Prolégomènes a toute métaphysique future quia ura le droit de se présenter comme science : suivis de deux autres fragments du même auteru relatifs à la Critique de la raison pure /

Mode of access: Internet.

Under the Wave at Kanagawa (Kanagawa oki nami ura),; #1, Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (Fugaku sanjUrokkei)

Katsushika Hokusai; 10 in.x 1 ft. 3 in.; woodcut, oban; ink and color on paper

Liikunta ja urheilu kunnan strategisena valintana – Sisällönanalyysi kuntastrategioista

Tässä pro gradu -tutkielmassa selvitetään kuntien strategiatyötä liikunnan ja urheilun näkökulmasta. Tutkimuskohteena ovat voimassa olevat kuntastrategiat. Liikuntalaki (390/2015) ja kuntalaki (410/2015) uudistettiin vuoden 2015 huhtikuussa. Kuntalain 37 pykälässä mainitaan kuntastrategian laatimisesta. Kuntastrategiat ovat kuntaorganisaatioiden toimintaa valtuustokausittain ohjaavia asiakirjoja, joiden pohjalta kunta laatii talousarvion ja -suunnitelman. Liikuntalain mukaan kunnan tehtävänä on luoda liikunnan edellytyksiä paikallistasolla: järjestää liikuntapalveluja, rakentaa ja ylläpitämää liikuntapaikkoja, tukea järjestösektoria sekä kehittää kuntien välistä ja alueellista yhteistyötä. Tutkimuksen viitekehyksenä toimivat uusi institutionalismi, pohdinta instituutiomalleista sekä katsaukset kuntastrategiaprosessiin ja julkisen sektorin liikuntapolitiikkaan. Tutkimusmetodit ovat aineistolähtöinen sisällönanalyysi sekä teoriaohjaava pohdinta. Tutkimus tarkastelee 101 Suomen suurimman kunnan (asukkaita yli 10 000 tammikuussa 2015) kuntastrategioita. Strategioista etsitään kirjaukset liikuntaan ja urheiluun liittyen. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on tuottaa kuvaus kuntien strategiatyöhön liikunnan ja urheilun näkökulmasta. Sisällönanalyysin tuloksena on muodostettu kuusi teemaa, joihin liikunta ja urheilun kuntastrategioiden tavoitteissa yhdistetään. Teemat ovat: 1) terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin edistäminen, 2) osallisuuden ja yhteisöllisyyden lisääminen, 3) vaikuttavat ja laadukkaat kuntapalvelut, 4) kaupungin kuvan, kilpailukyvyn ja vetovoimaisuuden parantaminen, 5) yhteistyön korostaminen sekä 6) lasten, nuorten ja erityisryhmien liikunnan takaaminen. Näiden pääteemojen alla esitellään strategiatekstien kirjauksia. Kuntien strategiatavoitteiden nykytilanne on liikunnan ja urheilun näkökulmasta kirjava. Liikunta tai urheilu mainitaan 66 prosentissa kuntastrategioista. Kokonaisuutena tarkastellen kuntien strategiasisällöt noudattelevat valtionhallinnon linjauksia, mutta yksittäisissä strategioissa liikunta tai urheilu liitetään usein yksipuolisesti teemoihin. Liikunnan ja urheilun tulevaisuuden mahdollisuudet voi nähdä positiivisina, merkityksen nostamiseksi osana kuntien strategista johtamista ja sitä kautta paikan lunastamiseksi osana kuntatoiminnan painopisteitä.

Impacto da desidratação na geração de força de atletas de arco e flecha durante competição Indoor e Outdoor

INTRODUÇÃO: O arco e flecha é um esporte estático que requer força e resistência da parte superior do corpo, sendo que a habilidade do arqueiro é definida pela capacidade de atirar a flecha no alvo em um intervalo de tempo com precisão. A contração muscular gerada durante a execução do gesto esportivo propicia o aumento da temperatura corporal, da oxidação de glicose e da sudorese, podendo esta ser potencializada pelas condições climáticas às quais o atleta é exposto. Todos estes fatores alteram a percepção de esforço e a própria geração de força, impondo um estresse negativo à performance. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar e relacionar o estado de hidratação de atletas de arco e flecha com alterações fisiológicas e de força intervenientes no rendimento competitivo. MÉTODOS: Participaram 11 arqueiros em duas competições distintas (indoor e outdoor). Foram mensurados parâmetros relacionados ao estado de hidratação, glicemia, percepção de esforço subjetivo e alteração na força de preensão palmar. RESULTADOS: Os atletas analisados apresentaram alterações significativas nos parâmetros relacionados ao estado hídrico em diferentes dias, provavelmente relacionadas às condições climáticas adversas na competição outdoor (34ºC e 60% URA) em relação à competição indoor (22ºC e 90% URA). O mesmo não foi observado para a glicemia. CONCLUSÃO: Este trabalho é o primeiro a comprovar a relação direta entre fatores climáticos e de rendimento em arqueiros de alto nível durante evento competitivo, assim como a evidenciar quais métodos não invasivos seriam os mais indicados para a avaliação do impacto destas alterações.

Granulomatous Reactivation during the Course of a Leprosy Infection: Reaction or Relapse

Background: Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infectious disease and is still endemic in many parts of the world. It causes disabilities which are the consequence of nerve damage. This damage is in most cases the result of immunological reactions. Objectives: To investigate the differences between a type 1 leprosy (reversal) reaction and relapse on using histopathology. Methods: The histopathological changes in 167 biopsies from 66 leprosy patients were studied. The patients were selected when their sequential biopsies demonstrated either different patterns or maintained the same pattern of granulomatous reaction over more than two years during or after the treatment of leprosy. Results: In 57 of the patients studied, a reactivation was seen which coincided with a decrease in the bacteriological index (BI), suggesting that this reactivation (reversal reaction or type 1 leprosy reaction) coincides with an effective capacity for bacteriological clearance. In nine patients, an increase of the bacteriologic index (IB) or persistence of solid bacilli occurred during the reactivation, indicating proliferative activity, suggestive of a relapse. The histopathological aspects of the granulomas were similar in both groups. Conclusion: Bacterioscopy provided the only means to differentiate a reversal reaction from a relapse in patients with granulomatous reactivation. The type 1 leprosy reaction may be considered as a part effective immune reconstitution (reversal, upgrading reaction) or as a mere hypersensitivity reaction (downgrading reaction) in a relapse.

Thermal effects in the evolution of initially layered mantle material

A simplified model for anisotropic mantle convection based on a novel class of rheologies, originally developed for folding instabilities in multilayered rock (MUHLHAUS et al., 2002), is extended ¨ through the introduction of a thermal anisotropy dependent on the local layering. To examine the effect of the thermal anisotropy on the evolution of mantle material, a parallel implementation of this model was undertaken using the Escript modelling toolkit and the Finley finite-element computational kernel (DAVIES et al., 2004). For the cases studied, there appears too little if any effect. For comparative purposes, the effects of anisotropic shear viscosity and the introduced thermal anisotropy are also presented. These results contribute to the characterization of viscous anisotropic mantle convection subject to variation in thermal conductivities and shear viscosities.

Infectious diseases in paediatric pathology: experience from a developing country

Infectious and parasitic diseases have always challenged man. Although many of them are typically seen in some areas of the world and can be adequately managed by just improving socioeconomic status and sanitary conditions, they are still quite prevalent and may sometimes be seen outside their original geographical areas. Human migration due to different reasons, tourism, blood transfusion and solid organ transplantation has created new concerns for health professionals all over the world. If not for diagnostic purposes, at least these tropical and infectious diseases should be largely known because their epidemiology, pathogenesis, host/parasite interaction, inflammatory and reparative responses are quite interesting and teach us about human biology. Curiosity is inherent to pathology practice and so we are compelled to look for things other than tumours or degenerative diseases. This review focuses on infectious and parasitic diseases found in a developing country and brings up-to-date information on diseases caused by viruses (dengue, yellow fever), bacteria (typhoid fever, leprosy), parasites (Chagas` disease, cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, Capillaria hepatica, schistosomiasis, cysticercosis) and caused by fungi (paracoccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis) that may be useful for pathologists when facing somewhat strange cases from developing countries.

Stress correlation function evolution in lattice solid elasto-dynamic models of shear and fracture zones and earthquake prediction

It has been argued that power-law time-to-failure fits for cumulative Benioff strain and an evolution in size-frequency statistics in the lead-up to large earthquakes are evidence that the crust behaves as a Critical Point (CP) system. If so, intermediate-term earthquake prediction is possible. However, this hypothesis has not been proven. If the crust does behave as a CP system, stress correlation lengths should grow in the lead-up to large events through the action of small to moderate ruptures and drop sharply once a large event occurs. However this evolution in stress correlation lengths cannot be observed directly. Here we show, using the lattice solid model to describe discontinuous elasto-dynamic systems subjected to shear and compression, that it is for possible correlation lengths to exhibit CP-type evolution. In the case of a granular system subjected to shear, this evolution occurs in the lead-up to the largest event and is accompanied by an increasing rate of moderate-sized events and power-law acceleration of Benioff strain release. In the case of an intact sample system subjected to compression, the evolution occurs only after a mature fracture system has developed. The results support the existence of a physical mechanism for intermediate-term earthquake forecasting and suggest this mechanism is fault-system dependent. This offers an explanation of why accelerating Benioff strain release is not observed prior to all large earthquakes. The results prove the existence of an underlying evolution in discontinuous elasto-dynamic, systems which is capable of providing a basis for forecasting catastrophic failure and earthquakes.