External brand extensions impact on Diesel's brand image

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Simulação numérica da atomização de combustíveis com interesse para grandes motores diesel marítimos

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Sistema híbrido fotovoltaico / eólico / diesel aplicado a um navio, do ponto de vista energético, ambiental e económico

O aumento das concentrações de Gases do Efeito Estufa e do aquecimento global exigem medidas urgentes para abrandar e atenuar as respectivas consequências, tanto para a humanidade como para o planeta. Entre estas medidas, faz parte a utilização de recursos renováveis para a produção de energia, de forma a mitigar os problemas inerentes à utilização de combustíveis fósseis. No intuito de explorar os recursos renováveis, é necessário desenvolver projectos e tecnologias que o optimizem a sua utilização. A presente dissertação centrou-se na implementação de um sistema energético híbrido FV/eólico/diesel num navio. O navio seleccionado, propriedade da Transtejo, foi o “LISBONENSE” e efetua o transporte de passageiros e viaturas entre as margens do Rio Tejo. A pesquisa de literatura, realizada a níveis nacional e global, incidiu na caracterização das emissões poluentes dos navios e respectivas consequências, e nas soluções que existem para reduzir as mesmas, com principal incidência nos sistemas de energias renováveis. Após uma pesquisa de mercado para análise da relação custo-benefício de cada tipo de componente do sistema híbrido, foram seleccionados os mais adequados para este projecto, do qual resultou: módulos FV e respectivos cabos eléctricos, turbinas eólicas, baterias de armazenamento, controladores de carga, inversores e um sistema de controlo e monitorização. O gerador a diesel considerado é o que se encontra actualmente instalado no navio. Elaborou-se um programa para o sistema de controlo, de forma a accionar o funcionamento do gerador a diesel quando necessário, isto é, quando os sistemas de energias renováveis não produzem energia eléctrica suficiente para alimentar as aplicações do navio. Completado o dimensionamento do sistema híbrido, com auxílio dos softwares HOMER e RETScreen, foi feita uma análise a nível ambiental e económico que evidenciou diversos aspectos positivos. Destaca-se a redução das emissões de CO2 em 81.56 % e a rentabilidade do projecto que, com um ciclo de vida de 20 anos, tem um período de recuperação do capital investido de cerca de 6 anos.

Enhancing fan experience during live sports broadcasts through second screen applications

When sports fans attend live sports events, they usually engage in social experiences with friends, family members and other fans at the venue sharing the same affiliation. However, fans watching the same event through a live television broadcast end up not feeling so emotionally connected with the athletes and other fans as they would if they were watching it live, together with thousands of other fans. With this in mind, we seek to create mobile applications that deliver engaging social experiences involving remote fans watching live broadcasted sports events. Taking into account the growing use of mobile devices when watching TV broadcasts, these mobile applications explore the second screen concept, which allows users to interact with content that complements the TV broadcast. Within this context, we present a set of second screen application prototypes developed to test our concepts, the corresponding user studies and results, as well as suggestions on how to apply the prototypes’ concepts not only in different sports, but also during TV shows and electronic sports. Finally, we also present the challenges we faced and the guidelines we followed during the development and evaluation phases, which may give a considerable contribution to the development of future second screen applications for live broadcasted events.

Caracterização físico-química das misturas binárias de biodiesel e diesel comercializados no Amazonas

O uso de energias renováveis aliadas à preservação do meio ambiente tem despertado interesse cada vez maior em nível nacional e internacional principalmente a utilização do biodiesel em substituição ao diesel de petróleo. Sua utilização traz uma série de vantagens sociais, econômicas e ambientais. Nos últimos anos, houve no Brasil um aumento nas pesquisas sobre o biodiesel. A lei brasileira nº 11.097 de 2005 dispõe sobre a introdução do biodiesel na matriz energética brasileira, misturado ao óleo diesel em um percentual mínimo obrigatório de 2%, com aumento na adição para 5% até 2012. Contudo, essa adição só é possível se o biodiesel estiver dentro dos padrões de qualidade exigidos. Diante disto, neste trabalho foram preparadas misturas de biodiesel adicionado ao diesel interior, nas proporções 2, 5, 10 e 20% (v/v), sendo posteriormente caracterizados a partir da determinação dos parâmetros físico-químicos citados na Resolução da Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP), visando avaliar se as misturas estão em conformidade com a norma. De acordo com os resultados concluiu-se que, tanto o biodiesel quanto suas misturas binárias (B2 a B20) encontram-se dentro dos padrões de qualidade estabelecido pela ANP.

Avaliação do funcionamento de um motor diesel com biodiesel

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Mecânica

Bioremediation of diesel contaminated soils : an investigation into the effects of biosurfactant and organic matter amendments

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of biosurfactants and organic matter amendments on the bioremediation of diesel contaminated soil. Two strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with the ability to produce biosurfactant were isolated from a water and soil sample in Co. Sligo. The first strain, Isolate A, produced a biosurfactant which contained four rhamnose containing compounds, when grown in proteose peptone glucose ammonium salts medium with glucose as the carbon source. Two of the components were identified as rhamnolipid 1 and 2 whilst the other two components were unidentified. The second strain, Isolate GO, when grown in similar conditions produced a biosurfactant which contained only rhamnolipid 2. The type of aeration system used had a significant effect on the abiotic removal of diesel from soil. Forced aeration at a rate of 120L 02/kg soil/ hour resulted in the greatest removal. Over a 112 day incubation period this type o f aeration resulted in the removal o f 48% o f total hexane extractable material. In relation to bioremediation of the diesel contaminated sandy soil, amending the soil with two inorganic nutrients, KH2PO4 and NÜ4N03, significantly enhanced the removal of diesel, especially the «- alkanes, when compared to an unamended control. The biosurfactant from Isolate A and a biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCIMB 8628 (a known biosurfactant producer), when applied at a concentration of three times their critical micelle concentration, had a neutral effect on the biodégradation o f diesel contaminated sandy soil, even in the presence o f inorganic nutrients. It was deduced that the main reason for this neutral effect was because they were both readily biodegraded by the indigenous microorganisms. The most significant removal of diesel occurred when the soils were amended with two organic materials plus the inorganic nutrients. Amendment of the diesel contaminated soil with spent brewery grain (SBG) removed significantly more diesel than amendment with dried molassed sugar beet pulp (DMSBP). After a 108 day incubation period, amendment of the diesel contaminated soil with DMSBP plus inorganic nutrients and SBG plus inorganic nutrients resulted in 72 and 89% removal of diesel range organics (DRO), in comparison to 41% removal of DRO in an inorganic nutrient amended control. The first order kinetic model described the degradation of the different diesel components with high correlation and was used to calculate Vi lives. The V2 life, of the total «-alkanes in the diesel was reduced from 40 days in the control to 8.5 and 5.1 days in the presence of DMSBP and SBG, respectively. The V2 life o f the unresolved complex mixture (UCM) in the diesel contaminated soil was also significantly reduced in the presence o f the two organics. DMSBP and SBG addition reduced UCM V2 life to 86 and 43 days, respectively, compared to 153 days in the control. The component of diesel whose removal was enhanced the greatest through the organic material amendments was the isoprenoid, pristane, a compound which until recently was thought to be nonbiodegradable and was used as an inert biomarker in oil degradation studies. The V2 life of pristane was reduced from 533 days in the nutrient amended control to 49.5 and 19.5 days in DMSBP and SBG amended soils. These results indicate that the addition o f the DMSBP and SBG to diesel contaminated soil stimulated diesel biodégradation, probably by enhancing the indigenous diesel degrading microbial population to degrade diesel hydrocarbons, whilst the addition o f biosurfactants had no enhanced effect on the bioremediation process.

Ermittlung des Einspritzverlaufs an Diesel-Injektoren

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Maschinenbau, Diss., 2009

Untersuchungen zur Eignung der Leitfähigkeitsmessung für die FAN-Bestimmung in Bierwürze

Der Maischprozess beeinflusst die Qualität des Bieres maßgeblich und ist Ausgangspunkt für die Effizienz nachfolgender Produktionsschritte. Daher ist es erstrebenswert, Qualitätsschwankungen während des Maischens zu erkennen und direkt Einfluss zu nehmen. Die prozessbegleitende Überwachung des Maischens wurde lange außer Acht gelassen und beschränkte sich auf die Erfassung nur einer Konzentration (z.B. Stammwürzegehalt) bzw. einzelner physikalischer Größen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Korrelation zwischen dem Gehalt an α-Aminostickstoff und der Leitfähigkeit während der Maischeführung - beruhend auf einem standardisierten Verfahren - nachzuweisen bzw. zu bestätigen.

Secondary effects of catalytic diesel particulate filters: copper-induced formation of PCDD/Fs.

Potential risks of a secondary formation of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) were assessed for two cordierite-based, wall-through diesel particulate filters (DPFs) for which soot combustion was either catalyzed with an iron- or a copper-based fuel additive. A heavy duty diesel engine was used as test platform, applying the eight-stage ISO 8178/4 C1 cycle. DPF applications neither affected the engine performance, nor did they increase NO, NO2, CO, and CO2 emissions. The latter is a metric for fuel consumption. THC emissions decreased by about 40% when deploying DPFs. PCDD/F emissions, with a focus on tetra- to octachlorinated congeners, were compared under standard and worst case conditions (enhanced chlorine uptake). The iron-catalyzed DPF neither increased PCDD/F emissions, nor did it change the congener pattern, even when traces of chlorine became available. In case of copper, PCDD/F emissions increased by up to 3 orders of magnitude from 22 to 200 to 12 700 pg I-TEQ/L with fuels of < 2, 14, and 110 microg/g chlorine, respectively. Mainly lower chlorinated DD/Fs were formed. Based on these substantial effects on PCDD/F emissions, the copper-catalyzed DPF system was not approved for workplace applications, whereas the iron system fulfilled all the specifications of the Swiss procedures for DPF approval (VERT).

Approaches to identifying and quantifying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of molecular weight 302 in diesel particulates

Among the PAH class of compounds, high molecular weight PAH are now considered as relevant cancer inducers, but not all of them have the same biological activity. However, their analysis is difficult, mainly due to the presence of numerous isomers and due to their low volatility. Retention indices (Ri) for 13 dibenzopyrenes and homologues were determined by high-resolution capillary gas chromatography (GC) with four different stationary phases: a 5% phenyl-substituted methylpolysiloxane column (DB-5 ms), a 35% phenyl-substituted methylpolysiloxane column (BPX-35), a 50% phenyl-substituted methylpolysiloxane column (BPX-50), and a 35% trifluoropropylmethyl polysiloxane stationary phase (Rtx-200). Correlations for retention on each phase were investigated by using 8 independent molecular descriptors. Ri has been shown to be linearly correlated to PAH volume, polarisability alpha, Hückel-pi energy on the four examined columns. Ionisation potential Ip is a fourth variable which improves the regression model for DB-5ms, BPX-35, and BPX-50 column. Correlation coefficients ranging from r2 = 0.935 to r2 = 0.952 are then observed. Application of these indices to the identification and quantification of PAH with MW 302 in certified diesel particulate matter SRM 1650a is presented and discussed. [Authors]