Relação entre pluviosidade efetiva e estoque de matéria orgânica de superfície na ciclagem de nutrientes em floresta ombrófila urbana: Parque Nacional da Tijuca - RJ

O estoque de matéria orgânica de superfície refere-se a todo material orgânico decomposto ou em decomposição sobreposto ao solo mineral, bem como ao material orgânico misturado às partículas minerais do horizonte A. Este serve como indicador da funcionalidade e integridade de ecossistemas florestais quando o analisamos sob a perspectiva das "Formas de Húmus". Nesta perspectiva o material orgânico se presenta como disposto em camadas internas que variam no peso e espessura de acordo com a atuação dos agentes decompositores locais, e expressa a ciclagem de nutrientes que se dá a partir dos dois principais processos que sintetizam e/ou modulam o funcionamento dos ecossistemas, a produção e a decomposição da matéria orgânica. O modelo de formas de húmus segue uma classificação desenvolvida na Europa que não se aplica perfeitamente às áreas tropicais pela alta variabilidade de ambientes. Estima-se que fatores locais e particulares como características edáficas, estrutura e composição da vegetação, relevo e o microclima podem distorcer esta classificação e diferir significativamente do modelo global. Esta pesquisa buscou o refinamento deste modelo, buscando entender de que modo a pluviosidade efetiva (chuva que atravessa a copa das árvores e chega ao solo), como fenômeno de natureza microclimática, se relaciona com o estoque de matéria orgânica de superfície (sob a perspectiva das formas de húmus) em ambiente de floresta ombrófila montanhosa urbana.Para tal foram executadas análises físicas sobre o estoque de matéria orgânica de superfície, monitoramento da pluviosidade efetiva com pluviômetro experimentais adaptados para esta demanda e análises químicas sobre a água da chuva após lixiviação da matéria orgânica. Foi montada uma estrutura composta de quinze pluviômetros experimentais em uma encosta florestada no Parque Nacional da Tijuca (Rio de Janeiro - RJ) e instalação de pluviômetros eletrônicos em ambientes de céu aberto em áreas adjacentes a esta encosta pertencentes à área do parque. Os resultados indicam que da chuva que cai na floresta, cerca de 15% é interceptada pelas copas e o restante, parte é interceptada pela matéria orgânica do solo. A camada MFB (ou H) é a que retém mais água, indicando que, florestas que a decomposição é rápida no processo de fragmentação e lenta na mineralização, terão mais água retida no estoque de matéria orgânica. As diferentes camadas vão nutrir o solo de maneira diferenciada quando este processo deriva da lixiviação, como o cálcio que é liberado em a maior quantidade pelas camadas mais fragmentadas como a F e a MFB, o potássio e magnésio têm maior disponibilização quando deriva da camada L, indicando que durante este processo estes nutrientes são mais consumidos do que liberados. Foi perceptível que o sódio é bastante abundante na chuva antes mesmo de atingir a matéria orgânica, confirmando estudos anteriores. A utilização deste sistema proposto de pluviômetros experimentais possibilitou entender como esta estratificação interna do estoque de matéria orgânica de superfície acumula água, pois os métodos tradicionais não se baseiam no modelo de formas de húmus, e possibilitou ainda, o a análise do processo de lixiviação e liberação de nutrientes para o solo.

Vegetação e arquitetura das espécies de restinga associadas à ocorrência de Formicivora littoralis (Aves,Thamnophilidae)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo central conhecer a composição florística, a estrutura e a arquitetura das espécies da formação arbustiva fechada pós-praia e investigar possíveis associações com Formicivora littoralis, considerando tática de forrageamento, construção de ninhos e abundância da ave. F. littoralis é endêmica de restingas, e está ameaçada de extinção devido a perda acelerada de habitat. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre a vegetação em que ela ocorre, principalmente sobre as áreas de maior abundância da ave localizadas na formação Arbustiva Fechada Pós-praia (AFP) da Restinga da Massambaba, as quais estão inseridas em um Centro de Diversidade Vegetal (CDV) na Região de Cabo Frio. Diante disto, este estudo foi realizado em dois trechos desta formação na Restinga da Massambaba, nos municípios de Araruama e Arraial do Cabo, RJ, Brasil. Foram efetuadas 60 excursões a campo, com coletas aleatórias realizadas ao longo de toda a formação, geração de 20 parcelas de 2x50 m (0,2ha) perpendiculares ao mar, incluindo na amostragem indivíduos com DAP e DAS ≥2,5, estes, foram ainda categorizados em modelos de arquitetura de ramificação considerando número de ramos em dois patamares de altura (DAP e DAS). O levantamento florístico resultou em 327 coletas de 160 espécies, sendo pelo menos 12 espécies vegetais sob algum estado de ameaça, inclusive redescoberta uma Salicaceae (Casearia sessiliflora). Orchidaceae, Leguminosae e Myrtaceae foram as famílias mais ricas. Foram acrescentados 75% mais espécies na lista preliminar da AFP na Massambaba, além de 14 novos registros para o CDV de Cabo Frio. Na estrutura e arquitetura foram analisados 906 indivíduos de 58 espécies. Sendo os maiores valores de importância de Pilosocereus arrabidae (42,30) e Chrysophyllum lucentifolium (23,45). A diversidade de Shannon foi de 3,46 e equabilidade de 0,85. A arquitetura da maior parte dos indivíduos foi complexa, 58% de indivíduos com múltiplas ramificações, e as espécies apresentando variados padrões de ramificação. A densidade populacional de F. littoralis na AFP foi elevada, sendo estimada em 172 ind/km2. A arquitetura da AFP tem influência na ecologia da ave, pois ela foi generalista quanto à espécie utilizada como suporte na construção de ninhos e também para as táticas de forrageamento, mas houve seleção de ramos finos que formavam na horizontal ângulos de até 90 de abertura para construir ninhos. Ramos finos e mais horizontais também foram utilizados com frequência para as táticas de forrageamento. A abundância de F. littoralis esteve correlacionada positivamente à diversidade vegetal e negativamente à altura da vegetação, características marcantes nesta formação. Além disso, elevada taxa de vegetais com síndrome de dispersão zoocórica indica a importância desta formação na oferta de recursos alimentícios para a fauna e atração de pequenos artrópodes, os quais fazem parte da dieta de F. littoralis.

Assembleia de aves consumidoras de frutos de sub-bosque em diferentes altitudes em uma área de Mata Atlântica no estado do Rio de Janeiro

Neste estudo, investigamos a distribuição altitudinal da composição, riqueza, abundância das espécies de aves consumidoras de frutos em cinco altitudes e avaliamosa influência da estrutura da vegetação nas diversidades de aves. O estudo foi realizado na Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu (REGUA) contígua ao Parque Estadual dos Três Picos (PEPT), no município de Cachoeiras de Macacu, RJ. Coletamos os dados das aves em 24 excursões a campo, incluindo seis bimensais (jul./2010 a maio/2011) e 18 mensais (jul./2011 a dez./2012). Para amostragem das aves, utilizamos o método de captura-marcação-recaptura com redes de neblina, expostas durante sete h/dia em cinco altitudesao longo de uma variação altitudinal de 1000 m. O esforço amostral foi de 8400 h-rede. Para amostragem da estrutura da vegetação, sorteamos três parcelas de 100 m2 adjacentes às linhas das redes em cada altitude, nas quais foram analisadas as densidades de diferentes hábitos de vida. Das árvores, arvoretas e arbustos coletamos as medidas de altura total e diâmetro da altura (no caso dos arbustos, o diâmetro foi coletado a 50 cm do solo). Capturamos 448 indivíduos correspondentes a 35 espécies de aves, distribuídas em 16 famílias. Destas, 26% são endêmicas de Mata Atlântica, incluindo quatro espécies categorizadas com algum grau de vulnerabilidade. Dezesseis espécies foram classificadas como frugívoras enquanto 19 como insetívoras-frugívoras. Leptopogon amaurocephalus, Mionectes rufiventris, Lanio melanops, Chiroxiphia caudata foram capturadas nas cinco altitudes, sendo as últimas duas espécies as mais abundantes. Registramos maior riqueza e abundância de aves nas altitudes de 370 e 770 m. A composição de aves diferiu entre as altitudes, sendo 170 e 1000 m as mais dissimilares. As espécies de aves insetívoras-frugívoras predominaram nos sub-bosques das cinco altitudes. Registramos deslocamento altitudinal de cinco espécies de aves, sendo o maior deslocamento realizado por um indivíduo de Attilarufus, capturado a 770 m e, recapturado a 370 m. Encontramos maior densidade de plantas no sub-bosque nas altitudes 170, 370 e 1000 m. Bambus foram registrados apenas a 1000 m, enquanto que as ervas foram limitadas às altitudes de 170 e 370 m. A estrutura da vegetação apresentou baixa similaridade entre as altitudes, principalmente devido a diferentes densidades das formas de vida e altura das plantas. Três altitudes, 170, 370 e 1000 m, apresentaram alta densidade de indivíduos no sub-bosque, sendo que esta última evidenciou uma estrutura da vegetação relativamente mais simples devido ao alto número de árvores de baixa altura, ao maior número de arvoretas e à presença de bambus. A diversidade de aves foi sensível à estrutura da vegetação, em especial à altura das árvores que apresentou um decréscimo da altura com o aumento da altitude. Esta relação entre a diversidade de aves e a estruturada da vegetação destaca a importância da preservação da estrutura da vegetação para a manutenção da diversidade de aves consumidoras de frutos da REGUA e do PETP

Densidade populacional do lagarto endêmico Cnemidophorus littoralis em três restingas do estado do Rio de Janeiro: implicações na sua conservação

Cnemidophorus littoralis é um lagarto teiídeo ameaçado de extinção, endêmico de restinga e restrito ao estado do Rio de Janeiro, tendo sido encontrado em apenas quatro restingas da região: restinga de Grussaí (limite norte), restinga de Jurubatiba, restinga de Maricá e restinga de Marambaia (limite sul). Devido à sua restrita distribuição, os efeitos da degradação de hábitat e mudanças climáticas são especialmente danosos para os indivíduos dessa espécie, podendo levar a uma extinção local ou até total. A fim de aumentar a gama de informações sobre esta espécie de lagarto, investigamos a sua densidade e o seu tamanho populacional em três áreas de restingas, além de termos registrado as temperaturas às quais estão sujeitos nos diferentes micro-hábitats disponíveis, bem como suas preferências a determinadas estruturas da vegetação, e a situação atual de degradação das restingas, comparando-a com a de anos anteriores. O presente trabalho foi realizado nas restingas de Barra de Maricá (Maricá), Jurubatiba (Macaé) e Grussaí (São João da Barra). Os resultados revelaram uma diferença na estrutura da vegetação entre as três restingas, sendo a de Grussaí a que mais se destaca. Essa restinga é também a que apresenta menor densidade populacional e maior índice de degradação. Por outro lado, a restinga de Jurubatiba foi o local com menor quantidade de distúrbios encontrados, possuindo a maior densidade populacional dentre as três e se caracterizando como a melhor área para manutenção da espécie. O folhiço no bordo de moita foi, no geral, o hábitat mais utilizado pelos lagartos, sendo o período entre 10h00 e 11h00 o que teve maior número de avistamentos. A altura de arbusto demonstrou influenciar negativamente a ocupação dos indivíduos na restinga de Grussaí, enquanto os períodos de observação ao longo do dia influenciaram a detectatibilidade dos indivíduos nas três restingas. As restingas também apresentaram uma temperatura ambiente semelhante ao longo do dia, sendo Maricá a restinga com média mais alta (34,6C), seguida por Grussaí (33,9C) e por último Jurubatiba, com uma média de 33,2C. As temperaturas corpóreas às quais os indivíduos estariam sujeitos nos micro-hábitats disponíveis variaram de 27C (folhiço sobre vegetação) a 42,5C (areia nua), na restinga de Grussaí e de 28C (folhiço no interior de moita) a 32,9C (areia nua) na restinga de Jurubatiba. Uma vez que a estrutura do ambiente influencia na característica termal dos lagartos e, consequentemente, na manutenção das populações, a conservação das restingas e de suas estruturas vegetacionais são indispensáveis para a perpetuação da espécie.

辽河三角洲植被结构、功能及其驱动机制

辽河三角洲优越的植被生态系统维系着多种生态功能，使该地区成为全国著名的商品粮基地、造纸原料基地和旅游基地。但是，气候变化和人为干扰使得辽河三角洲的植被结构发生了显著变化，影响到植被功能的发挥。 为了应对气候变化和人为干扰对辽河三角洲植被造成的不利影响，本论文围绕植被结构和生产功能，从空间和时间方面，重点阐述了辽河三角洲植被的结构及其驱动机制；辽河三角洲植被生产功能及其驱动机制。 采用的研究方法包括遥感解译、样带调查和全面调查。通过遥感解译方法获取各植被类型的面积、分布及其变化信息，以研究植被的空间分布格局及其变化。通过样带调查方法，获取植被类型、土壤和水文等信息，并结合规范对应分析和偏相关分析等，研究植被空间分布格局的驱动机制。通过全面调查方法，获取植被净第一性生产力、粮食产量、土壤和水文等信息，并结合地理信息系统(GIS)的插值分析和相关分析等，研究植被生产功能的空间分布格局及其驱动机制。主要结论如下： 1. 植被组成和空间格局：辽河三角洲植被主要由自然湿地植被、人工湿地植被、自然旱地植被、人工旱地植被四大植被类型组成。其中，面积最大的3种植被是玉米、水稻和芦苇。四大植被类型以双台子河口为中心，基本上呈现半环状分布格局。 2. 植被空间格局变化：1988～2006年辽河三角洲植被空间格局发生了显著变化，主要植被类型分布趋于集中，形成了一些较大的斑块，而不是离散和破碎。从面积上看，水稻是面积增加最多的植被类型；玉米是面积减少最多的植被类型。从变化速率看，水稻、玉米和芦苇的变化幅度都较大，分别为33.2%、-16.1%和-23.2% 。 3. 植被空间格局形成机制：辽河三角洲植被分布格局不是由气候因子决定的，而是由土壤因子决定。土壤可溶性盐是决定植被分布格局最重要的环境因子，其次是土壤含水量。 4. 植被生产功能：辽河三角洲植被具有极高的生产力。其中，玉米、水稻和芦苇3种主要植被的地上净第一性生产力分别为30,485、18,248和17,440 kg/(ha•a)。玉米和水稻单位面积粮食产量也非常高，分别为14,813和10,365 kg/(ha•a)。 5. 植被生产功能年际变化：辽河三角洲植被生产力存在明显的年际波动。1992～2005 年间玉米和水稻粮食产量呈现显著的年际波动；1949～1990 年间芦苇产量不仅存在较明显的年际波动，而且呈现非常显著的增加趋势。 6. 植被生产功能年际变化的驱动机制：气候因子是玉米和水稻粮食产量年际变化的主要驱动因子，气候因子对玉米和水稻粮食产量的影响远远大于人为因子（农业人口、施肥量、灌溉面积）的影响。气候因子和人为因子对芦苇产量年际变化的影响都非常显著。在气候因子中，年日照数是驱动玉米产量年际波动的主导气候因子；年降水量是驱动水稻产量年际波动的主导气候因子；年蒸发量是驱动芦苇产量年际波动的主导气候因子。 7. 植被生产功能空间格局：植被地上净第一性生产力存在显著的空间差异，表现为一种环形空间分布格局，三角洲中部较低，四周地区较高。这种空间分布格局表明，在辽河三角洲，植被地上净第一性生产力最高的不是湿地植被，而是周围旱地植被。 8. 植被生产功能空间格局的形成机制：土壤含水量和海拔是驱动辽河三角洲植被生产力空间格局的主要因子；土壤盐度、土壤pH和土壤容重对植被生产力的空间格局影响不大。土壤营养元素(氮、磷、钾) 对植被生产力的空间格局几乎没有影响。

旅游相关活动对九寨沟核心景区植物多样性与结构的影响

日益增强的旅游活动干扰正成为九寨沟世界自然遗产的有效保护与持续管理不可回避的挑战，已成为当前区域生态保护与经济发展的焦点问题之一。阐明相关旅游的干扰活动对核心景区植物物种组成、多样性与结构的影响是九寨沟有效保护与持续管理的必要前提和基础，然而至今少有研究。选择九寨沟与旅游活动相关的九个景点、公路建设地段以及退耕地还林地，详细调查了林下植被结构、物种组成与多样性，比较了相关旅游活动干扰与基本未受干扰地段的差异。目的是阐明九寨沟核心景区旅游干扰条件下植物多样性与群落结构及其特点，揭示旅游干扰与植被结构和生物多样的相互关系，评估九寨沟旅游管理的有效性，探索减免旅游干扰影响的对策与措施。初步结论如下。 1.旅游活动引起九寨沟核心景区植物组成和群落结构特征改变显著。栈道及公路附近许多耐荫喜湿的敏感种局部消失，而早熟禾、车前草、委陵菜等耐干旱、耐践踏、繁殖能力强的植物种群扩大；外来物种频繁出现并已少量侵入干扰相对较轻的林分深处；林下群落以草本植物为优势，灌木与苔藓植物的频度、盖度、高度以及灌木密度均有所下降。可见，大量的游人活动和景区公路建设已对九寨沟丰富的乡土植物构成极大威胁，导致其生物多样性降低。而九寨沟农耕地退耕有利于九寨沟生态环境和生物多样性保护，正逐步向稳定群落演替。 2．干扰强度的差异导致九寨沟植物所受影响的程度不同。栈道附近植物受影响的程度与游人活动频率有关，活动频率高的地段干扰强度大，对植物的影响程度重，反之植物所受的影响较轻。强度干扰地段，耐荫喜湿的物种少见，伴生植物优势地位突出，生物多样性明显降低，植物群落结构特征改变也极为显著；干扰较轻的地段，伴生物种少量出现，植物群落结构变化不明显，生物多样性略为降低，部分地区结构参数值和多样性指数有所升高。公路修建是一种强度干扰，它导致附近植物种类极为单一，草本优势种异常突出，多数植物生活力低下、生长更新能力差。 3.不同植物类群受干扰影响的程度不同。草本及苔藓植物的种类组成和多样性指数受干扰影响较大，灌木和苔藓植物的结构受干扰影响较大，苔藓植物对干扰影响最为敏感。 综合分析表明，九寨沟核心景区的管理虽然比较规范，但目前核心区热点景点段的管理仍然不够，旅游活动驱动了林下植被退化明显、物种组成显著变化、生物多样性衰退、非乡土喜光耐旱种群扩大。导致九寨沟核心区旅游活动与生物多样性保护目标尖锐冲突，进一步约束旅游活动带来的干扰，强化管理，开展林下植被恢复与非乡土喜光耐旱种群调控是九寨沟自然遗产地保护一项紧迫任务。 The increasing tourism disturbance is an unavoidable challenge to effective conservation and sustained tourist management of Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve. It has become one of the focal problems of regional ecological protect and economic development. It is important to clarify effects of tourism disturbance on plant species composition, diversity and community structure in kernel spot for effective conservation and sustained tourist management in Jiuzhaigou, China. However, there were little studies about this yet. The study investigated the vegetation structure, species composition and diversity at nine sight spot, road area and four abandoned farmlands connecting with tourism, and compared the differences between disturbed area and undisturbed area. The purpose of the this study is clarifying the plant diversity and community structure and characteristics of the disturbed area in kernel spot of Jiuzhaigou, discovering the relation between vegetation structure and biodiversity, evaluating the effect of tourist management and exploring the measure decreasing tourist disturbance. Our results are following: 1. Tourism disturbance caused a significant change in species composition and structure of plant communities in kernel Spot of Jiuzhaigou. In the vicinity of plank and road, some native shade-tolerant or hygrophilous plants had disappeared, accompanying with the population expansion of some xerophilous and disturbance-resisting species such as Poa sp. Plantago depressa, Potentiila multicaulis and some exotic and synanthropic species. Herbs were domaint species, while frequency coverage and height of shrubs and bryophytes, and shrub density decreased. In indicated that tourist activities and build of road had adversely affected on native plant species, and led to decline in biodiversity of Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve. Abandoned farmlands maybe conduced to entironment and biodiversity conservation. 2. Nearby the plank, influency variable of tourism disturbance on plant was alosely and positively correlated with disturbance intensity. There was companion plant species and lacked shape-loving species in heavy disturbed areas, which caused decrease in biodiversity and significant change in community structure in these places. On the contrary, in the slightly disturbed areas, some companion speices displayed and biodiversity decreased slightly, but no significant change in community structure in these areas. The biuld of road is a heavy disturbance form, which led to increase of herb species and to decrease in vitality and regeneration capacity. 3. The intensity of tourism disturbance on plant depended on plant groups. Tourism interference significantly influenced species composition and diversity index of herb and bryophyte; it also significantly influenced community structure; the bryophyte was more sensitive to tourism disturbance. Our result indicated that the management in kernel spot of Jiuzhaigou is relatively reasonable, but not adequate. Tourism speed the degradation of the vegetation under woodland, the change of the species composition, the decreaing of the biodiversity and the expanding of the exotic sunloving plant populations. The contradiction between tourism and conserving biodiversity is increasing, so enforcing management, regenerating the vegetation under woodland and adjusting the exotic sunloving arid-tolerent plant populations is a pressing work to protect the Jiuzhaigou natural legacy.

How fragmented was the British Holocene wildwood? Perspectives on the “Vera” grazing debate from the fossil beetle record

The reconstruction and structure of the European Holocene “wildwood” has been the focus of considerable academic debate. The ability of palaeoecological data and particularly pollen analysis to accurately reflect the density of wildwood canopy has also been widely discussed. Fossil insects, as a proxy for vegetation and landscape structure, provide a potential approach to address this argument. Here, we present a review and re-analysis of 36 early and mid-Holocene (9500-2000 cal BC) sub-fossil beetle assemblages from Britain, examining percentage values of tree, open ground and dung beetles as well as tree host data to gain an insight into vegetation structure, the role of grazing animals in driving such structure and establish independently the importance of different types of trees and associated shading in the early Holocene “wildwood”. Open indicator beetle species are persistently present over the entire review period, although they fluctuate in importance. During the early Holocene (9500-6000 cal BC), these indicators are initially high, at levels which are not dissimilar to modern data from pasture woodland. However, during the latter stages of this and the next period, 6000-4000 cal BC, open ground and pasture indicators decline and are generally low compared with previously. Alongside this pattern, we see woodland indicators generally increase in importance, although there are significant local fluctuations. Levels of dung beetles are mostly low over these periods, with some exceptions to this pattern, especially towards the end of the Mesolithic and in floodplain areas. Host data associated with the fossil beetles indicate that trees associated with lighter canopy conditions such as oak, pine, hazel and birch are indeed important components of the tree canopy during the earlier Holocene (c. 9500-6000 cal BC), in accordance with much of the current pollen literature. Beetles associated with more shade-tolerant trees (such as lime and elm) become more frequent in the middle Holocene (6000-4000 cal BC) suggesting that at this stage the woodland canopy was less open than previously, although open ground and pasture areas appear to have persisted in some locations. The onset of agriculture (4000-2000 cal BC) coincides with significant fluctuations in woodland composition and taxa. This is presumably as a result of human impact, although here there are significant regional variations. There are also increases in the amounts of open ground represented and especially in the levels of dung beetles present in faunas, suggesting there is a direct relationship between the activities of grazing animals and the development of more open areas. One of the most striking aspects of this review is the variable nature of the landscape suggested by the palaeoecological data, particularly but not exclusively with the onset of agriculture: some earlier sites indicate high variability between levels of tree-associated species on the one hand and the open ground beetle fauna on the other, indicating that in some locations, open areas were of local significance and can be regarded as important features of the Holocene landscape. The role of grazing animals in creating these areas of openness was apparently minimal until the onset of the Neolithic.

Initial insights on the biodiversity potential of biosolar roofs: A London Olympic Park green roof case study

Cities dominated by impervious artificial surfaces can experience myriad negative environmental impacts. Restoration of green infrastructure has been identified as a mechanism for increasing urban resilience, enabling cities to transition towards sustainable futures in the face of climate-driven change. Building rooftops represent a viable space for integrating new green infrastructure into high density urban areas. Urban rooftops also provide prime locations for photovoltaic (PV) systems. There is increasing recognition that these two technologies can be combined to deliver reciprocal benefits in terms of energy efficiency and biodiversity targets. Scarcity of scientific evaluation of the interaction between PVs and green roofs means that the potential benefits are currently poorly understood. This study documents evidence from a biodiversity monitoring study of a substantial biosolar roof installed in the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. Vegetation and invertebrate communities were sampled and habitat structure measured in relation to habitat niches on the roof, including PV panels. Ninety-two plant species were recorded on the roof and variation in vegetation structure associated with proximity to PV panels was identified. Almost 50% of target invertebrate species collected were designated of conservation importance. Arthropod distribution varied in relation to habitat niches on the roof. The overall aim of the MPC green roof design was to create a mosaic of habitats to enhance biodiversity, and the results of the study suggest that PV panels can contribute to niche diversity on a green roof. Further detailed study is required to fully characterise the effects of PV panel density on biodiversity.

Response of bat species to sylvo-pastoral abandonment

We assessed the effect of abandonment of sylvo-pastoral practices in chestnut orchards (Castanea sativa) on bats in southern Switzerland to determine practical recommendations for bat conservation. We compared bat species richness and foraging activities between traditionally managed and unmanaged chestnut orchards, testing the hypothesis that managed orchards provide better foraging opportunities and harbour more bat species. Echolocation calls of foraging bats were sampled simultaneously at paired sites of managed and unmanaged orchards using custom made recorders. Vegetation structure and aerial insect availability were sampled at the recording sites and used as explanatory variables in the model. In a paired sampling design, we found twice the number of bat species (12) and five times higher total foraging activity in the managed chestnut orchards compared to the unmanaged ones. Bat species with low flight manoeuvrability were 14 times more common in managed orchards, whereas bats with medium to high manoeuvrability were only 5 times more common than in abandoned orchards. The vegetation structure was less dense in managed orchards. However, management did not affect relative insect abundance. Bats primarily visited the most open orchards, free of undergrowth. As a result of restricted access into the overgrown forests, the abandonment of chestnut orchards leads to a decline in bat species richness and foraging activities. Continued management of chestnut orchards to maintain an open structure is important for the conservation of endangered bat species in the southern Swiss Alps.

Behavioural, mensural, and ecological correlates of polygyny in the eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna)

During 1982 and 1983 I studied male attributes and attributes of the territory of male Eastern Meadowlarks (Sturnella magna) in order to determine whether there was a correlation between any of the attributes investigated and the number of females attracted by a male. Seventeen males, nine of which were polygynous and eight monogamous, were studied in 1982 and sixteen males.of which .. seven were polygynous and nine ~onogamous, were studied in 1983. The study was conducted in Short Hills Park, 10 km southwest of St. Catharines, Ontario and was designed to compare two hypotheses: the "sexy son" hypothesis (Weatherhead and Robertson,1977) and the polygyny threshold model (Verner and Willson,1966, Orians, 1969). Male attributes investigated were male size and song behaviour. Six measures of male size were taken: weight, flattened and natural wing chord length, culmen length, bill depth and length of the tarsometatarsus. In 1983 song repertoire size and song versatility measures were investigated. Attributes of the territory studied were: territory size, density of plant stems, percentage plant cover and measures of vegetation structure. In 1983 Arthropods were collected from each territory and sorted according to taxonomic group and size. During 1983, territory attributes were sampled twice, once early and once later in the nesting season. Analysis of data involved univariate comparisons between monogamous and polygynous males using T-tests and multivariate comparisons were made using discriminant function analysis (DFA) and principle components analysis (PCA).No correlations were found between the number of females attracted with, .ny measure of male size or with me, .sures of song versatili or size of song repertoire. Also no correlation was found between terri size and the number of females nesting on a terri . Some attributes of the male's terri id distinguish between monog,mous and po s males of thistudy. Analysis of Arthropod numbers showed that e~ .eran counts were significantly great~r on polygynous territories, a1 the total numb~rs of Arthropods collected showed no s fico .nt differences between territories of monogamous and po males. DFA chose ear teran and Hymenopteran counts as multivariate discriminators; both variables we' e more vegetation revealed that there were no univariate differences between the two groups of males fOT 1982 stem densities, but ~ spp. and Solidago spp. were chosen DFA as multivariate discriminators. The total number of plant stems and of Vicia spp. stems were s ficantly the early 1983 ing on monogamous territories for however DFA found no multivariate discriminators" Variables concerned with the overall aspects of vegetation structure showed significant differences between territories of monogamous and polygynous males. DFA of the 1982 sampling of vegetation structure showed significantly greater mat depth and vegetation height on polygynous territories, a finding which was not supported, however, by peA. For the early 1983 sampling period, plant height was greater on polygynous territories. Multivariate analysis identified greater green cover on polygynous territories, greater ground cover on monogamous territories, and greater depth of mat material on monogamous territories as discriminators between territories of monogamous and polygynous males. A DFA on the major variables of the study showed no significant difference between the territories of monogamous and polygynous male Meadowlarks. Of the correlations found, some were for non-prey Arthr~ods, for cover plants with very small samples sizes, or for variables which were greater for monogamous males during one sampling period and polygynous males during the next. While multivariate discriminators were found, peA showed no grouping of monogamous or polygynous males according to any of the variables investigated. On the basis of the univariate and multivariate analysis of major variables, I concluded that there were no correlations between the number of females attracted with male attributes and no unambiguous correlation with attributes of the territory. My study does not unequivocally support either the "sexy son" or the polygyny threshold hypothesis.

Einfluss der Flächenwahl, Anbaudichte und Landschaftsstruktur auf den Befallsstatus und die Ausbreitung der Möhrenfliege Psila rosae F. (Diptera: Psilidae) im ökologischen Möhrenanbau

Durch die vermehrte Nachfrage von Biomöhren im Lebensmitteleinzelhandel ist die Anbaufläche ökologisch erzeugter Möhren in den letzten zehn Jahren deutlich angestiegen. Der Anbau konzentriert sich auf bestimmte Regionen und erfolgte damit zunehmend auf großen Schlägen in enger räumlicher und zeitlicher Abfolge. Mit der steigenden Wirtspflanzenpräsenz steigt auch der Befallsdruck durch die Möhrenfliege. Während der Schädling im konventionellen Anbau mit Insektiziden kontrolliert wird, stehen dem Ökologischen Landbau bisher keine direkten Regulative zur Verfügung. Ziel der Untersuchungen war es, unter den Praxisbedingungen des ökologischen Möhrenanbaus einzelbetriebliche und überregionale Muster beteiligter Risikofaktoren im Befallsgeschehen zu identifizieren und so Möglichkeiten einer verbesserten Prävention und Regulation aufzuzeigen. Über einen Zeitraum von drei Jahren wurden auf fünf Betrieben in Niedersachsen und Hessen umfangreiche Felddaten erhoben und diese unter Verwendung von GIS – Software und dem Simulationsmodell SWAT analysiert. Untersuchte Einflussgrößen umfassten (1) die Distanz zu vorjährigen Möhrenfeldern, (2) die zeitliche Möhrenanbauperiode, (3) Vegetationselemente und (4) der experimentelle Einsatz von Fangpflanzen zur Unterdrückung der Fliegenentwicklung. Unter der Berücksichtigung deutlicher einzelbetrieblicher Unterschiede sind die wichtigsten Ergebnisse der Studie wie folgt zu benennen: (1) Auf Betrieben mit Befall im zurückliegenden Anbaujahr zeigte sich die Distanz zu vorjährigen Möhrenfeldern als der wichtigste Risikofaktor. Das Ausbreitungsverhalten der 1. Generation Möhrenfliege erwies sich zudem als situationsgebunden anpassungsfähig. Fliegensumme und Befall waren jeweils in dem zu Vorjahresflächen nächstgelegen Feld am größten, während jeweils dahinter liegende Möhrenschläge entsprechend weniger Fliegenzahlen und Befall auswiesen. Aus den Ergebnissen wird als vorrangige Verbreitungskapazität der 1. Generation Möhrenfliegen innerhalb von 1000 m abgeleitet. (2) Betriebe mit kontinuierlicher Möhren - Anbaubauperiode (ca. April – Oktober), die langfristig die Entwicklung sowohl der 1. als auch der 2. Generation Fliegen unterstützten, verzeichneten stärkere Fliegenprobleme. Hinsichtlich einer verbesserten Prävention wird empfohlen mit einer strikten räumlichen Trennung früher und später Sätze ein Aufschaukeln zwischen den Generationen zu vermeiden. (3) Der Einfluss der Vegetation ließ sich weniger eindeutig interpretieren. Einzelbetriebliche Hinweise, dass Kleingehölze (Hecken und Bäume) im Radius zwischen aktueller und vorjähriger Möhrenfläche die Befallswahrscheinlichkeit erhöhen, konnten mit einem berechneten Gesamtmaß für die regionale holzige Vegetation nicht bestätigt werden. Der großräumigen holzigen Vegetation wird im Vergleich zur Feldrandvegetation daher beim Befallsgeschehen eine geringe Bedeutung zugeschrieben. (4) Drei Meter (vier Dämme) breiter Möhren – Fangstreifen auf den vorjährigen Möhrenfeldern eignen sich bereits ab dem Keimblattstadium, um erhebliches Befallspotential zu binden. Eine mechanische Entfernung der Fangpflanzen (Grubbern) mitsamt dem Befallspotential erzielte in 2008 eine 100 %-ige Unterdrückung der Möhrenfliegenentwicklung, in 2009 jedoch nur zu maximal 41 %. Als mögliche Synthese der Ergebnisse zur Ausbreitung der Möhrenfliegen im Frühjahr und zur zeitlichen Koinzidenz mit der Möhrenentwicklung wird als Empfehlung diskutiert, mit Hilfe einer angepassten Flächenwahl die Fliegenausbreitung räumlich an frühen Sätzen zu binden, um entsprechend befallsarme Regionen für entfernt liegende späte (empfindlichere) Möhrensätze zu schaffen.

Diversity, local uses and availability of medicinal plants and wild yams in the Mahafaly region of south-western Madagascar

Short summary: This study was undertaken to assess the diversity of plant resources utilized by the local population in south-western Madagascar, the social, ecological and biophysical conditions that drive their uses and availability, and possible alternative strategies for their sustainable use in the region. The study region, ‘Mahafaly region’, located in south-western Madagascar, is one of the country’s most economically, educationally and climatically disadvantaged regions. With an arid steppe climate, the agricultural production is limited by low water availability and a low level of soil nutrients and soil organic carbon. The region comprises the recently extended Tsimanampetsotsa National Park, with numerous sacred and communities forests, which are threatened by slash and burn agriculture and overexploitation of forests resources. The present study analyzed the availability of wild yams and medicinal plants, and their importance for the livelihood of the local population in this region. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted recording the diversity, local knowledge and use of wild yams and medicinal plants utilized by the local communities in five villages in the Mahafaly region. 250 households were randomly selected followed by semi-structured interviews on the socio-economic characteristics of the households. Data allowed us to characterize sociocultural and socioeconomic factors that determine the local use of wild yams and medicinal plants, and to identify their role in the livelihoods of local people. Species-environment relationships and the current spatial distribution of the wild yams were investigated and predicted using ordination methods and a niche based habitat modelling approach. Species response curves along edaphic gradients allowed us to understand the species requirements on habitat conditions. We thus investigated various alternative methods to enhance the wild yam regeneration for their local conservation and their sustainable use in the Mahafaly region. Altogether, six species of wild yams and a total of 214 medicinal plants species from 68 families and 163 genera were identified in the study region. Results of the cluster and discriminant analysis indicated a clear pattern on resource, resulted in two groups of household and characterized by differences in livestock numbers, off-farm activities, agricultural land and harvests. A generalized linear model highlighted that economic factors significantly affect the collection intensity of wild yams, while the use of medicinal plants depends to a higher degree on socio-cultural factors. The gradient analysis on the distribution of the wild yam species revealed a clear pattern for species habitats. Species models based on NPMR (Nonparametric Multiplicative Regression analysis) indicated the importance of vegetation structure, human interventions, and soil characteristics to determine wild yam species distribution. The prediction of the current availability of wild yam resources showed that abundant wild yam resources are scarce and face high harvest intensity. Experiments on yams cultivation revealed that germination of seeds was enhanced by using pre-germination treatments before planting, vegetative regeneration performed better with the upper part of the tubers (corms) rather than the sets of tubers. In-situ regeneration was possible for the upper parts of the wild tubers but the success depended significantly on the type of soil. The use of manure (10-20 t ha¹) increased the yield of the D. alata and D. alatipes by 40%. We thus suggest the promotion of other cultivated varieties of D. alata found regions neighbouring as the Mahafaly Plateau.

Vesper Sparrows and Western Meadowlarks Show a Mixed Response to Cattle Grazing in the Intermountain Region of British Columbia

Livestock grazing in the shortgrass steppe of the Intermountain region of British Columbia is predicted to have significant effects on grassland habitats and their associated ground-nesting bird communities. We tested whether grazed and ungrazed sites could be discriminated on the basis of their vegetation communities, whether the abundance of two ground-nesting bird species, Vesper Sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus) and Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta), differed between grazed and ungrazed sites, and whether vegetation variables found to differ between grazed and ungrazed plots could be used to predict the abundance of the two bird species at a fine scale. Grazed sites were easily distinguishable from a site that had been ungrazed for >30 years based on the structure and composition of their vegetation communities. However, more detailed grazing categories could not be distinguished on the basis of vegetation characteristics. Despite the existence of grazing effects on vegetation structure and composition, we found no consistent differences in abundance of Vesper Sparrows and Western Meadowlarks between the grazed and ungrazed sites. However, there was weak evidence that the abundance of both species was higher at fine-scale plots (100 m radius point count station) with less bare ground and taller vegetation. Bare ground cover was lower on grazed plots, but vegetation was taller on ungrazed plots. Combined, our results suggest that low intensity grazing leads to grassland habitat change with both negative and positive effects on Vesper Sparrows and Western Meadowlarks, resulting in no net change in their broad-scale abundance.

An integrated model of soil-canopy spectral radiances, photosynthesis, fluorescence, temperature and energy balance

This paper presents the model SCOPE (Soil Canopy Observation, Photochemistry and Energy fluxes), which is a vertical (1-D) integrated radiative transfer and energy balance model. The model links visible to thermal infrared radiance spectra (0.4 to 50 μm) as observed above the canopy to the fluxes of water, heat and carbon dioxide, as a function of vegetation structure, and the vertical profiles of temperature. Output of the model is the spectrum of outgoing radiation in the viewing direction and the turbulent heat fluxes, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence. A special routine is dedicated to the calculation of photosynthesis rate and chlorophyll fluorescence at the leaf level as a function of net radiation and leaf temperature. The fluorescence contributions from individual leaves are integrated over the canopy layer to calculate top-of-canopy fluorescence. The calculation of radiative transfer and the energy balance is fully integrated, allowing for feedback between leaf temperatures, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence and radiative fluxes. Leaf temperatures are calculated on the basis of energy balance closure. Model simulations were evaluated against observations reported in the literature and against data collected during field campaigns. These evaluations showed that SCOPE is able to reproduce realistic radiance spectra, directional radiance and energy balance fluxes. The model may be applied for the design of algorithms for the retrieval of evapotranspiration from optical and thermal earth observation data, for validation of existing methods to monitor vegetation functioning, to help interpret canopy fluorescence measurements, and to study the relationships between synoptic observations with diurnally integrated quantities. The model has been implemented in Matlab and has a modular design, thus allowing for great flexibility and scalability.

A sensitivity analysis of soil moisture retrieval from the t-w microwave emission model

The potential of the τ-ω model for retrieving the volumetric moisture content of bare and vegetated soil from dual polarisation passive microwave data acquired at single and multiple angles is tested. Measurement error and several additional sources of uncertainty will affect the theoretical retrieval accuracy. These include uncertainty in the soil temperature, the vegetation structure and consequently its microwave singlescattering albedo, and uncertainty in soil microwave emissivity based on its roughness. To test the effects of these uncertainties for simple homogeneous scenes, we attempt to retrieve soil moisture from a number of simulated microwave brightness temperature datasets generated using the τ-ω model. The uncertainties for each influence are estimated and applied to curves generated for typical scenarios, and an inverse model used to retrieve the soil moisture content, vegetation optical depth and soil temperature. The effect of each influence on the theoretical soil moisture retrieval limit is explored, the likelihood of each sensor configuration meeting user requirements is assessed, and the most effective means of improving moisture retrieval indicated.