Distributed generation impact evaluation using a multi-objective tabu search

Distribution networks paradigm is changing currently requiring improved methodologies and tools for network analysis and planning. A relevant issue is analyzing the impact of the Distributed Generation penetration in passive networks considering different operation scenarios. Studying DG optimal siting and sizing the planner can identify the network behavior in presence of DG. Many approaches for the optimal DG allocation problem successfully used multi-objective optimization techniques. So this paper contributes to the fundamental stage of multi-objective optimization of finding the Pareto optimal solutions set. It is proposed the application of a Multi-objective Tabu Search and it was verified a better performance comparing to the NSGA-II method. © 2009 IEEE.

Carregamento ótimo de veículos elétricos considerando as restrições das redes de distribuição de média tensão

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica - FEIS

Otimização multiobjetivo na análise da integração de geração distribuída às redes de distribuição

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Controle de tensão e reativos em redes de distribuição de energia elétrica

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica - FEIS

Multiple Input-Output Bidirectional Solid State Transformer Based on a Series Resonant Converter

Las fuentes de alimentación de modo conmutado (SMPS en sus siglas en inglés) se utilizan ampliamente en una gran variedad de aplicaciones. La tarea más difícil para los diseñadores de SMPS consiste en lograr simultáneamente la operación del convertidor con alto rendimiento y alta densidad de energía. El tamaño y el peso de un convertidor de potencia está dominado por los componentes pasivos, ya que estos elementos son normalmente más grandes y más pesados que otros elementos en el circuito. Para una potencia de salida dada, la cantidad de energía almacenada en el convertidor que ha de ser entregada a la carga en cada ciclo de conmutación, es inversamente proporcional a la frecuencia de conmutación del convertidor. Por lo tanto, el aumento de la frecuencia de conmutación se considera un medio para lograr soluciones más compactas con los niveles de densidad de potencia más altos. La importancia de investigar en el rango de alta frecuencia de conmutación radica en todos los beneficios que se pueden lograr: además de la reducción en el tamaño de los componentes pasivos, el aumento de la frecuencia de conmutación puede mejorar significativamente prestaciones dinámicas de convertidores de potencia. Almacenamiento de energía pequeña y el período de conmutación corto conducen a una respuesta transitoria del convertidor más rápida en presencia de las variaciones de la tensión de entrada o de la carga. Las limitaciones más importantes del incremento de la frecuencia de conmutación se relacionan con mayores pérdidas del núcleo magnético convencional, así como las pérdidas de los devanados debido a los efectos pelicular y proximidad. También, un problema potencial es el aumento de los efectos de los elementos parásitos de los componentes magnéticos - inductancia de dispersión y la capacidad entre los devanados - que causan pérdidas adicionales debido a las corrientes no deseadas. Otro factor limitante supone el incremento de las pérdidas de conmutación y el aumento de la influencia de los elementos parásitos (pistas de circuitos impresos, interconexiones y empaquetado) en el comportamiento del circuito. El uso de topologías resonantes puede abordar estos problemas mediante el uso de las técnicas de conmutaciones suaves para reducir las pérdidas de conmutación incorporando los parásitos en los elementos del circuito. Sin embargo, las mejoras de rendimiento se reducen significativamente debido a las corrientes circulantes cuando el convertidor opera fuera de las condiciones de funcionamiento nominales. A medida que la tensión de entrada o la carga cambian las corrientes circulantes incrementan en comparación con aquellos en condiciones de funcionamiento nominales. Se pueden obtener muchos beneficios potenciales de la operación de convertidores resonantes a más alta frecuencia si se emplean en aplicaciones con condiciones de tensión de entrada favorables como las que se encuentran en las arquitecturas de potencia distribuidas. La regulación de la carga y en particular la regulación de la tensión de entrada reducen tanto la densidad de potencia del convertidor como el rendimiento. Debido a la relativamente constante tensión de bus que se encuentra en arquitecturas de potencia distribuidas los convertidores resonantes son adecuados para el uso en convertidores de tipo bus (transformadores cc/cc de estado sólido). En el mercado ya están disponibles productos comerciales de transformadores cc/cc de dos puertos que tienen muy alta densidad de potencia y alto rendimiento se basan en convertidor resonante serie que opera justo en la frecuencia de resonancia y en el orden de los megahercios. Sin embargo, las mejoras futuras en el rendimiento de las arquitecturas de potencia se esperan que vengan del uso de dos o más buses de distribución de baja tensión en vez de una sola. Teniendo eso en cuenta, el objetivo principal de esta tesis es aplicar el concepto del convertidor resonante serie que funciona en su punto óptimo en un nuevo transformador cc/cc bidireccional de puertos múltiples para atender las necesidades futuras de las arquitecturas de potencia. El nuevo transformador cc/cc bidireccional de puertos múltiples se basa en la topología de convertidor resonante serie y reduce a sólo uno el número de componentes magnéticos. Conmutaciones suaves de los interruptores hacen que sea posible la operación en las altas frecuencias de conmutación para alcanzar altas densidades de potencia. Los problemas posibles con respecto a inductancias parásitas se eliminan, ya que se absorben en los Resumen elementos del circuito. El convertidor se caracteriza con una muy buena regulación de la carga propia y cruzada debido a sus pequeñas impedancias de salida intrínsecas. El transformador cc/cc de puertos múltiples opera a una frecuencia de conmutación fija y sin regulación de la tensión de entrada. En esta tesis se analiza de forma teórica y en profundidad el funcionamiento y el diseño de la topología y del transformador, modelándolos en detalle para poder optimizar su diseño. Los resultados experimentales obtenidos se corresponden con gran exactitud a aquellos proporcionados por los modelos. El efecto de los elementos parásitos son críticos y afectan a diferentes aspectos del convertidor, regulación de la tensión de salida, pérdidas de conducción, regulación cruzada, etc. También se obtienen los criterios de diseño para seleccionar los valores de los condensadores de resonancia para lograr diferentes objetivos de diseño, tales como pérdidas de conducción mínimas, la eliminación de la regulación cruzada o conmutación en apagado con corriente cero en plena carga de todos los puentes secundarios. Las conmutaciones en encendido con tensión cero en todos los interruptores se consiguen ajustando el entrehierro para obtener una inductancia magnetizante finita en el transformador. Se propone, además, un cambio en los señales de disparo para conseguir que la operación con conmutaciones en apagado con corriente cero de todos los puentes secundarios sea independiente de la variación de la carga y de las tolerancias de los condensadores resonantes. La viabilidad de la topología propuesta se verifica a través una extensa tarea de simulación y el trabajo experimental. La optimización del diseño del transformador de alta frecuencia también se aborda en este trabajo, ya que es el componente más voluminoso en el convertidor. El impacto de de la duración del tiempo muerto y el tamaño del entrehierro en el rendimiento del convertidor se analizan en un ejemplo de diseño de transformador cc/cc de tres puertos y cientos de vatios de potencia. En la parte final de esta investigación se considera la implementación y el análisis de las prestaciones de un transformador cc/cc de cuatro puertos para una aplicación de muy baja tensión y de decenas de vatios de potencia, y sin requisitos de aislamiento. Abstract Recently, switch mode power supplies (SMPS) have been used in a great variety of applications. The most challenging issue for designers of SMPS is to achieve simultaneously high efficiency operation at high power density. The size and weight of a power converter is dominated by the passive components since these elements are normally larger and heavier than other elements in the circuit. If the output power is constant, the stored amount of energy in the converter which is to be delivered to the load in each switching cycle is inversely proportional to the converter’s switching frequency. Therefore, increasing the switching frequency is considered a mean to achieve more compact solutions at higher power density levels. The importance of investigation in high switching frequency range comes from all the benefits that can be achieved. Besides the reduction in size of passive components, increasing switching frequency can significantly improve dynamic performances of power converters. Small energy storage and short switching period lead to faster transient response of the converter against the input voltage and load variations. The most important limitations for pushing up the switching frequency are related to increased conventional magnetic core loss as well as the winding loss due to the skin and proximity effect. A potential problem is also increased magnetic parasitics – leakage inductance and capacitance between the windings – that cause additional loss due to unwanted currents. Higher switching loss and the increased influence of printed circuit boards, interconnections and packaging on circuit behavior is another limiting factor. Resonant power conversion can address these problems by using soft switching techniques to reduce switching loss incorporating the parasitics into the circuit elements. However the performance gains are significantly reduced due to the circulating currents when the converter operates out of the nominal operating conditions. As the input voltage or the load change the circulating currents become higher comparing to those ones at nominal operating conditions. Multiple Input-Output Many potential gains from operating resonant converters at higher switching frequency can be obtained if they are employed in applications with favorable input voltage conditions such as those found in distributed power architectures. Load and particularly input voltage regulation reduce a converter’s power density and efficiency. Due to a relatively constant bus voltage in distributed power architectures the resonant converters are suitable for bus voltage conversion (dc/dc or solid state transformation). Unregulated two port dc/dc transformer products achieving very high power density and efficiency figures are based on series resonant converter operating just at the resonant frequency and operating in the megahertz range are already available in the market. However, further efficiency improvements of power architectures are expected to come from using two or more separate low voltage distribution buses instead of a single one. The principal objective of this dissertation is to implement the concept of the series resonant converter operating at its optimum point into a novel bidirectional multiple port dc/dc transformer to address the future needs of power architectures. The new multiple port dc/dc transformer is based on a series resonant converter topology and reduces to only one the number of magnetic components. Soft switching commutations make possible high switching frequencies to be adopted and high power densities to be achieved. Possible problems regarding stray inductances are eliminated since they are absorbed into the circuit elements. The converter features very good inherent load and cross regulation due to the small output impedances. The proposed multiple port dc/dc transformer operates at fixed switching frequency without line regulation. Extensive theoretical analysis of the topology and modeling in details are provided in order to compare with the experimental results. The relationships that show how the output voltage regulation and conduction losses are affected by the circuit parasitics are derived. The methods to select the resonant capacitor values to achieve different design goals such as minimum conduction losses, elimination of cross regulation or ZCS operation at full load of all the secondary side bridges are discussed. ZVS turn-on of all the switches is achieved by relying on the finite magnetizing inductance of the Abstract transformer. A change of the driving pattern is proposed to achieve ZCS operation of all the secondary side bridges independent on load variations or resonant capacitor tolerances. The feasibility of the proposed topology is verified through extensive simulation and experimental work. The optimization of the high frequency transformer design is also addressed in this work since it is the most bulky component in the converter. The impact of dead time interval and the gap size on the overall converter efficiency is analyzed on the design example of the three port dc/dc transformer of several hundreds of watts of the output power for high voltage applications. The final part of this research considers the implementation and performance analysis of the four port dc/dc transformer in a low voltage application of tens of watts of the output power and without isolation requirements.

Estudo sobre a interação de métodos anti-ilhamento para sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados à rede de distribuição de baixa tensão com múltiplos inversores.

Este trabalho estuda a interação entre os métodos anti-ilhamento aplicados em sistemas fotovoltaicos residenciais, operando simultaneamente em uma rede de distribuição de baixa tensão. Os sistemas fotovoltaicos em geral interagem entre si, com a rede de distribuição da concessionária e com outras fontes de geração distribuída. Uma consequência importante dessa interação é a ocorrência do ilhamento, que acontece quando as fontes de geração distribuída fornecem energia ao sistema elétrico de potência mesmo quando esta se encontra eletricamente isolada do sistema elétrico principal. A função anti-ilhamento é uma proteção extremamente importante, devendo estar presente em todos os sistemas de geração distribuída. Atualmente, são encontradas diversas técnicas na literatura. Muitas delas oferecem proteção adequada quando um inversor está conectado à linha de distribuição, mas podem falhar quando dois ou mais funcionam simultaneamente, conectados juntos ou próximos entre si. Dois destes métodos são analisados detalhadamente nesse estudo, avaliados em uma rede de distribuição residencial de baixa tensão. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a influência de um método sobre o outro é dependente da predominância de cada um deles dentro do sistema elétrico. Contudo, nas condições analisadas o ilhamento foi detectado dentro do limite máximo estabelecido pelas normas pertinentes.

Analysis of the impact of stationary energy storage systems in trolleybus grids using Simulink-based modelling

The voltage profile of the catenary between traction substations (TSSs) is affected by the trolleybus current intake and by its position with respect to the TSSs: the higher the current requested by the bus and the further the bus from the TSSs, the deeper the voltage drop. When the voltage drops below 500V, the trolleybus is forced to decrease its consumption by reducing its input current. This thesis deals with the analysis of the improvements that the installation of an BESS produces in the operation of a particularly loaded FS of the DC trolleybus network of the city of Bologna. The stationary BESS is charged by the TSSs during off-peak times and delivers the stored energy when the catenary is overloaded alleviating the load on the TSSs and reducing the voltage drops. Only IMC buses are considered in the prospect of a future disposal of all internal combustion engine vehicles. These trolleybuses cause deeper voltage drops because they absorb enough current to power their traction motor and recharge the on board battery. The control of the BESS aims to keep the catenary voltage within the admissible voltage range and makes sure that all physical limitations are met. A model of FS Marconi Trento Trieste is implemented in Simulink environment to simulate its daily operation and compare the behavior of the trolleybus network with and without BESS. From the simulation without BESS, the best location of the energy storage system is deduced, and the battery control is tuned. Furthermore, from the knowledge of the load curve and the battery control trans-characteristic, it is formulated a prediction of the voltage distribution at BESS connection point. The prediction is then compared with the simulation results to validate the Simulink model. The BESS allows to decrease the voltage drops along the catenary, the Joule losses and the current delivered by the TSSs, indicating that the BESS can be a solution to improve the operation of the trolleybus network.

Real-Time Voltage Regulation in Power Distribution System Using Fuzzy Control

Two different fuzzy approaches to voltage control in electric power distribution systems are introduced in this paper. The real-time controller in each case would act on power transformers equipped with under-load tap changers. Learning systems are employed to turn the voltage-control relays into adaptive devices. The scope of this study has been limited to the power distribution substation, and the voltage measurements and control actions are carried out on the secondary bus. The capacity of fuzzy systems to handle approximate data, together with their unique ability to interpret qualitative information, make it possible to design voltage-control strategies that satisfy the requirements of the Brazilian regulatory bodies and the real concerns of the electric power distribution companies. Fuzzy control systems based on these two strategies have been implemented and the test results were highly satisfactory.

On an asymptotic formula for the maximum voltage drop in a on-chip power distribution network

We present a new asymptotic formula for the maximum static voltage in a simplified model for on-chip power distribution networks of array bonded integrated circuits. In this model the voltage is the solution of a Poisson equation in an infinite planar domain whose boundary is an array of circular pads of radius ", and we deal with the singular limit Ɛ → 0 case. In comparison with approximations that appear in the electronic engineering literature, our formula is more complete since we have obtained terms up to order Ɛ15. A procedure will be presented to compute all the successive terms, which can be interpreted as using multipole solutions of equations involving spatial derivatives of functions. To deduce the formula we use the method of matched asymptotic expansions. Our results are completely analytical and we make an extensive use of special functions and of the Gauss constant G

Voltage fluctuations in IC power supply distribution

The supply voltage decrease and powerconsumption increase of modern ICs made the requirements for low voltage fluctuation caused by packaging and on-chip parasitic impedances more difficult to achieve. Most of the research works on the area assume that all the nodes of the chip are fed at thesame voltage, in such a way that the main cause of disturbance or fluctuation is the parasitic impedance of packaging. In the paper an approach to analyze the effect of high and fast current demands on the on-chip power supply network. First an approach to model the entire network by considering a homogeneous conductive foil is presented. The modification of the timing parameters of flipflops caused by spatial voltage drops through the IC surface are also investigated.

The maximum voltage drop in an on-chip power distribution network: analysis of square, triangular and hexagonal power pad arrangements

A mathematical model of the voltage drop which arises in on-chip power distribution networks is used to compare the maximum voltage drop in the case of different geometric arrangements of the pads supplying power to the chip. These include the square or Manhattan power pad arrangement, which currently predominates, as well as equilateral triangular and hexagonal arrangements. In agreement with the findings in the literature and with physical and SPICE models, the equilateral triangular power pad arrangement is found to minimize the maximum voltage drop. This headline finding is a consequence of relatively simple formulas for the voltage drop, with explicit error bounds, which are established using complex analysis techniques, and elliptic functions in particular.

Dimensioning DC-voltage capacitor for a DC-distribution system and dynamic analysis

Technical analysis of Low Voltage Direct Current (LVDC) distribution systems shows that in LVDC transmission the customer voltage quality is higher. One of the problems in LVDC distribution networks that converters both ends of the DC line are required. Because of the converters produce not pure DC voltage, but some fluctuations as well, the huge electrolytic capacitors are required to reduce voltage distortions in the DC-side. This thesis master’s thesis is focused on calculating required DC-link capacitance for LVDC transmission and estimation of the influence of different parameters on the voltage quality. The goal is to investigate the methods of the DC-link capacitance estimation and location in the transmission line.

The maximum voltage drop in an on-chip power distribution network: analysis of square, triangular and hexagonal power pad arrangements

A mathematical model of the voltage drop which arises in on-chip power distribution networks is used to compare the maximum voltage drop in the case of different geometric arrangements of the pads supplying power to the chip. These include the square or Manhattan power pad arrangement, which currently predominates, as well as equilateral triangular and hexagonal arrangements. In agreement with the findings in the literature and with physical and SPICE models, the equilateral triangular power pad arrangement is found to minimize the maximum voltage drop. This headline finding is a consequence of relatively simple formulas for the voltage drop, with explicit error bounds, which are established using complex analysis techniques, and elliptic functions in particular.

Phase voltage control and filtering in a converter-fed single-phase customer-end system of the LVDC distribution network

In recent years, the network vulnerability to natural hazards has been noticed. Moreover, operating on the limits of the network transmission capabilities have resulted in major outages during the past decade. One of the reasons for operating on these limits is that the network has become outdated. Therefore, new technical solutions are studied that could provide more reliable and more energy efficient power distributionand also a better profitability for the network owner. It is the development and price of power electronics that have made the DC distribution an attractive alternative again. In this doctoral thesis, one type of a low-voltage DC distribution system is investigated. Morespecifically, it is studied which current technological solutions, used at the customer-end, could provide better power quality for the customer when compared with the current system. To study the effect of a DC network on the customer-end power quality, a bipolar DC network model is derived. The model can also be used to identify the supply parameters when the V/kW ratio is approximately known. Although the model provides knowledge of the average behavior, it is shown that the instantaneous DC voltage ripple should be limited. The guidelines to choose an appropriate capacitance value for the capacitor located at the input DC terminals of the customer-end are given. Also the structure of the customer-end is considered. A comparison between the most common solutions is made based on their cost, energy efficiency, and reliability. In the comparison, special attention is paid to the passive filtering solutions since the filter is considered a crucial element when the lifetime expenses are determined. It is found out that the filter topology most commonly used today, namely the LC filter, does not provide economical advantage over the hybrid filter structure. Finally, some of the typical control system solutions are introduced and their shortcomings are presented. As a solution to the customer-end voltage regulation problem, an observer-based control scheme is proposed. It is shown how different control system structures affect the performance. The performance meeting the requirements is achieved by using only one output measurement, when operating in a rigid network. Similar performance can be achieved in a weak grid by DC voltage measurement. An additional improvement can be achieved when an adaptive gain scheduling-based control is introduced. As a conclusion, the final power quality is determined by a sum of various factors, and the thesis provides the guidelines for designing the system that improves the power quality experienced by the customer.

Automatic diagnosis of voltage disturbances in power distribution networks

This thesis proposes a framework for identifying the root-cause of a voltage disturbance, as well as, its source location (upstream/downstream) from the monitoring place. The framework works with three-phase voltage and current waveforms collected in radial distribution networks without distributed generation. Real-world and synthetic waveforms are used to test it. The framework involves features that are conceived based on electrical principles, and assuming some hypothesis on the analyzed phenomena. Features considered are based on waveforms and timestamp information. Multivariate analysis of variance and rule induction algorithms are applied to assess the amount of meaningful information explained by each feature, according to the root-cause of the disturbance and its source location. The obtained classification rates show that the proposed framework could be used for automatic diagnosis of voltage disturbances collected in radial distribution networks. Furthermore, the diagnostic results can be subsequently used for supporting power network operation, maintenance and planning.