(18)H_(37)NH_3~+(m/z270)离子碰撞诱导解离谱,在低碰撞能量范围(0~10eV)、多次碰撞条件下观察到了远电荷碎裂反应,给出了反应所需内能的估计值,该离子比直接由正十八胺质子化得到的离子具有较高的内能。

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In this paper a carbon fibre (CF) microelectrode modified with the 2:18-molybdodiphosphate anion by simple adsorption is described and its electrochemical behaviour is reported. The 2:18-molybdodiphosphate anion (alpha-P2Mo18O626-), which is a Dawson structure, undergoes five successive multielectron reductions in acidic solution. The first three redox waves correspond to the two-electron process, and the last two waves are four-electron and six-electron processes respectively. On the basis of the experimental results it is shown that the electrode process of alpha-P2Mo18O626- on the CF electrode in acidic solution is simultaneously controlled by the diffusion and adsorption of alpha-P2Mo18O626- anions. When the concentration of the alpha-P2Mo18O626- in the solution is reduced, the electrode process mainly exhibits non-diffusion-controlled behaviour, and the diffusion-limited process takes over as the concentration of alpha-P2Mo18O626- becomes higher. The CF electrode modified with a thin film of alpha-P2Mo18O626- exhibits very good stability and redox behaviour in aqueous acidic solution. The alpha-P2Mo18O626- is reduced to heteropoly blue, with an accompanying protonation process. The addition of more than six electrons to the alpha-P2Mo18O626- anion in an aqueous solution does not result in its decomposition. The result obtained is not the same as that reported previously.

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在-180℃至140℃范围内,用几个频率测定了蓖麻油基AB交联聚合物的介电松弛谱。对这些聚合物的多重松弛和相行为的研究表明,试样中的两组份在介电松弛谱上显现出相容的或近似互容的特征。试样中的次级松弛归因于聚氨酯组份中链段的局部运动。提出了一个描述界面极化的方法,计算了界面极化松弛活化能,它们同试样中组份间的相容性,界面相互作用大小以及分子链的柔曲性有关。

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Two new aristolane sesquiterpenes, namely, aristolan-10-ol-9-one and aristolan-8-en-1-one, were isolated from the red alga Laurencia similis. Their structures were established on the basis of various NMR spectroscopic analyses, including 2D NMR techniques (H-1-H-1 COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY) and HR-FAB-MS. (c) 2007 Bin Gui Wang. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

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A piston sediment core E017 from the middle-southern Okinawa Trough was investigated. A preliminary study of the deep-water evolution since 18 cal. ka BP was performed based on the quantitative census data of benthic foraminiferal fauna, together with planktonic foraminiferal oxygen and carbon isotope, AMS(14)C dating, and the previous results achieved in the southern Okinawa Trough. The result shows that the benthic fauna was dominated by Bulimina aculeata (d'Orbigny), Uvigerina peregrina (Cushman), Hispid Uvigerina and Uvigerina dirupta (Todd) during the glaciation-deglaciation before 9.2 cal. ka BP, while Epistominella exigua (Brady), Pullenia bulloides (d'Orbigny), Cibicidoides hyalina (Hofker), Sphaeroidina bulloides (d'Orbigny) and Globocassidulina subglobosa (Brady) predominated the fauna in the post-glacial period after 9.2 cal. ka BP. The benthic foraminifera accumulation rate (BFAR), paleoproductivity estimates and benthic foraminiferal assemblage conformably indicate that surface water paleoproductivity and organic matter flux during the glaciation-deglaciation were higher than those of the post-glacial period in the middle-southern Okinawa Trough, and gradually enhanced from the southern to the central Okinawa Trough during the glaciation-deglaciation, which could be caused by the discrepancy of the terrigenous nutrients supply. High abundances of E exigua, an indicator of pulsed organic matter input, after 9.2 cal. ka. BP may indicate that the intensity of seasonally riverine pulsed flux during the post-glacial period was stronger than that of the glaciation-deglaciation period, and the seasonal influx in the central trough might be stronger than in the south. The temporal distributions of the typical species indicating bottom water oxygen content and ventilation condition show that the ventilation of the bottom water during the post-glacial period is more active than the glaciation-deglaciation, which reflects that the evolution of the intermediate and deep waters of the northwestern Pacific during the last glaciation has no evident influence on the deep-water of the middle-southern Okinawa Trough. Additionally, the variations in agglutinated benthic foraminiferal abundance and other carbonate dissolution proxies indicate that carbonate dissolution gradually increased since the last 18 ka in the Okinawa Trough and rapidly enhanced at 9.2 cal. ka BP. The modern shallow carbonate lysocline could form at 3 cal. ka BP.

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Two gravity piston cores (Cores 155 and 18) involved in this study were collected from the middle Okinawa Trough. Stratigraphy of the two cores was divided and classified based on the features of planktonic foraminifera oxygen isotope changes together with depositional sequence, millennium-scale climatic event comparison, carbonate cycles and AMS(14)C dating. Some paleoclimatic information contained in sediments of these cores was extracted to discuss the paleoclimatic change rules and the short-time scale events presented in interglacial period. Analysis on the variation of oxygen isotope values in stage two shows that the middle part of the Okinawa Trough may have been affected by fresh water from the Yellow River and the Yangtze River during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The oxygen isotope value oscillating ranges of the cores have verified that the marginal sea has an amplifying effect on climate changes. The delta(13)C of benthic foraminifera Uvigerina was lighter in the glacial period than that in the interglacial period, which indicates that the Paleo-Kuroshio's main stream moved eastward and its influence area decreased. According to the temperature difference during the "YD" period existing in Core 180 and other data, we can reach the conclusion that the climatic changes in the middle Okinawa Trough area were controlled by global climatic changes, but some regional factors had also considerable influence on the climate changes. Some results in this paper support Fairbanks's point that the "YD" event was a brief stagnation of sea level rising during the global warming up procession. Moreover, the falling of sea level in the glacial period weakened the exchange between the bottom water of the Okinawa Trough and the deep water of the northwestern Pacific Ocean and resulted in low oxygen state of bottom water in this area. These procedures are the reasons for carbonate cycle in the Okinawa Trough area being consistent with the "Atlantic type" carbonate cycle.

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优良的种质是产业发展的重要保证,品种更新和养殖技术的发展已经给世界农业带来了令人瞩目的成就,然而我国水产生物的育种工作刚处于起步阶段,而育种技术的研究则更是滞后。借鉴陆生生物中发展起来的相对成熟的研究方法,可以帮助加快海洋生物遗传育种相关研究的进度。本研究以我国北方海区重要的海洋经济动物-皱纹盘鲍为研究对象,从表型遗传、数量性状遗传等2个方面开展了皱纹盘鲍的遗传育种研究,同时从幼鲍培育密度与分选效应等方面研究了皱纹盘鲍的中间培育技术。 主要结果如下: 1. 皱纹盘鲍的贝壳颜色遗传、食物对贝壳颜色表现型的影响,贝壳颜色与生长速度间的关系 将贝壳颜色为橘红色(O表型)的突变型皱纹盘鲍与贝壳颜色为绿色(G表型)的野生型皱纹盘鲍进行了连续2代的交配实验。结果表明:皱纹盘鲍橘红色的贝壳颜色相对于绿色的贝壳颜色为隐性性状,皱纹盘鲍的贝壳颜色表型受单位点、2个等位基因遗传控制,其中基因型为oo的个体,贝壳颜色的表现型为橘红色(O表型),而基因型为GG或Go的个体,贝壳颜色的表现型为野生型(G表型)。 为探讨食物类型对不同基因型皱纹盘鲍贝壳颜色表现型的影响,对不同贝壳颜色表型的个体投喂不同种类的食物,结果表明,除遗传因素外,皱纹盘鲍的贝壳颜色表现型显著地受食物类型的调控。其中oo基因型的个体,在摄食底栖硅藻(Navicula sp.)和红藻时,贝壳颜色的表型为橘红色;而在摄食褐藻、绿藻和以海带粉为唯一海藻源的人工配合饵料时,贝壳颜色的表型为黄色。GG和Go基因型的个体,在摄食底栖硅藻、红藻时,贝壳颜色的表型为褐红色;在摄食褐藻、绿藻和以海带粉为唯一海藻源的人工配合饵料时,贝壳颜色的表型为绿色。该结果表明,相同基因型的皱纹盘鲍在摄食不同类型的食物时,贝壳表现型不同,即不同类型的食物可以导致2种基因型皱纹盘鲍的贝壳颜色表现型在一定范围内发生转换:oo基因型的个体,贝壳的颜色可以表现为橘红色或者黄色,不会出现野生型皱纹盘鲍的褐红色或绿色;而GG与Go基因型的个体,相应的贝壳颜色表型只能是褐红色或者绿色,不会出现oo基因型可能表现的橘红色或黄色。特定基因型的皱纹盘鲍,在摄食特定类型的食物时贝壳的相应部位可表现出特定的颜色。皱纹盘鲍的这种“食物-贝壳颜色”的相关性可作为一种形态标记,用于标识皱纹盘鲍的个体和群体,该标记技术可用于皱纹盘鲍的养殖技术和遗传学研究。 此外,选用了贝壳颜色遗传学实验中建立的贝壳颜色发生分离的家系为实验材料,以壳长为指标,分析比较了来自相同家系的O表型与G表型个体之间的生长速度。结果表明,在幼鲍发育至412天止的3-5个统计时段内,没有在同一家系来源的2种贝壳颜色表型个体之间检验到生长速度的显著差异。 2. 皱纹盘鲍不同选育群体及杂交群体的贝壳形态参数分析 在皱纹盘鲍的7个群体中(包括已经对生长速度为指标进行了多代人工选育的群体4个、野生群体之间直接杂交繁育的杂交F1群体3个),测量了4-6龄成体样本的壳长(L)、壳宽(W)、壳高(H)和壳重(Sw),并计算了L/(L+W+H)、W/(L+W+H)、H/(L+W+H)和Sw/(L×W×H)等4个壳形态学参数。用方差分析方法(MANOVA、ANOVA)统计并比较了这些壳形态参数在皱纹盘鲍群体间的遗传变异。结果表明,4个壳形态参数在不同群体间变异系数分别为0.34、0.74、2.62和6.54,其中,H/(L+W+H)与Sw/(L×W×H)在各供试群体间均具有较高的多态性且差异达显著水平,表明这2个参数在不同群体间存在较高的遗传变异。由于在活体情况下无法测量壳重(Sw)性状,建议以参数H/(L+W+H)为指标对皱纹盘鲍贝壳形态(如壳型)等进行人工选择。 3. 皱纹盘鲍成体阶段生长性状的遗传参数估计 采用巢式设计,分析了成体阶段不同发育期皱纹盘鲍的壳长与生长速率的遗传力、不同发育期的壳长性状之间的遗传相关、以及不同发育期的生长速率之间的遗传相关,结果表明:(1)壳长遗传力在受精后第70 、130、320、320、380、490与550天的雄性组分估计值分别为0.161 ± 0.075、0.312 ± 0.131、0.326 ± 0.331、0.135 ± 0.228、0.153 ± 0.185和0.180 ± 0.106;雌亲组分估计分别为0.312 ± 0.172、0.699 ± 0.168、0.695 ± 0.168、0.977 ± 0.407、0.427 ± 0.195和0.449 ± 0.027。(2)生长速率遗传力在受精后第320~380天、490 ~ 550天,雄、雌组分估计值分别为0.080 ± 0.120(雄)、 0.210 ± 0.191(雌)以及0.299 ± 0.146(雄)、0.306± 0.148(雌)。雌亲组分的壳长遗传力和生长速率遗传力估计值较大且均达显著水平,表明皱纹盘鲍在成体阶段依然受母性效应的影响。成体阶段生长性状遗传力水平的估计对制定科学的皱纹盘鲍育种方案有指导意义。(3)雄亲组分估计的不同发育期(第390 ~ 550天)壳长间遗传相关为0.597 ~ 1.000,雌亲组分估计为0.589 ~ 1.177。由雄亲、雌亲组分估计,受精后第320~380天与第490 ~ 550天两个发育阶段生长速率间遗传相关均接近于0。雌亲组分估计不同发育期壳长间遗传相关均达显著水平(t0.05, d.f.=13 = 4.33 ~ 11.69,P<0.01),表明壳长性状早期选择有效,即在皱纹盘鲍早期阶段依据壳长性状对个体进行择优或去劣可在后期阶段获得壳长较大的个体。由于使用的雄亲数目少(8个父系半同胞),实验中以雄亲组分估计的遗传参数误差较大。 4. 皱纹盘鲍选育系间的群体杂交 进行了皱纹盘鲍4个人工选育系之间的完全双列杂交实验,以群体交配的方式共建立了16个组合;此外,以大连“98”选群与汕头“S”选群为亲本,以群体交配的方式建立了4个交配组合。对不同方向的杂交组合进行了中亲杂种优势、超亲杂种优势以及配合力等方面的评价。 (1)测量了4个选育群体(R、97、S和J)及其各杂交组合在受精后第9、20和30天时的壳长,统计分析了不同选育系间壳长性状的差异、评价了不同方向杂交组合的中亲与超亲杂种优势、以及配合力。结果如下: 选育系群体内交配繁育的4个组合,在受精后第9、20和30天的壳长均有显著差异,其中,97  97组合在早期发育各阶段均为最小,分别为0.462 ± 0.023mm、0.698 ± 0.057mm和1.476 ± 0.234mm;S  S组合的3次测量值均为最大,分别为0.522 ± 0.023mm、0.824 ± 0.084mm和1.798 ± 0.229mm。 两个方向杂交组合与选育系亲本群体内交配组合的平均值和高亲值比较,得到如下结果:(A)受精后第9天壳长表现正向中亲杂种优势的组合有6个、表现负向中亲杂种优势的组合6个,其中J  97组合的中亲优势率最高,为9.05%;R  S组合最低,为-6.61%。正向高亲杂种优势组合有4个、负向高亲杂种优势组合有8个,其中S  J组合的高亲优势率最高,为5.77%;R  S组合最低,为-7.96%。(B)受精后第20天壳长表现正向中亲杂种优势的组合有7个、表现负向中亲杂种优势的组合5个,其中J  97组合的中亲优势率最高,为12.60%;J  R组合最低,为-8.72%。正向高亲杂种优势组合有3个、负向高亲杂种优势组合有11个,其中J  97组合的高亲优势率最高,为12.20%;J  R组合最低,为-12.67%。(C)受精后第30天壳长表现正向中亲杂种优势的组合有7个、负向中亲杂种优势的组合5个,其中97  S组合的中亲优势率最高,为24.08%;S  97组合最低,为-12.69%。正向高亲杂种优势组合有6个、负向高亲杂种优势组合有6个,其中97  S组合的高亲优势率最高,为15.95%;S  J组合最低,为-19.44%。上述结果表明,皱纹盘鲍不同选育系之间的交配组合,杂种优势率差异很大,因此,通过组配实验,将杂种优势率高的交配组合选择出来应用于生产,可望显著提高目标性状的产量。 对早期发育阶段各生长期壳长性状,亲本一般配合力(GCA)、各杂交组合间特殊配合力(SCA)以及正反交(REC)效应值进行方差分析,结果表明:各亲本GCA差异显著,说明各选育群体存在显著的遗传差异,其中汕头选群“S”在测量的各个生长期均为正值且显著大于其它各亲本;特殊配合力(SCA)以及正反交(REC)效应值较大在各杂交组合间存在显著差异,说明在早期生长发育阶段非加性遗传效应(显性和上位效应)占主导地位。综合各个生长期亲本GCA和杂交组特殊配合力(SCA)以及正反交(REC)效应值,杂交组合97×S在早期生长阶段不仅有较高SCA值而且两个亲本也具有较大的GCA值,表明选育系97和S较适宜作为杂交亲本使用。 (2)大连“98”选群与汕头“S”选群进行2×2因子设计的群体杂交实验,比较了各交配组合早期存活相关性状如受精率、孵化率、变态率以及壳长性状,评价了两个方向杂交组合平均以及不同方向杂交组合的中亲杂种优势率。结果表明早期发育阶段各组合间的受精率无显著差异,而孵化率、变态率等两个杂交方向平均的中亲杂种优势率为5.49%与12.53%,高于壳长性状的优势率(0.936-1.534%)。方差分析结果表明不同方向的杂交组合在早期发育阶段存活相关性状以及壳长性状存在显著差异。孵化率、变态率性状,S×98的中亲杂种优势率分别为13.21%与21.10%,均高于98×S的-3.84%与3.85%;而第10和25d壳长性状,S×98的中亲杂种优势率为1.14%与-2.52%,低于98×S的1.93%与4.41%。 为进一步评价“98”选群与“S”选群不同交配组合在不同温度条件下的生长,进行了基因型与环境的互作研究。从“98”选群与“S”选群的4个交配组合中分别取5月龄幼鲍100头,各组合随机分成3组,每组1个重复,分别于12°C、16°C和 22°C温度条件下进行培育,比较各交配组合基因型与温度对幼鲍生长的影响。不同温度条件下,各组合壳长生长的方差分析结果表明,基因型和温度都能够对幼鲍生长以及最终壳长产生极显著的影响(P < 0. 01),它们的交互作用也达到显著水平(P < 0.05)。杂交子代的幼鲍壳长在12°C、16°C和 22°C温度条件下均表现出杂种优势,双向杂交的中亲杂种优势率分别为5.32%、5.55%和0.03%,表明低温条件(12°C),比高温条件(22°C)下有更强的杂种优势。汕头“S”选群的早期孵化率、变态率、生长性状以及低温条件下幼鲍生长性状的单亲杂种优势率分别为16.64%、42.49%、3.42~5.79%和5.73~9.15%,单亲杂种优势率较大,表明可通过杂交手段,显著地改良汕头“S”选群在早期发育阶段的生长速度、存活率以及幼鲍期的生长性状。本研究的结果支持了Lerner(1954)杂种优势的基因与环境互作学说。 5. 皱纹盘鲍幼鲍的中间培育技术研究 (1)对南方越冬方式的评价 目前,每年的11月前后,将6-7月龄幼鲍运往南方的闽东、闽中、闽南沿海越冬,翌年4月至6月再运回到北方(大连、山东半岛)的养殖模式已经普遍应用于皱纹盘鲍的实际生产,为评价南方越冬的幼鲍培育方式,本研究分别以不同幼鲍材料在闽东三都海湾进行了越冬培育实验。 选择生产上壳长分别为18.37 ± 1.28 mm、15.89 ± 1.10 mm、14.55 ± 1.10 mm与10.59 ± 0.84 mm的幼鲍进行了为期6.5个月的越冬培育,实验结束时,存活率分别为95.56 ± 2.21%、90.55 ± 1.96%、83.97 ± 1.63%与63.30 ± 2.79%。回归分析表明,供试幼鲍在实验起始时的壳长与越冬阶段的存活率成正相关(P = 0.018 < 0.05)。该结果表明,提高幼鲍的规格可显著提高皱纹盘鲍的越冬成活率,因此对于实际生产而言,采取适当措施提高皱纹盘鲍越冬苗种的规格将大幅增加生产的收益,而采用生长速率快的品种、品系或提早采苗均可实现该目标。综合各规格组幼鲍,幼鲍在南方开放性水域进行越冬培育的平均存活率较高,可达到91.38±0.01%,从幼鲍南方越冬的存活曲线可以看出,幼鲍的死亡主要集中在从大连运至福建某地后的15天内,出现死亡高峰的原因可能是由于运输过程的胁迫。此外,2月及4月中下旬水温出现显著降低或回升时也有较明显的死亡出现。该部分结果,对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍的养成管理有指导意义,可以通过合理安排越冬时间、避开死亡的敏感期等措施减少苗种越冬阶段的死亡量。 以中国大连野生群体繁育的子一代为亲本(10♀,10♂),以群体交配的方式繁育F2代个体为实验材料,分别于南方海区以及北方室内升温水方式下进行生长、存活比较,结果表明南方越冬培育方式下,幼鲍壳长的日增长率为81.37-108.89 µm•day-1,与北方室内升温培育条件相比,壳长生长提高了1.08 ~ 1.68倍;而存活率无显著差异。皱纹盘鲍幼鲍南方越冬方式的优势主要体现在鲍鱼幼鲍的生长速度加快,同时节约养殖场的能耗 (2)幼鲍培育过程中的养殖密度与分选效应评价 以3种规格皱纹盘鲍幼鲍为材料比较幼鲍在4个培育密度以及分选或混养条件下壳长的平均日生长及特定生长率。在南方越冬培育方式下实验进行106天,多因素方差分析结果表明实验初始幼鲍的壳长以及培育密度对壳长的生长有显著影响,而且密度效应在不同幼鲍起始规格组中有不同表现;分选没有能够提高不同规格组的生长。本研究的结果对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍的越冬培育有一定的指导作用。