Part I: Latent heat of vaporization of n-decane. Part II: Heat and mass transfer from a cylinder placed in a turbulent air stream - Sherwood and Frössling numbers as a function of free stream turbulence level and Reynolds number

Part I

The latent heat of vaporization of n-decane is measured calorimetrically at temperatures between 160° and 340°F. The internal energy change upon vaporization, and the specific volume of the vapor at its dew point are calculated from these data and are included in this work. The measurements are in excellent agreement with available data at 77° and also at 345°F, and are presented in graphical and tabular form.

Part II

Simultaneous material and energy transport from a one-inch adiabatic porous cylinder is studied as a function of free stream Reynolds Number and turbulence level. Experimental data is presented for Reynolds Numbers between 1600 and 15,000 based on the cylinder diameter, and for apparent turbulence levels between 1.3 and 25.0 per cent. n-heptane and n-octane are the evaporating fluids used in this investigation.

Gross Sherwood Numbers are calculated from the data and are in substantial agreement with existing correlations of the results of other workers. The Sherwood Numbers, characterizing mass transfer rates, increase approximately as the 0.55 power of the Reynolds Number. At a free stream Reynolds Number of 3700 the Sherwood Number showed a 40% increase as the apparent turbulence level of the free stream was raised from 1.3 to 25 per cent.

Within the uncertainties involved in the diffusion coefficients used for n-heptane and n-octane, the Sherwood Numbers are comparable for both materials. A dimensionless Frössling Number is computed which characterizes either heat or mass transfer rates for cylinders on a comparable basis. The calculated Frössling Numbers based on mass transfer measurements are in substantial agreement with Frössling Numbers calculated from the data of other workers in heat transfer.

Study of heterostructures of Cu3BiS3–buffer layer measured by Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements (KPFM)

The interface formed between Cu3BiS3 thin films and the buffer layer is a potentially limiting factor to the performance of solar cells based on Al/Cu3BiS3/buffer heterojunctions. The buffer layers of ZnS and In2S3 were grown by coevaporation, and tested as an alternative to the traditional CdS deposited by chemical bath deposition. From the Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements, we found the values of the work function of ZnS, In2S3, and CdS, layers deposited into Cu3BiS3. Additionally, different electronic activity was found for different grain boundaries (GBs), from studies under illumination, we also found the net doping concentration and the density of charged GB states for Cu3BiS3 and Cu3BiS3/CdS.

AN ITERATIVE ALGORITHM FOR PHASE RETRIEVAL WITH SPARSITY CONSTRAINTS: APPLICATION TO FREQUENCY DOMAIN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY

We address the problem of phase retrieval, which is frequently encountered in optical imaging. The measured quantity is the magnitude of the Fourier spectrum of a function (in optics, the function is also referred to as an object). The goal is to recover the object based on the magnitude measurements. In doing so, the standard assumptions are that the object is compactly supported and positive. In this paper, we consider objects that admit a sparse representation in some orthonormal basis. We develop a variant of the Fienup algorithm to incorporate the condition of sparsity and to successively estimate and refine the phase starting from the magnitude measurements. We show that the proposed iterative algorithm possesses Cauchy convergence properties. As far as the modality is concerned, we work with measurements obtained using a frequency-domain optical-coherence tomography experimental setup. The experimental results on real measured data show that the proposed technique exhibits good reconstruction performance even with fewer coefficients taken into account for reconstruction. It also suppresses the autocorrelation artifacts to a significant extent since it estimates the phase accurately.

Enhancing photoresponsivity using MoTe2-graphene vertical heterostructures

MoTe2 with a narrow band-gap of similar to 1.1 eV is a promising candidate for optoelectronic applications, especially for the near-infrared photo detection. However, the photo responsivity of few layers MoTe2 is very small (<1mAW(-1)). In this work, we show that a few layer MoTe2-graphene vertical heterostructures have a much larger photo responsivity of similar to 20mAW(-1). The trans-conductance measurements with back gate voltage show on-off ratio of the vertical transistor to be similar to(0.5-1) x 10(5). The rectification nature of the source-drain current with the back gate voltage reveals the presence of a stronger Schottky barrier at the MoTe2-metal contact as compared to the MoTe2-graphene interface. In order to quantify the barrier height, it is essential to measure the work function of a few layers MoTe2, not known so far. We demonstrate a method to determine the work function by measuring the photo-response of the vertical transistor as a function of the Schottky barrier height at the MoTe2-graphene interface tuned by electrolytic top gating. (C) 2016 AIP Publishing LLC.

Investigação de contatos elétricos e propriedades de filmes finos de SnO2 dopados com os íons terras raras Eu3+ e Ce3+

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Método de otimização não-linear para impor PSDs arbitrárias em modems DSL: análise estatística e prática

Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um método para solucionar o problema de mapeamento entre as soluções teóricas de gerenciamento dinâmico de espectro (DSM) e os parâmetros de controle das densidades espectrais de potência (PSDs) de transmissão dos modems comerciais. O método utiliza algoritmos genéticos (AG) codificado em inteiros para solucionar o problema. O AG é responsável por achar os melhores parâmetros para representar uma PSD arbitrária, considerando as restrições impostas pelos equipamentos e padrões atuais DSL. O trabalho apresenta ainda um estudo comparativo do método proposto com um concorrente, além de estudo estatístico do método proposto, considerando média, desvio padrão e intervalo de confiança. Adicionalmente, são apresentados dois setups para uso em laboratório, sendo um para medição de PSDs e o outro para funções de transferência, os quais podem ser reaproveitados em outros trabalhos.

SeP hole injection layer for devices based on organic materials

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Experimental evidence of enhanced ferroelectricity in Ca doped BiFeO3

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Measurements and correlations of the isobaric vapor-liquid equilibria of binary mixtures and excess properties for mixtures containing and alkyl (Methyl, Ethyl) butanoate with an alkane (Heptane, Nonane) at 101.32 kPa.

[EN]In this work, the measurements of the isobaric vapor−liquid equilibrium (VLE) data at 101.32 kPa and the excess molar volumes (vE), obtained at 10 K intervals of temperature in the range (288.15 to 328.15) K, for four binary systems comprised of methyl or ethyl butanoate with two alkanes (heptane and nonane) are presented.

Time-of-flight two-photon photoemission spectromicroscopy with femtosecond laser radiation

Time-of-flight photoemission spectromicroscopy was used to measure and compare the two-photon photoemission (2PPE) spectra of Cu and Ag nanoparticles with linear dimensions ranging between 40 nm and several 100 nm, with those of the corresponding homogeneous surfaces. 2PPE was induced employing femtosecond laser radiation from a frequency-doubled Ti:sapphire laser in the spectral range between 375 nm and 425 nm with a pulse width of 200 fs and a repetition rate of 80 MHz. The use of a pulsed radiation source allowed us to use a high-resolution photoemission electron microscope as imaging time-of-flight spectrometer, and thus to obtain spectroscopic information about the laterally resolved electron signal. Ag nanoparticle films have been deposited on Si(111) by electron-beam evaporation, a technique leading to hemispherically-shaped Ag clusters. Isolated Cu nanoparticles have been generated by prolonged heating of a polycrystalline Cu sample. If compared to the spectra of the corresponding homogeneous surfaces, the Cu and Ag nanoparticle spectra are characterized by a strongly enhanced total 2PPE yield (enhancement factor up to 70), by a shift (about 0.1 eV) of the Fermi level onset towards lower final state energies, by a reduction of the work function (typically by 0.2 eV) and by a much steeper increase of the 2PPE yield towards lower final state energies. The shift of the Fermi level onset in the nanoparticle spectra has been explained by a positive unit charge (localized photohole) residing on the particle during the time-scale relevant for the 2PPE process (few femtoseconds). The total 2PPE yield enhancement and the different overall shape of the spectra have been explained by considering that the laser frequency was close to the localized surface plasmon resonance of the Cu and Ag nanoparticles. The synchronous oscillations induced by the laser in the metal electrons enhance the near-zone (NZ) field, defined as the linear superposition of the laser field and the field produced in the vicinity of the particles by the forced charge oscillations. From the present measurements it is clear that the NZ field behavior is responsible for the 2PPE enhancement and affects the 2PPE spatial and energy distribution and its dynamics. In particular, its strong spatial dependence allows indirect transitions through real intermediate states to take place in the metal clusters. Such transitions are forbidden by momentum conservation arguments and are thus experimentally much less probable on homogeneous surfaces. Further, we investigated specially tailored moon-shaped small metal nanostructures, whose NZ field was theoretically predicted, and compared the calculation with the laterally resolved 2PPE signal. We could show that the 2PPE signal gives a clear fingerprint of the theoretically predicted spatial dependence of the NZ field. This potential of our method is highly attractive in the novel field of plasmonics.

Discotic materials for organic electronics

Die Kontrolle der ausgeprägten Aggregationsfähigkeit von alkylsubstituierten Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronenen (HBC) wurde durch die Reduktion der intermolekularen Wechselwirkungen erreicht. Sterisch anspruchsvolle, verzweigte Alkylketten, mit einem Verzweigungspunkt naher des aromatischen Kerns, wurden in die Corona der aromatischen Scheiben eingebracht und verleihen den Derivaten Schmelzbarkeit ohne thermische Zersetzung. Dies erlaubte eine kostengünstige Verarbeitungstechniken direkt aus der Schmelze wie z.B. Zonenschmelzen, um uniaxial organisierte makroskopische Filme zu erhalten. Abhängig von dem sterischen Anspruch, der durch die Seitenkette erzeugt wird, wurden unterschiedliche molekulare Orientierungen auf Oberflächen erhalten, was eine wichtige Voraussetzung ist, um diskotische Materialien in elektronische Bauteile zu implementieren. Eine weitere Voraussetzung sind hohe Ladungsträgerbeweglichkeiten und Ladungsträgerlebenszeiten in den Halbleitermaterialien, die mit time-resolved pulse-radiolysis microwave conductivity (TR-PRMC) und time-of-flight (TOF) auch für die synthetisieren Materialien bestimmt wurden. Die neuen Materialien zeigten bereits in organischen Solarzellen gute Leistungen. Den Einfluss des Perimeters auf die elektronischen Eigenschaften der polyzyklischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAKs) wurde theoretisch vorhergesagt und in dieser Arbeit durch die Synthese einer homologe Serie von PAKs experimentell bestätigt. Geht man von der „arm-chair“ Peripherie des HBC sukzessive zu einer partiellen „zickzack“ Peripherie, so findet man eine Abhängigkeit der elektronischen Banden von Symmetrie und Größe des aromatischen Systems. Die spontan ausgebildete Überstruktur dieser Derivate zeigte eine Abhängigkeit von Substitutionsmuster und der Natur der Alkylketten. Zusammenfassend wurden neben der Synthese von neuartigen Materialien für den Einsatz in der organischen Elektronik Synthesen entwickelt, die eine vereinfachte Funktionalisierung von ausgedehnten PAKs ermöglicht. Diese Konzepte erlauben eine Justierung der molekularen und supramolekularen Eigenschaften, eines der wichtigsten Voraussetzungen für den Einsatz von Materialien in elektronischen Bauelementen.

Size-selective investigations of spectral and emission properties of small particles and nanotubes

In dieser Arbeit wurde die Elektronenemission von Nanopartikeln auf Oberflächen mittels spektroskopischen Photoelektronenmikroskopie untersucht. Speziell wurden metallische Nanocluster untersucht, als selbstorganisierte Ensembles auf Silizium oder Glassubstraten, sowie ferner ein Metall-Chalcogenid (MoS2) Nanoröhren-Prototyp auf Silizium. Der Hauptteil der Untersuchungen war auf die Wechselwirkung von fs-Laserstrahlung mit den Nanopartikeln konzentriert. Die Energie der Lichtquanten war kleiner als die Austrittsarbeit der untersuchten Proben, so dass Ein-Photonen-Photoemission ausgeschlossen werden konnte. Unsere Untersuchungen zeigten, dass ausgehend von einem kontinuierlichen Metallfilm bis hin zu Clusterfilmen ein anderer Emissionsmechanismus konkurrierend zur Multiphotonen-Photoemission auftritt und für kleine Cluster zu dominieren beginnt. Die Natur dieses neuen Mechanismus` wurde durch verschiedenartige Experimente untersucht. Der Übergang von einem kontinuierlichen zu einem Nanopartikelfilm ist begleitet von einer Zunahme des Emissionsstroms von mehr als eine Größenordnung. Die Photoemissions-Intensität wächst mit abnehmender zeitlicher Breite des Laserpulses, aber diese Abhängigkeit wird weniger steil mit sinkender Partikelgröße. Die experimentellen Resultate wurden durch verschiedene Elektronenemissions-Mechanismen erklärt, z.B. Multiphotonen-Photoemission (nPPE), thermionische Emission und thermisch unterstützte nPPE sowie optische Feldemission. Der erste Mechanismus überwiegt für kontinuierliche Filme und Partikel mit Größen oberhalb von mehreren zehn Nanometern, der zweite und dritte für Filme von Nanopartikeln von einer Größe von wenigen Nanometern. Die mikrospektroskopischen Messungen bestätigten den 2PPE-Emissionsmechanismus von dünnen Silberfilmen bei „blauer“ Laseranregung (hν=375-425nm). Das Einsetzen des Ferminiveaus ist relativ scharf und verschiebt sich um 2hν, wenn die Quantenenergie erhöht wird, wogegen es bei „roter“ Laseranregung (hν=750-850nm) deutlich verbreitert ist. Es zeigte sich, dass mit zunehmender Laserleistung die Ausbeute von niederenergetischen Elektronen schwächer zunimmt als die Ausbeute von höherenergetischen Elektronen nahe der Fermikante in einem Spektrum. Das ist ein klarer Hinweis auf eine Koexistenz verschiedener Emissionsmechanismen in einem Spektrum. Um die Größenabhängigkeit des Emissionsverhaltens theoretisch zu verstehen, wurde ein statistischer Zugang zur Lichtabsorption kleiner Metallpartikel abgeleitet und diskutiert. Die Elektronenemissionseigenschaften bei Laseranregung wurden in zusätzlichen Untersuchungen mit einer anderen Anregungsart verglichen, der Passage eines Tunnelstroms durch einen Metall-Clusterfilm nahe der Perkolationsschwelle. Die elektrischen und Emissionseigenschaften von stromtragenden Silberclusterfilmen, welche in einer schmalen Lücke (5-25 µm Breite) zwischen Silberkontakten auf einem Isolator hergestellt wurden, wurden zum ersten Mal mit einem Emissions-Elektronenmikroskop (EEM) untersucht. Die Elektronenemission beginnt im nicht-Ohmschen Bereich der Leitungsstrom-Spannungskurve des Clusterfilms. Wir untersuchten das Verhalten eines einzigen Emissionszentrums im EEM. Es zeigte sich, dass die Emissionszentren in einem stromleitenden Silberclusterfilm Punktquellen für Elektronen sind, welche hohe Emissions-Stromdichten (mehr als 100 A/cm2) tragen können. Die Breite der Energieverteilung der Elektronen von einem einzelnen Emissionszentrum wurde auf etwa 0.5-0.6 eV abgeschätzt. Als Emissionsmechanismus wird die thermionische Emission von dem „steady-state“ heißen Elektronengas in stromdurchflossenen metallischen Partikeln vorgeschlagen. Größenselektierte, einzelne auf Si-Substraten deponierte MoS2-Nanoröhren wurden mit einer Flugzeit-basierten Zweiphotonen-Photoemissions-Spektromikroskopie untersucht. Die Nanoröhren-Spektren wiesen bei fs-Laser Anregung eine erstaunlich hohe Emissionsintensität auf, deutlich höher als die SiOx Substratoberfläche. Dagegen waren die Röhren unsichtbar bei VUV-Anregung bei hν=21.2 eV. Eine ab-initio-Rechnung für einen MoS2-Slab erklärt die hohe Intensität durch eine hohe Dichte freier intermediärer Zustände beim Zweiphotonen-Übergang bei hν=3.1 eV.

Femtosecond laser-based investigations of magnetic circular dichroism in near-threshold photoemission

During the last decades magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) has attracted much interest and evolved into various experimental methods for the investigation of magnetic thin films. For example, synchrotron-based X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) displays the absolute values of spin and orbital magnetic moments. It thereby benefits from large asymmetry values of more than 30% due to the excitation of atomic core-levels. Similarly large values are also expected for threshold photoemission magnetic circular dichroism (TPMCD). Using lasers with photon energies in the range of the sample work function this method gives access to the occupied electronic structure close to the Fermi level. However, except for the case of Ni(001) there exist only few studies on TPMCD moreover revealing much smaller asymmetries than XMCD-measurements. Also the basic physical mechanisms of TPMCD are not satisfactorily understood. In this work we therefore investigate TPMCD in one- and two-photon photoemission (1PPE and 2PPE) for ferromagnetic Heusler alloys and ultrathin Co films using ultrashort pulsed laser light. The observed dichroism is explained by a non-conventional photoemission model using spin-resolved band-structure calculations and linear response theory. For the two Heusler alloys Ni2MnGa and Co2FeSi we give first evidence of TPMCD in the regime of two-photon photoemission. Systematic investigations concerning general properties of TPMCD in 1PPE and 2PPE are carried out at ultrathin Co films grown on Pt(111). Here, photon-energy dependent measurements reveal asymmetries of 1.9% in 1PPE and 11.7% in 2PPE. TPMCD measurements at decreased work function even yield larger asymmetries of 6.2% (1PPE) and 17% (2PPE), respectively. This demonstrates that enlarged asymmetries are also attainable for the TPMCD effect on Co(111). Furthermore, we find that the TPMCD asymmetry is bulk-sensitive for 1PPE and 2PPE. This means that the basic mechanism leading to the observed dichroism must be connected to Co bulk properties; surface effects do not play a crucial role. Finally, the enhanced TPMCD asymmetries in 2PPE compared to the 1PPE case are traced back to the dominant influence of the first excitation step and the existence of a real intermediate state. The observed TPMCD asymmetries cannot be interpreted by conventional photoemission theory which only considers direct interband transitions in the direction of observation (Γ-L). For Co(111), these transitions lead to evanescent final states. The excitation to such states, however, is incompatible with the measured bulk-sensitivity of the asymmetry. Therefore, we generalize this model by proposing the TPMCD signal to arise mostly from direct interband transitions in crystallographic directions other than (Γ-L). The necessary additional momentum transfer to the excited electrons is most probably provided by electron-phonon or -magnon scattering processes. Corresponding calculations on the basis of this model are in reasonable agreement with the experimental results so that this approach represents a promising tool for a quantitative description of the TPMCD effect. The present findings encourage an implementation of our experimental technique to time- and spatially-resolved photoemission electron microscopy, thereby enabling a real time imaging of magnetization dynamics of single excited states in a ferromagnetic material on a femtosecond timescale.

Calibration of the length of a chain of single gold atoms

Using a scanning tunnelling microscope or mechanically controllable break junction it has been shown that it is possible to control the formation of a wire made of single gold atoms. In these experiments an interatomic distance between atoms in the chain of ∼3.6 Å was reported which is not consistent with recent theoretical calculations. Here, using precise calibration procedures for both techniques, we measure the length of the atomic chains. Based on the distance between the peaks observed in the chain length histogram we find the mean value of the interatomic distance before chain rupture to be 2.5±0.2 Å. This value agrees with the theoretical calculations for the bond length. The discrepancy with the previous experimental measurements was due to the presence of He gas, that was used to promote the thermal contact, and which affects the value of the work function that is commonly used to calibrate distances in scanning tunnelling microscopy and mechanically controllable break junctions at low temperatures.

Adsorption Calorimetry for Energy Conversion Technologies: Applications in Organic Photovoltaics, Catalysis, and Atomic Layer Deposition

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-07