Binding sites of muscarinic and adrenergic receptors in gastrointestinal tissues of dairy cows suffering from left displacement of the abomasum

Muscarinic acetylcholine (M) and adrenergic (AR) receptors mediate gastrointestinal motility. Using radioligand binding assays and real-time polymerase chain reaction, the densities of binding sites and mRNA levels of M(2), M(3), alpha(2AD)- and beta(2)-AR were compared in muscle tissues from the abomasal fundus, pylorus, duodenum, caecum, and external loop of the spiral colon of eight cows with left displacement of abomasum (LDA), and of eight healthy cows. Specific binding of the [(3)H]-ligands to each of the four receptors was competitive and saturable. Binding sites of M(2) (all intestinal sites), M(3) (duodenum and caecum), and of alpha(2AD)-AR (abomasal fundus) were lower (P<0.05) in cows with LDA than in healthy cows. The coefficients of correlation between binding sites and mRNA transcripts of receptors were dissimilar in cows with LDA and healthy cows. The decrease in densities of M (intestine) and of alpha(2AD)-AR (abomasum) receptors suggests their implication in the impairment of motility associated with or leading to LDA.

Heterogeneous response of J-wave syndromes to beta-adrenergic stimulation

Inferolateral early repolarization (ER) and Brugada syndrome manifest with J waves. Isoproterenol suppresses recurrent ventricular arrhythmias while reducing J waves in both disorders.

Evidence for dissociation of TLR mRNA expression and TLR agonist-mediated functions in bovine macrophages

Toll-like receptors are of key importance in the recognition of and response to infectious agents by cells of the innate immune system. TLR mRNA expression and TLR-mediated functions were determined in bovine macrophages (MPhi) infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) or stimulated with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in order to see whether they are correlated under these conditions. As parameters quantitative real time RT-PCR (QRT-PCR) for TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4, NO and TNF production were measured. Triggering of bovine MPhi with bona fide TLR2 and TLR4 agonists (lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan, lipopetide) led to NO and TNF production but neither TLR3 nor TLR9 agonists (double-stranded RNA, CpG DNA) showed this effect. The mRNA expression of TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4 was neither influenced by MPhi costimulation with IFN-gamma nor by MPhi preinfection with BVDV nor by the ligands themselves. However, NO production induced by TLR2 or TLR4 agonists was strongly modulated either by IFN-gamma costimulation or BVDV preinfection. Thus costimulation of MPhi with IFN-gamma resulted in an increase of both NO synthesis and TNF expression by cells stimulated simultaneously by TLR2 or TLR4 agonists. Preinfection of bovine MPhi by BVDV resulted in upregulation of TLR2- and TLR4-mediated NO synthesis. Collectively, these data show that TLR-mediated functions may be modulated by viral infection or activation via IFN-gamma of MPhi whereas the mRNA concentrations of relevant TLR members were not significantly influenced. Thus, the amount of TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4 mRNA transcripts is stable at least under the conditions tested. More importantly, modulation of TLR-mediated responses was dissociated from mRNA expression of TLR members.

Agonist specific L-type Ca(2+)-current stimulation in ventricular myocytes by a novel steroid-like compound

In cardiac muscle the amplitude of Ca(2+) transients can be increased by enhancing Ca(2+) influx. Among the processes leading to increased Ca(2+) influx, agonists of the L-type Ca(2+)-channel can play an important role. Known pharmacological Ca(2+)-channel agonists act on different binding sites on the channel protein, which may lead not only to enhanced peak currents, but also to distinct changes in other biophysical characteristics of the current. In this study, membrane currents were recorded with the patch-clamp technique in the whole-cell configuration in guinea pig isolated ventricular myocytes in combination with confocal fluorescence Ca(2+) imaging techniques and a variety of pharmacological tools. Testing a new positive inotropic steroid-like compound, we found that it increased the L-type Ca(2+)-current by 2.5-fold by shifting the voltage-dependence of activation by 20.2 mV towards negative potentials. The dose-response relationship revealed two vastly different affinities (EC(50(high-affinity))=4.5+/-1.7 nM, EC(50(low-affinity))=8.0+/-1.1 microM) exhibiting differential pharmacological interactions with three classes of Ca(2+)-current antagonists, suggesting more than one binding site on the channel protein. Therefore, we identified and characterized a novel positive inotropic compound (F90927) as a member of a new class of Ca(2+)-channel agonists exhibiting unique features, which set it apart from other presently known L-type Ca(2+)-channel agonists.

mRNA expression and binding sites for alpha2-adrenergic receptor subtypes in muscle layers of the ileum and spiral colon of dairy cows

OBJECTIVE: To measure maximum binding capacity (B(max)) and levels of mRNA expression for alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor (AR) subtypes in ileal and colonic muscle layers of healthy dairy cows. SAMPLE POPULATION: Ileal and colonic muscle specimens from 6 freshly slaughtered cows. PROCEDURES: Ileal and colonic muscle layers were obtained by scraping the mucosa and submucosa from full-thickness tissue specimens. Level of mRNA expression for alpha(2)-AR subtypes was measured by real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis and expressed relative to the mean mRNA expression of glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, ubiquitin, and 18S ribosomal RNA. Binding studies were performed with tritiated RX821002 ((3)H-RX821002) and subtype-selective ligands as competitors. RESULTS: mRNA expression for alpha(2AD)-, alpha(2B)-, and alpha(2C)-AR subtypes was similar in ileal and colonic muscle layers. The mRNA expression for alpha(2AD)-AR was significantly greater than that for alpha(2B)- and alpha(2C)-AR subtypes, representing 92%, 6%, and 2%, respectively, of the total mRNA. Binding competition of (3)H-RX821002 with BRL44408, imiloxan, and MK-912 was best fitted by a 1-site model. The B(max) of alpha(2AD)- and alpha(2C)-AR sub-types was greater than that of alpha(2B)-AR. The B(max) and level of mRNA expression were only correlated (r = 0.8) for alpha(2AD)-AR. Ratio of B(max) to mRNA expression for alpha(2C)-AR was similar to that for alpha(2B)-AR, but significantly greater than for alpha(2AD)-AR. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Subtypes of alpha(2)-AR in bovine intestinal muscle layers are represented by a mixture of alpha(2AD)- and alpha(2C)-ARs and of alpha(2B)-AR at a lower density. Information provided here may help in clarification of the role of AR subtypes in alpha(2)-adrenergic mechanisms regulating bovine intestinal motility.

Quantitative mRNA analysis of adrenergic receptor subtypes in the intestines of healthy dairy cows and dairy cows with cecal dilatation-dislocation

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution of mRNA coding for 9 adrenoceptor subtypes in the intestines of healthy dairy cows and cows with cecal dilatationdislocation (CDD). SAMPLE POPULATION: Full-thickness specimens of the intestinal wall were obtained from the ileum, cecum, proximal loop of the ascending colon (PLAC), and external loop of the spiral colon (ELSC) of 15 cows with CDD (group 1) and 15 healthy (control) cows (group 2, specimens collected during laparotomy; group 3, specimens collected after slaughter). PROCEDURES: Concentrations of mRNA for 9 adrenoceptor subtypes (alpha(1A), alpha(1B), alpha(1D), alpha(2AD), alpha(2B), alpha(2C), beta(1), beta(2), and beta(3)) were measured by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. Results were expressed relative to mRNA expression of a housekeeping gene. RESULTS: Expression of mRNA for alpha(1B)-, alpha(2AD)-, alpha(2B)-, beta(1)-, and beta(2)-adrenoceptors was significantly lower in cows with CDD than in control cows. In the ileum, these receptors all had lower mRNA expression in cows with CDD than in control cows. The same effect was detected in the ELSC for mRNA for alpha(2AD)-, alpha(2B)-, beta(1)-, and beta(2)-adrenoceptors, and in the cecum and PLAC for alpha(2B)- and beta(2)-adrenoceptors. Groups did not differ significantly for alpha(1A)-adrenoceptors. The mRNA expression for alpha(1D)-, alpha(2C)-, and beta(3)-adrenoceptors was extremely low in all groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Differences in expression of mRNA coding for adrenoceptors, most pronounced in the ileum and spiral colon, between cows with CDD and control cows support the hypothesis of an implication of adrenergic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of CDD in dairy cows.

177Lu-AMBA: Synthesis and characterization of a selective 177Lu-labeled GRP-R agonist for systemic radiotherapy of prostate cancer

Gastrin-releasing peptide receptors (GRP-R) are upregulated in many cancers, including prostate, breast, and lung. We describe a new radiolabeled bombesin (BBN) analog for imaging and systemic radiotherapy that has improved pharmacokinetics (PK) and better retention of radioactivity in the tumor. METHODS: DO3A-CH2CO-G-4-aminobenzoyl-Q-W-A-V-G-H-L-M-NH2 (AMBA) was synthesized and radiolabeled. The human prostate cancer cell line PC-3 was used to determine the binding (Kd), retention, and efflux of 177Lu-AMBA. Receptor specificity was determined by in vitro autoradiography in human tissues. PK and radiotherapy studies were performed in PC-3 tumor-bearing male nude mice. RESULTS: 177Lu-AMBA has a high affinity for the GRP-R (Kd, 1.02 nmol/L), with a maximum binding capacity (Bmax) of 414 fmol/10(6) cells (2.5 x 10(5) GRP-R/cell). Internalization was similar for 177Lu-AMBA (76.8%), 177Lu-BBN8 (72.9%), and 125I-[Tyr4]-BBN (74.9%). Efflux was markedly lower for 177Lu-AMBA (2.9%) compared with 177Lu-BBN8 (15.9%) and 125I-[Tyr4]-BBN (46.1%). By receptor autoradiography, Lu-AMBA binds specifically to GRP-R (0.8 nmol/L) and to the neuromedin B receptor (NMB-R) (0.9 nmol/L), with no affinity for the bb3 receptor (>1,000 nmol/L). 177Lu-AMBA was renally excreted (55 %ID 1 h [percentage injected dose at 1 h]); tumor uptake at 1 and 24 h was 6.35 %ID/g and 3.39 %ID/g, respectively. One or 2 doses of 177Lu-AMBA (27.75 MBq/dose) significantly prolonged the life span of PC-3 tumor-bearing mice (P < 0.001 and P < 0.0001, respectively) and decreased PC-3 tumor growth rate over controls. When compared using World Health Organization criteria, mice receiving 2 doses versus 1 dose of 177Lu-AMBA demonstrated a shift away from stable/progressive disease toward complete/partial response; by RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors), median survival increased by 36% and time to progression/progression-free survival increased by 65%. CONCLUSION: 177Lu-AMBA binds with nanomolar affinity to GRP-R and NMB-R, has low retention of radioactivity in kidney, demonstrates a very favorable risk-benefit profile, and is in phase I clinical trials.

Analgesic activity of a non-peptide imidazolidinedione somatostatin agonist: in vitro and in vivo studies in rat

Several lines of evidence support an important role for somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) in pain modulation. The therapeutic use of established SSTR peptide agonists for this indication is limited by their broad range of effects, need for intrathecal delivery, and short half-life. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to investigate the analgesic effect of SCR007, a new, highly selective SSTR2 non-peptide agonist. Behavioral studies demonstrated that paw withdrawal latencies to heat were significantly increased following intraplantar SCR007. Furthermore, both intraperitoneal and intraplantar injection of SCR007 significantly reduced formalin- and capsaicin-induced flinching and lifting/licking nociceptive behaviors. Recordings from nociceptors using an in vitro glabrous skin-nerve preparation showed that SCR007 reduced heat responses in a dose-dependent fashion, bradykinin-induced excitation, heat sensitization and capsaicin-induced excitation. In both the behavioral and single fiber studies, the SCR007 effects were reversed by the SSTR antagonist cyclo-somatostatin, demonstrating receptor specificity. In the single fiber studies, the opioid antagonist naloxone did not reverse SCR007-induced anti-nociception suggesting that SCR007 did not exert its effects through activation of opioid receptors. Analysis of cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) involvement demonstrated that SCR007 prevented forskolin- and Sp-8-Br-cAMPS (a PKA activator)-induced heat sensitization, supporting the hypothesis that SCR007-induced inhibition could involve a down-regulation of the cAMP/PKA pathway. These data provide several lines of evidence that the non-peptide imidazolidinedione SSTR2 agonist SCR007 is a promising anti-nociceptive and analgesic agent for the treatment of pain of peripheral and/or central origin.

Stress-related reduction in personal mastery is associated with reduced immune cell beta2-adrenergic receptor sensitivity

Background: A growing body of literature suggests that caregiving burden is associated with impaired immune system functioning, which may contribute to elevated morbidity and mortality risk among dementia caregivers. However, potential mechanisms linking these relationships are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether stress-related experience of depressive symptoms and reductions in personal mastery were related to alterations in ss2-adrenergic receptor sensitivity.Methods: Spousal Alzheimer's caregivers (N = 106) completed measures assessing the extent to which they felt overloaded by their caregiving responsibilities, experienced depressive symptoms, and believed their life circumstances were under their control. We hypothesized that caregivers reporting elevated stress would report increased depressive symptoms and reduced mastery, which in turn would be associated with reduced ss2- adrenergic receptor sensitivity on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), as assessed by in vitro isoproterenol stimulation.Results: Regression analyses indicated that overload was negatively associated with mastery (beta = -0.36, p = 0.001) and receptor sensitivity (beta = -0.24, p = 0.030), whereas mastery was positively associated with receptor sensitivity (beta = 0.29, p = 0.005). Finally, the relationship between overload and receptor sensitivity diminshed upon simultaneous entry of mastery. Sobel's test confirmed that mastery significantly mediated some of the relationship between overload and receptor sensitivity (z = -2.02, p = 0.044).Conclusions: These results suggest that a reduced sense of mastery may help explain the association between caregiving burden and reduced immune cell ss2-receptor sensitivity.

Stejnulxin, a novel snake C-type lectin-like protein from Trimeresurus stejnegeri venom is a potent platelet agonist acting specifically via GPVI

Stejnulxin, a novel snake C-type lectin-like protein with potent platelet activating activity, was purified and characterized from Trimeresurus stejnegeri venom. Under non-reducing conditions, it migrated on a SDS-polyacrylamide gel with an apparent molecular mass of 120 kDa. On reduction, it separated into three polypeptide subunits with apparent molecular masses of 16 kDa (alpha), 20 kDa (beta1) and 22 kDa (beta2), respectively. The complete amino acid sequences of its subunits were deduced from cloned cDNAs. The N-terminal sequencing and cDNA cloning indicated that beta1 and beta2 subunits of stejnulxin have identical amino acid sequences and each contains two N-glycosylation sites. Accordingly, the molecular mass difference between beta1 and beta2 is caused by glycosylation heterogenity. The subunit amino acid sequences of stejnulxin are similar to those of convulxin, with sequence identities of 52.6% and 66.4% for the alpha and beta, respectively. Stejnulxin induced human platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner. Antibodies against alphaIIbbeta3 inhibited the aggregation response to stejnulxin, indicating that activation of alphaIIbbeta3 and binding of fibrinogen are involved in stejnulxin-induced platelet aggregation. Antibodies against GPIbalpha or alpha2beta1 as well as echicetin or rhodocetin had no significant effect on stejnulxin-induced platelet aggregation. However, platelet activation induced by stejnulxin was blocked by anti-GPVI antibodies. In addition, stejnulxin induced a tyrosine phosphorylation profile in platelets that resembled that produced by convulxin. Biotinylated stejnulxin bound specifically to platelet membrane GPVI.

Alboluxin, a snake C-type lectin from Trimeresurus albolabris venom is a potent platelet agonist acting via GPIb and GPVI

Alboluxin, a potent platelet activator, was purified from Trimeresurus albolabris venom with a mass of 120 kDa non-reduced and, after reduction, subunits of 17 and 24 kDa. Alboluxin induced a tyrosine phosphorylation profile in platelets that resembles those produced by collagen and convulxin, involving the time dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of Fc receptor gamma chain (Fc gamma), phospholipase Cgamma2 (PLCgamma2), LAT and p72SYK. Antibodies against both GPIb and GPVI inhibited platelet aggregation induced by alboluxin, whereas antibodies against alpha2beta1 had no effect. Inhibition of alphaIIb beta3 reduced the aggregation response to alboluxin, as well as tyrosine phosphorylation of platelet proteins, showing that activation of alphaIIb beta3 and binding of fibrinogen are involved in alboluxin-induced platelet aggregation and it is not simply agglutination. N-terminal sequence data from the beta-subunit of alboluxin indicates that it belongs to the snake C-type lectin family. The C-type lectin subunits are larger than usual possibly due to post-translational modifications such as glycosylation. Alboluxin is a hexameric (alphabeta)3 snake C-type lectin which activates platelets via both GPIb and GPVI.