How caterpillar-damaged plants protect themselves by attracting parasitic wasps.

Parasitic and predatory arthropods often prevent plants from being severely damaged by killing herbivores as they feed on the plants. Recent studies show that a variety of plants, when injured by herbivores, emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies to the herbivores. It is unlikely that herbivore-damaged plants initiate the production of chemicals solely to attract parasitoids and predators. The signaling role probably evolved secondarily from plant responses that produce toxins and deterrents against herbivores and antibiotics against pathogens. To effectively function as signals for natural enemies, the emitted volatiles should be clearly distinguishable from background odors, specific for prey or host species that feed on the plant, and emitted at times when the natural enemies forage. Our studies on the phenomena of herbivore-induced emissions of volatiles in corn and cotton plants and studies conducted by others indicate that (i) the clarity of the volatile signals is high, as they are unique for herbivore damage, produced in relatively large amounts, and easily distinguishable from background odors; (ii) specificity is limited when different herbivores feed on the same plant species but high as far as odors emitted by different plant species and genotypes are concerned; (iii) the signals are timed so that they are mainly released during the daytime, when natural enemies tend to forage, and they wane slowly after herbivory stops.

Care and operation ... and list of parts ... 120 H.P. "Caterpillar" ...

Mode of access: Internet.

Care and operation of the "caterpillar" ... 75 tractor.

Mode of access: Internet.

Hairy caterpillar pests of crops /

"From the Agricultural journal of India, vol. 1, pt. 3, July 1906."

Diesel fuel release at Caterpillar Proving Grounds, East Peoria, Illinois : Tazewell and Woodford Counties /

On February 18, 2011, Caterpillar Tractor Company, Inc. (CAT) was notified by the Woodford County Emergency Management Agency that residents along Ten Mile Creek had noticed a fuel odor. CAT personnel checked outfalls on the bluff below and the Proving Grounds fuel station and discovered some diesel fuel seeping into a ravine which continues to Ten Mile Creek. An initial investigation around the fueling facility revealed a diesel leak in an underground line that feeds the fuel dispensers. Diesel fuel is used on the Proving Grounds property to power the earth-moving equipment being tested there. At the time the leak was found, CAT began excavating to remove the source and to find the extend of the leak. The fuel had followed a down-hill slope to a ravine on CAT property, ran down the ravine and impacted Ten-Mile Creek (about one-half mile away) with a visible sheen of diesel fuel on top of the water.

Natural history of the salt-marsh caterpillar. ...

Author's presentation copy with manuscript note on page 331.

Operator, organizational, direct support, and general support maintenance manual for tester, fuel injector pump : single end drive, 150 to 3600 RPM (4910-01-037-9417) and adapter kits, fuel injector : American Bosch APE-6BB (4910-01-005-2850), American Bosch PSB-6A and PSB-6 (4910-01-005-2851), American Bosch PSB-12BT (4910-01-005-2852), Simmonds SU (4910-01-005-2853), International Harvester 3200 (4910-01-006-3073), American Bosch PSJ-6A (4910-01-006-3072), Caterpillar (4910-01-005-2854), Roosa Master (4910-01-005-2855), and Cummins (4910-00-763-7495).

Description based on vol. 1.

Unit maintenance repair parts and special tools lists : tractor, full tracked, low speed, heavy drawbar pull, (size T-11), w/angle dozer, winch and rops, Caterpillar model D8K-8A-58 (CCE), NSN 2410-00-574-7597 and w/bulldozer (semi-u-tilt), ripper and rops, Caterpillar model D8K-8S-8 (CCE), NSN 2410-00-574-7598.

Includes indexes.

Operator and organizational maintenance manual : tractor, fulltrack, low speed, diesel engine driven, medium drawbar pull, oscillating track, 78-inch gage, Caterpillar model D-7E, NSN 2410-00-782-1130 w/winch, NSN 2410-00-926-3697 w/ripper.

"January 1975."

Operator's manual : tractor, full tracked, low speed, DED, medium drawbar pull, oscillating track, 78 in.-gage (Caterpillar model D7F) with ripper, FSN 2410-177-7283, with winch, FSN 2410-177-7284.

"12 November 1980"--Change no. 3.

Operator and organizational maintenance manual : tractor, full tracked, diesel driven, air droppable (Caterpillar model D6B), FSN 2410-926-0910.

Includes index.

Direct support and general support maintenance manual : tractor, full tracked, low speed, DED medium drawbar pull, oscillating track, 78-in. gage (Caterpillar model D7F), FSN 2410-177-7283 w/ripper, FSN 2410-177-7284 w/winch.

Includes index.

Organizational maintenance manual : tractor, full-tracked, low speed, DED, medium drawbar pull, oscillating track, 78-in. gage, (Caterpillar model D7F) with ripper, FSN 2410-177-7283 with winch, FSN 2410-177-7284.

Includes index.

Organizational, direct support, and general support maintenance manual : tractor, crawler, low-speed, DED, 16,000 to 24,900 lb. drawbar pull, 60 in. min. gage, segmented, air-transportable, w/mounting kit (Caterpillar models D5A), FSN 2410-142-5283 and FSN 2410-230-2767.

"March 1972."