基于叶绿体DNA trnL-F序列研究肋果沙棘的谱系地理学

由于青藏高原的地理效应,第四纪冰期气候的反复变化应对现今该地区生物的地理分布及其居群遗传结构产生重大影响。肋果沙棘Hippophae neurocarpa是青藏高原地区的一个特有种,根据叶上的附属物（星状鳞毛或者鳞片状鳞毛）分为两个亚种：肋果沙棘亚种subsp.neurocarpa和密毛肋果沙棘亚种subsp.stellatopilosa。依据母系遗传的叶绿体DNA片段对该物种谱系地理学进行研究不仅能阐明该物种冰期避难所,而且对于理解两个亚种的母系分化也具有重要意义。共对两个亚种14居群的70个个体的trnL-F序列进行了测序,共发现8种单倍型,其中5种单倍型出现在肋果沙棘亚种中,4种出现在密毛肋果沙棘亚种中,两个亚种共享一种单倍型。种内谱系分化与两个亚种形态上的分化不一致。嵌套进化分支把8种单倍型分为三支：一支为肋果沙棘亚种,其他两支中两个亚种单倍型嵌套组成,且肋果沙棘亚种处于进化末端。我们的研究结果还表明肋果沙棘在冰期可能在高海拔地区存在多个避难所,并且存在来自避难所的邻域扩张。

基于叶绿体DNA trnT-trnF序列研究祁连圆柏的谱系地理学

由于青藏高原的地貌效应,第四纪冰期气候的反复变化应对现今该地区生物的地理分布及其居群遗传结构产生重大影响.本文对这一地区特有分布物种祁连圆柏Juniperus przewalskii Kom.整个分布区内20居群392个个体的trnT-trnF序列变化进行了研究;共发现3种单倍型(haplotype),构成两种地理区域:高原台面上的居群主要固定HapA,而HapA、HapB和HapC在高原边缘居群均有分布.所有居群总的遗传多样性HT=0.511,GST=0.847.在低海拔的高原边缘,Hap A、Hap B和Hap C高频率固定在不同的居群中,表明可能存在多个不同的避难所,居群反复缩小和扩张的瓶颈效应造成了遗传多样性的丢失.而边缘的一个居群含有两种相似单倍型频率则可能是冰期后迁移融合而成或者该居群在冰期经受的瓶颈作用更弱.高原台面东部间断分布的居群只固定Hap A,表明它们可能经历了冰期后共同的回迁过程和由此产生的奠基者效应.我们的研究结果表明祁连圆柏在冰期可能存在多个避难所,瓶颈效应和奠基者效应造成了这些居群现在的遗传多样性分布式样.

Molecular phylogeny, recent radiation and evolution of gross morphology of the rhubarb genus Rheum (Polygonaceae) inferred from chloroplast DNA trnL-F sequences

Background and Aims Rheum, a highly diversified genus with about 60 species, is mainly confined to the mountainous and desert regions of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau and adjacent areas. This genus represents a good example of the extensive diversification of the temperate genera in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, in which the forces to drive diversification remain unknown. To date, the infrageneric classification of Rheum has been mainly based on morphological characters. However, it may have been subject to convergent evolution under habitat pressure, and the systematic position of some sections are unclear, especially Sect. Globulosa, which has globular inflorescences, and Sect. Nobilia, which has semi-translucent bracts. Recent palynological research has found substantial contradictions between exine patterns and the current classification of Rheum. Two specific objectives of this research were (1) to evaluate possible relationships of some ambiguous sections with a unique morphology, and (2) to examine possible occurrence of the radiative speciation with low genetic divergence across the total genus and the correlation between the extensive diversification time of Rheum and past geographical events, especially the recent large-scale uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Methods The chloroplast DNA trnL-F region of 29 individuals representing 26 species of Rheum, belonging to seven out of eight sections, was sequenced and compared. The phylogenetic relationships were further constructed based on the sequences obtained.Key Results Despite the highly diversified morphology, the genetic variation in this DNA fragment is relatively low. The molecular phylogeny is highly inconsistent with gross morphology, pollen exine patterns and traditional classifications, except for identifying all samples of Sect. Palmata, three species of Sect. Spiciformia and a few species of Sect. Rheum as corresponding monophyletic groups. The monotypic Sect. Globulosa showed a tentative position within the clade comprising five species of Sect. Rheum. All of the analyses revealed the paraphyly of R. nobile and R. alexandrae, the only two species of Sect. Nobilia circumscribed by the possession of large bracts. The crude calibration of lineages based on trnL-F sequence differentiation implied an extensive diversification of Rheum within approx. 7 million years.Conclusions Based on these results, it is suggested that the rich geological and ecological diversity caused by the recent large-scale uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau since the late Tertiary, coupled with the oscillating climate of the Quaternary stage, might have promoted rapid speciation in small and isolated populations, as well as allowing the fixation of unique or rare morphological characters in Rheum. Such a rapid radiation, combined with introgressive hybridization and reticulate evolution, may have caused the transfer of cpDNA haplotypes between morphologically dissimilar species, and might account for the inconsistency between morphological classification and molecular phylogeny reported here.

Phylogenetic analyses of Saussurea sect. Pseudoeriocoryne (Asteraceae : Cardueae) based on chloroplast DNA trnL-F sequences

The genus Saussurea is distributed mainly in the temperate and subarctic regions of Eurasia and consists of about 300 species classified into six subgenera and 20 sections. Sect. Pseudoeriocoryne in the subgenus Eriocoryne comprises four species, and is delimited mainly by acaulescence and an inflorescence with congested capitula surrounded by a rosette of leaves. All of these species are endemic to the and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Sequences from the chloroplast DNA trnL-F region were obtained for the four species in this section and 26 other species from four subgenera of Saussurea to resolve phylogenetic relationships among these species and to determine whether the shared characters that define sect. Pseudoeriocoryne are synapomorphic or were acquired by convergent evolution. The resulting phylogenies indicated that Saussurea sect. Pseudoeriocoryne as traditionally defined does not constitute a monophyletic group and that each of its species belongs to separate clades. Furthermore, none of these species showed a close relationship with the other species of subgenus Eriocoryne. Our results further indicated that none of the investigated subgenera are monophyletic, and that species from different subgenera clustered together. All these conclusions are provisional and their confirmation would require stronger phylogenetic support. Two possible explanations are suggested for low sequence divergence, poor resolution of internal clades and clustering of species with the rather distinct morphology of Saussurea detected in the present study. The first is rapid radiation and diversification triggered by fast habitat fragmentation due to the recent lifting of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Quaternary climate oscillations. This could have led to rapid morphological divergence while sequences diverged very little, and also caused the convergent acquisition of similar characteristics in unrelated lineages due to similar selection pressures. The second possible explanation is that both introgressive hybridization and reticulate evolution might have caused the transferring of cpDNA sequences between morphologically dissimilar species, thus leading to homogenization of sequences between lineages. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A phylogenetic reappraisal of the Peltophorum group (Caesalpinieae: Leguminosae) based on the chloroplast trnL-F, rbcL and rps16 sequence data

The monophyly of the Peltophorum group, one of nine informal groups recognized by Polhill in the Caesalpinieae, was tested using sequence data from the trnL-F, rbcL, and rps16 regions of the chloroplast genome. Exemplars were included from all 16 genera of the Peltophorum group, and from 15 genera representing seven of the other eight informal groups in the tribe. The data were analyzed separately and in combined analyses using parsimony and Bayesian methods. The analysis method had little effect on the topology of well-supported relationships. The molecular data recovered a generally well-supported phylogeny with many intergeneric relationships resolved. Results show that the Peltophorum group as currently delimited is polyphyletic, but that eight genera plus one undescribed genus form a core Peltophorum group, which is referred to here as the Peltophorum group sensu stricto. These genera are Bussea, Conzattia, Colvillea, Delonix, Heteroflorum (inedit.), Lemuropisum, Parkinsonia, Peltophorum, and Schizolobium. The remaining eight genera of the Peltophorum group s.l. are distributed across the Caesalpinieae. Morphological support for the redelimited Peltophorum group and the other recovered clades was assessed, and no unique synapomorphy was found for the Peltophorum group s.s. A proposal for the reclassification of the Peltophorum group s.l. is presented.

Mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA-based phylogeny of Pelargonium (Geraniaceae)

Overall phylogenetic relationships within the genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) were inferred based on DNA sequences from mitochondrial(mt)-encoded nad1 b/c exons and from chloroplast(cp)-encoded trnL (UAA) 5' exon-trnF (GAA) exon regions using two species of Geranium and Sarcocaulon vanderetiae as outgroups. The group II intron between nad1 exons b and c was found to be absent from the Pelargonium, Geranium, and Sarcocaulon sequences presented here as well as from Erodium, which is the first recorded loss of this intron in angiosperms. Separate phylogenetic analyses of the mtDNA and cpDNA data sets produced largely congruent topologies, indicating linkage between mitochondrial and chloroplast genome inheritance. Simultaneous analysis of the combined data sets yielded a well-resolved topology with high clade support exhibiting a basic split into small and large chromosome species, the first group containing two lineages and the latter three. One large chromosome lineage (x = 11) comprises species from sections Myrrhidium and Chorisma and is sister to a lineage comprising P. mutans (x = 11) and species from section Jenkinsonia (x = 9). Sister to these two lineages is a lineage comprising species from sections Ciconium (x = 9) and Subsucculentia (x = 10). Cladistic evaluation of this pattern suggests that x = 11 is the ancestral basic chromosome number for the genus.

Phylogenetic relationships withinPelargonium sect. Peristera (Geraniaceae) inferred from nrDNA and cpDNA sequence comparisons

Phylogenetic analysis of nrDNA ITS and trnL (UAA) 5′ exon-trnF (GAA) chloroplast DNA sequences from 17 species ofPelargonium sect.Peristera, together with nine putative outgroups, suggests paraphyly for the section and a close relationship between the highly disjunct South African and Australian species of sect.Peristera. Representatives fromPelargonium sectt.Reniformia, Ligularia s. l. andIsopetalum (the St. Helena endemicP. cotyledonis) appear to be nested within thePeristera clade. The close relationship between the South African and AustralianPeristera is interpreted as being caused by long-range dispersal to Australia, probably as recent as the late Pliocene.

Phylogeny of South American Pogonieae (Orchidaceae, Vanilloideae) based on sequences of nuclear ribosomal (ITS) and chloroplast (psaB, rbcL, rps16, and trnL-F) DNA, with emphasis on Cleistes and discussion of biogeographic implications

Tribe Pogonieae (Orchidaceae), as Currently known, comprises live genera distributed from South to North America and Eastern Asia. Phylogenetic inferences within Cleistes and among genera of tribe Pogonieae were made based oil nrDNA (ITS) and cpDNA (trnL-F, rps16, rbcL, and psaB) Sequence data and maximum parsimony. Eighteen species of Cleistes, members of all other genera of Pogonieae, and outgroups were sampled. Analyses based oil individual DNA regions provided similar topologies. All evidence indicates that Cleistes is paraphyletic. The North American C. divaricata and C bifaria are more closely related to the temperate genera Isotria and Pogonia than to their Central and South American congeners, the latter Constituting a monophyletic group characterized by the production of nectar as reward, tuberous roots, and their distribution in Central and South America. The Amazonian Duckeella is sister to the remainder of Pogonieae. Taxonomic and biogeographic implications are discussed, and morphological synapomorphies are given For clades obtained in the inferred molecular phylogeny. (C) 2008 Gesellschaft fur Biologische Systematik. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

On the systematic position of some Asian enigmatic genera of Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae)

The phylogenetic structure of Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae) has been elucidated at the tribal and subtribal levels in the last two decades. However, to date, the systematic positions of seven Asian genera, Cosmostigma, Graphistemma, Holostemma, Pentasachme, Raphistemma, Seshagiria and Treutlera, have not been investigated. In this study, we examine the evolutionary relationships among these seven small enigmatic Asian genera and clarify their positions in Asclepiadoideae, using a combination of plastid sequences of rbcL, rps16, trnL and trnL- F regions. Cosmostigma and Treutlera are resolved as members of the non-Hoya clade of Marsdenieae with strong support (maximum parsimony bootstrap support value BSMP = 96, maximum likelihood bootstrap support value BSML = 98, Bayesian-inferred posterior probability PP = 1.0). Pentasachme is resolved as sister of Stapeliinae to Ceropegieae with moderate support (BSMP = 64, BSML = 66, PP = 0.94). Graphistemma, Holostemma, Raphistemma and Seshagiria are all nested in the Asclepiadeae-Cynanchinae clade (BSMP = 97, BSML = 100, PP = 1.0). The study confirms the generally accepted tribal and subtribal structure of the subfamily. One exception is Eustegia minuta, which is placed here as sister to all Asclepiadeae (BSMP = 58, BSML = 76, PP = 0.99) and not as sister to the Marsdenieae + Ceropegieae clade. The weak support and conflicting position indicate the need for a placement of Eustegia as an independent tribe. In Asclepiadeae, a sister group position of Cynanchinae to the Asclepiadinae + Tylophorinae clade is favoured (BSMP = 84, BSML = 88, PP = 1.0), whereas Schizostephanus is retrieved as unresolved. Oxystelma appears as an early-branching member of Asclepiadinae with weak support (BSMP = 52, BSML = 74, PP = 0.69). Calciphila and Solenostemma are also associated with Asclepiadinae with weak support (BSMP = 37, BSML = 45, PP = 0.79), but all alternative positions are essentially without support. The position of Indian Asclepiadoideae in the family phylogeny is discussed. (c) 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 174, 601-619.

Generic identity of Camptorrhiza indica (Colchicaceae) based on cytogenetics and molecular phylogenetics

The tribe Iphigenieae (Colchicaceace, Liliales) includes two genera, viz. Camptorrhiza and Iphigenia, which are distributed in Africa, India, and Australasia. Iphigenia is represented by 12 species, of which six occur in India while Camptorrhiza comprises one species each in Africa (C. strumosa) and India (C. indica). The genus Camptorrhiza possesses a knee-shaped tuber attached to the corms, filaments with a thick bulge in the middle and styles with single stigma. Iphigenia on the other hand lacks knee-shaped tuber, bears linear filaments and has styles with three stigmas. Camptorrhiza indica possesses ovoid corms, linear filaments and styles with a single stigma. These characters are intermediate between Iphigenia and Camptorrhiza and hence we studied the cytogenetics and phylogenetic placement of this species to ascertain its generic identity. Somatic chromosome count (2n = 22) and karyotypic features of C. indica are very similar to that of Iphigenia species. Molecular phylogenetic studies based on atpB-rbcL, rps16, trnL, and trnL-F regions showed that C. indica is nested within a lineage of Indian Iphigenia species. Thus, C. indica was reduced to a species of Iphigenia, i.e., I. ratnagirica. Camptorrhiza is now a monotypic genus restricted only to southern Africa. A key to the Indian Iphigenia species is provided. In addition, a new combination Wurmbea novae-zelandiae is proposed for Iphigenia novae-zelandiae.

An Improved molecular tool for distinguishing monoecious and dioedious Hydrilla

Two biotypes of hydrilla [Hydrilla verticillata(L.f.) Royle] occur in the United States, a dioecious type centered in the southeast and a monoecious type in the central Atlantic and northeastern states. Ecosystem managers need tools to distinguish the types as the ranges of each type expand and begin to overlap. A molecular tool using the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) procedure is available but its use is limited by a need for reference samples. We describe an alternative molecular tool which uses “universal primers” to sequence the trnL intron and trnL-F intergenic spacer of the chloroplast genome. This sequence yields three differences between the biotypes (two gaps and one single nucleotide polymorphism). A primer has been designed which ends in a gap that shows up only in the dioecious plant. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using this primer produces a product for the monoecious but not the dioecious plant.

五味子属的花发育形态学和系统学-兼论五味子科的演化

五味子属隶属于木兰亚纲八角目五味子科，全属共15种，呈东亚一北美间断分布，东亚是其分布中心。五味子科因花部器官数目多而不定，螺旋状排列等特征，被确认为原始多心皮类的一员，与八角科、木兰科、Winteraceae等有亲缘关系。同时，因为它具有一些特化的性状，如具3沟或异极6沟型花粉、花单性，而常被视为木兰亚纲中进化水平较高的类群。然而，近年来分子系统学的研究结果显示，五味子科是被子植物最基部的分支之一。这使得该科成为解决原始被子植物起源与演化问题的重要类群之一，而倍受关注。中国是五味子属植物分布最集中的地区，有着得天独厚的资源优势。在论述了该属研究现状和存在问题的基础上，作者重点从花发育形态学和分子系统学，对该类群进行了较为深入的研究，发现了一些重要的新的性状，为该类群的系统发育分析提供了有力的证据。 1. 借助于扫描电镜，对全属成熟雄花的6种变异类型的代表种，进行了全面细致的花形态建成的观察和分析。首次发现该属雄花形态建成的式样有3类，并分别将之命名为柱托型、平托型和球托型，它们的主要特征如下：柱托型在花发育的全过程里，花托部分保持柱状，雄蕊始终螺旋状排列;平托型的花原端在分化出雄蕊原基后，向上的生长减弱而侧向的生长增强，最终形成扁平五边形的花托，雄蕊先螺旋状排列后轮状排列：球托型的雄蕊原基仍是螺旋状向顶发生，但与此同时，雄花花托部分球形膨大，并逐渐在雄蕊着生处产生浅凹和孔穴。显然，这3种式样在花形态发生的早前期相一致，而在雄蕊原基萌动后并开始分化时，它们之间发生分异，导致成熟雄花的形态显著不同。作者认为，雄花形态式样反映了五味子属系统发育的渊源，柱托型是原始类型，平托型和球托型是衍生类型，它们可能在系统发育的较早期就已分异，各自朝不同的方向演化。根据这一新的证据，将五味子属分成3亚属：大花五味子亚属、五味子亚属和团蕊五味子亚属。它们雄花的形态发生式样分别为柱托型、平托型和球托型。还发现在雄花的形态发生同为柱托型的类群中，大花五味子群和少蕊五味子群的雄蕊在成熟时，药室由初始时位于药隔两侧的位置逐渐外转至药隔的背面或侧背面，造成开裂时呈外向或外侧向纵裂：而华中五味子群的雄蕊成熟后，药室仍位于药隔的两侧面，呈侧向纵裂。 南五味子属是五味子属最近缘的类群，以南五味子为代表种，进行了雄花形态发生的研究，该种雄花的形态建成式样属于柱托型，但又不同于五味子属的柱托型，其主要的区别表现在南五味子的雄蕊在成熟时变成轮状排列，该特征使它似乎界于大花五味子群和五味子群之间，呈过渡类型。因而，对于传统分类学中，依据果实的形态将五味子科划分为五味子属和南五味子属，需要重新审视。 2. 根据对花形态发生的观察和分析，文章提出五味子属中雄花形态发生式样为柱托型的大花五味子亚属是最原始的类群，而具平托型和球托型式样的类群演化程度都相对较高。五味子属雄花的演化趋势主要表现在花托从柱状向扁平状和球状演化：雄蕊数目由多数变为少数并最终向定数演化：雄蕊群由螺旋状排列向轮状排列演化。有性生殖过程中的传粉习性可能是导致五味子属雄花形态产生变异的原因。在白垩纪，鞘翅目昆虫仍是最主要的传粉媒介，它们在起到传粉作用的同时，也对植物的花器官造成严重损害。五味子属植物的祖先类群为了适应这种传粉习性，采取了不同的策略。雄花花托柱状，雄蕊螺旋状排列的类群，以多数雄蕊保证传粉得以完成：而在雄蕊数目少的类群中，则补偿性地增大花器官的营养组织部分，达到保护花药的目的。 关于五味子属植物单性花的性质，常被认为是较进化的性状。本研究结果显示，雄花中未出现雌性部分的残存，雌花中也未出现雄性部分的痕迹。因此，在形态上，五味子属表现出完全单性的特征。作者认为，五味子属的单性花性质不同于由两性花退化所形成的单性花，它可能反映了被子植物祖先类群花的另一种演化路线。 另外，作者通过对五味子属雌花形态发生的研究，比较和分析了诸多原始被子植物类群心皮的形态及其发生过程，赞成Endress认为离生多心皮类中既有对折心皮，也有囊状心皮，它们在原始类群中并存的观点。五味子属植物雌花的形态较一致，心皮在原基腹面基部的活动不明显，成熟心皮具明显的腹缝，腹缝两侧形成柱头脊，在类型上属于对折型心皮，体现了该属的原始性。 3. 作者选取了核基因组的rrs区和叶绿体基因组的trnL-F区，对五昧子属的10个种(代表了全部雄花类型)和南五味子属的4个种(分属2个组)以及作为外类群的华中八角，首次进行了序列分析。结果表明，从代表不同基因组的两个片段得到的分支图非常一致，都显示出：a) 五味子属的类群分别聚在3个不同的支上，并且这3个支完全对应于花形态发生的3种式样：b) 南五味子属的成员与五味子群聚在一起并得到Bootstrap分析很高的支持率，说明它们可能是单系的。该结果支持基于花形态发生研究所得到的结论。作者认为过去的分类中，将五味子属和南五味子属分割成两个属可能是不妥当的，值得深入研究。 4. 通过花发育形态学和分子系统学的研究，结合其它方面的资料，作者认为传统分类依据果实形态划分成的五味子属和南五味子属，可能都不是严格的单系类群。南五味子属的类群与五味子属中雄花花托为扁平五边形的类群显示出有很强的相关性。将两个属共同处理，分为3个亚属，似较适宜。由于尚需对南五味子属扩大取样研究，目前暂不对它进行处理。本文仅对传统意义上的五味子属的系统处理如下： 五味子属Schisandra Michx． 亚属1大花五味子亚属 Subgen.1 Pleiostema (Smith)Law 组1大花五味子组 Sect.1 PleiostemaSmith 组2华中五味子组 Sec.2 Sinoschisandra(Law)Liu 组3少蕊五味子组 Secc.3 Maximowiczia(Rupr.)Nakai 亚属2五味子亚属 Subgen.2 Schismxtm 亚属3团蕊五味子亚属 Subgen.3 Sphaerostema(Bl.)Law 5. 五味子科(或包括南五味子属在内的广义五味子属)现代分布格局显示，中国华中、华东和西南至印度支那北部的地域是该类群的多样性中心，而在整个分布区的外围，则零星散布着一些演化水平较高的类群。因此，五味子科很可能是在东亚大陆起源、分化后，往四周扩散。通过白令陆桥或欧美大陆到达北美：受第四纪冰川影响，形成东亚一北美间断分布。在东喜马拉雅、印度尼西亚的分布也都是扩散的结果。

金粟兰属的系统学研究

本文在形态学、解剖学、孢粉学、细胞学和分子系统学研究的基础上，对金粟兰属进行了世界性的专著性研究。主要内容包括： 1. 形态学 在标本室研究和野外考察的基础上，对金粟兰属植物形态性状的变异式样及其分类学意义进行了分析，发现习性、雄蕊的颜色和形状、花柱的有无等性状在种内稳定，是比较可靠的分类学性状。通过查阅模式，发现湖北金粟兰和多穗金粟兰是宽叶金粟兰生长发育的后期阶段，单穗金粟兰和安徽金粟兰是及己生长发育的后期阶段;认为菲律宾金粟兰、轮叶金粟兰和台湾及己与台湾金粟兰是同种植物，全缘金粟兰、石棉金粟兰和毛脉金粟兰与网脉金粟兰是同种植物：推测天目山金粟兰是依据及己的畸形植株发表的。最后，认为金粟兰属在全世界仅有10种植物，即鱼子兰、金粟兰、及己、宽叶金粟兰、华南金粟兰、台湾金粟兰、狭叶金粟兰、丝穗金粟兰、网脉金粟兰和银线草。 2. 解剖学 通过对金粟兰科4属16种植物的叶表皮特征的观察，发现叶表皮性状，尤其是气孔器的类型对于理解该科的属间和种间关系有重要意义。环列型气孔器可能是联系Ascarina与草珊瑚属和金粟兰属的关键性状;根据气孔器的类型，金粟兰属的10种植物可以分为两类：第一类包括鱼子兰、金粟兰、及己、宽叶金粟兰、华南金粟兰和台湾金粟兰，其叶片下表皮的气孔器以平列型为主;第二类包括狭叶金粟兰、丝穗金粟兰、网脉金粟兰和银线草，其叶片中的气孔器以侧列型为主。显然，叶表皮性状不支持前人依据习性对该属所作的划分，但与基于雄蕊形态的划分基本吻合。 3. 孢粉学 在扫描电镜下对金粟兰属植物的花粉进行了观察，发现花粉性状在属内比较一致，对于探讨属内种间关系意义不大。 4. 细胞学 对金粟兰科11种植物进行了细胞学研究，首次报道了5种植物的染色体数目和核型，并首次在金粟兰属发现了六倍体。核型分析的结果表明，草珊瑚属与金粟兰属在间期核形态、前期染色体形态和中期染色体形态上均存在明显差异，因而将它们分开的处理是完全正确的：在金粟兰属，根据前4对(四倍体种丝穗金粟兰的前8对)染色体的形态，已有核型资料的八个种可以分为两类：在狭叶金粟兰、丝穗金粟兰、网脉金粟兰和银线草中，这些染色体全部为具中部着丝粒染色体;而在鱼子兰、金粟兰、及己和华南金粟兰中，这些染色体为各种类型。 5. 分子系统学 首次对金粟兰属植物ITS区和trnL-F区序列进行了测定。在ITS、trnL-F分开处理以及将二者结合起来构建的系统树中，金粟兰属的10种植物均被分为两支：一支由狭叶金粟兰、丝穗金粟兰、网脉金粟兰和银线草组成，另一支由鱼子兰、金粟兰、及己、宽叶金粟兰、华南金粟兰和台湾金粟兰组成。 6. 金粟兰属的属下分类系统 从上研究结果可以看出，叶表皮、细胞学和分子资料均不支持前人依据习性对金粟兰属的划分，但支持前人依据雄蕊形态的划分。因此，本文把金粟兰属分为两个亚属，即金粟兰亚属和银线草亚属;金粟兰亚属又分为两个组，其中金粟兰亚组包括鱼子兰和金粟兰，及己组包括华南金粟兰和台湾金粟兰;银线草亚属包括狭叶金粟兰、丝穗金粟兰、网脉金粟兰和银线草。 7. 属的系统位置 综合已有的各方面的资料，对金粟兰科的属间关系进行了评价，认为草珊瑚属与金粟兰属关系最近，Ascarina是二者的姊妹群，雪香兰属是上述三属的姊妹群。

茄科天仙子族：结构、分化和系统关系

本文研究了茄科天仙子族7属以及有亲缘关系的颠茄属、茄参属和枸杞属的形态学、解剖学、孢粉学、种子形态学、胚胎学、花器官发生、分子系统学和分支系统学;论述了它们的结构、分化和系统关系。主要内容包括： 1．解剖学 在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下，观察了茄科天仙子族(Hyoscyameae)7属21种及邻近4属4种共25种植物的叶表皮特征，结果表明：气孔器在各种植物的上、下的表皮均有分布，多为无规则型，也有不等细胞型;叶表皮细胞形状有不规则形、十字形、近长圆形和不规则多边形，垂周壁较平直或各种波状。叶表皮气孔器外拱盖内缘近平滑、浅波状或波状;角质膜多为具条纹，也有同时具条纹和颗粒或鳞片，偶尔仅具颗粒和鳞片或光滑。气孔器类型可以作为区分部分属的依据之一。颠茄叶表皮细胞形状和垂周壁式样在一些属和种中有一定的规律性，并与外部形态、孢粉学性状或地理分布相关;叶片表面角质膜的特征对属和种的划分也有一定意义。 2．种子形态学 在扫描电子显微镜下首次全面研究了天仙子族及颠茄属和茄参属等共10属25种植物的种子形态学特征，结果表明： 该族植物种子表面纹饰有脑纹状或近脑纹状和网状两大类，除了山莨菪属Anisodus和Hyoscyamus.pusillus 外，其余类群均为网状。外种皮细胞形状和周壁式样有两大类，一类为多边形至近圆形，等径，周壁近平直，另一类为形状不规则，常不等径，周壁为各式波状;外种皮细胞周壁内侧有皱波状、瘤状、小颗粒、片状或小刺等各式附属物。各属植物的种子大小、形状及种脐着生位置的系统学意义不大。但是，种脐突出与否、种子外种皮细胞形状和周壁式样，尤其是周壁内侧附属物等性状具有较大的分类学意义。 3．孢粉学 在扫描电镜下研究了该族7属及其它3属共10属23种植物的花粉形态学特征。结果表明：天仙子族的花粉粒形状为球形、近球形、扁球形和长球形;萌发孔类型有无萌发孔、不规则的拟孔、3沟、4 沟、3- 4沟、散沟和3孔沟;外壁纹饰为小刺状、瘤状、各式条纹状、条纹-穴状、条纹-网状、皱波状、细网状和网状。沟膜近光滑、具小颗粒、具小刺状突起或具瘤状突起。各属植物的花粉形态在萌发孔的有无、萌发孔的类型和外壁纹饰等方面有较大的差异，可以作为探讨属间分类和系统关系的重要依据。天仙子族植物花粉萌发孔的演化趋势为：无萌发孔→ 3、4沟→3孔沟。无萌发孔的山莨菪属是原始类群，三孔沟的马尿泡和天仙子等属是进化类群。 4．胚胎学 本论文首次研究了天仙子族山莨菪Anisodus tanguticus的胚胎学特征，结果表明：山莨菪的小孢子形成为同时型，腺质绒毡层;胚珠半倒生，单珠被，薄珠心;蓼型胚囊;其胚胎发生类型可能为茄型;胚乳形成为细胞型。山莨菪的胚胎学性状与马尿泡十分相似。胚胎学证据支持山莨菪属与马尿泡属关系密切的观点。 5．花器官发生 首次全面研究了天仙子族的山莨菪属（山莨菪）、马尿泡属（马尿泡）、天仙子属（天仙子）及其邻近2属共5种植物的花器官发生特征，结果表明：山莨菪和天仙子的5个花萼裂片原基突起最早发生，且几乎是近同时环状发生，其排列方式从花发育早期直至花成熟后始终为轮状排列。而马尿泡和颠茄首先是5个花萼裂片原基突起依次螺旋状发生，但在其5个花萼裂片原基都出现后，其排列方式仍为轮状排列。不同之处是：马尿泡的花萼裂片原基在其花冠裂片原基刚刚不明显地发生时，就已经在基部联合并形成了一个环，而颠茄的花萼裂片原基直到雄蕊原基突起开始发生并较明显时，花萼裂片原基仍然是分离的，当花顶的中央开始出现很不明显的雌蕊原基的凹陷时，花萼裂片原基才开始联合。青海茄参与其它4种植物的不同之处在于柱头2裂或3裂，而后4者的柱头均为2裂。花器官发生的特征表明马尿泡与天仙子和山莨菪的关系较近。 6．基于叶绿体DNA trnL-F序列和核糖体DNA ITS序列的初步分析 以宁夏枸杞作为外类群，对代表天仙子族及其邻近3属的10种植物的ITS区和trnL-F序列进行了测定，将这两个序列结合构建系统树。将gaps作为fifth base处理时，马尿泡属和茄参属构成最基部的一支，赛莨菪属和天仙子属构成一支然后与泡囊草属构成姐妹群，另外一支由天蓬子属、颠茄属和山莨菪属组成，其中天蓬子属与颠茄属构成一支后与山莨菪属构成姐妹群。分子证据只是一个尝试，还不足以说明天仙子族各属的系统关系。 7．分支分析 以枸杞属为外类群，基于形态学、叶表皮、种子形态学、孢粉学等特征对天仙子族7属及颠茄属和茄参属进行了分支分析。结果表明：目前公认的天仙子族7属构成一个单系类群，而颠茄属和茄参属并没有包括在内，它们两者构成一支，并与天仙子族形成姐妹群的关系。这与该族传统的分类结果相一致。 8．天仙子族的分化和系统关系 基于上述研究结果，结合天仙子族各属的现代地理分布，讨论了各属的分化和系统关系。认为根据传统分类包括有7个属的天仙子族是一个自然的单系类群，目前还没有足够的证据说明是否应该将颠茄属和茄参属放在天仙子族中。

绣球族的系统学研究

绣球科绣球族包含9属：草绣球属、叉叶蓝属、Broussaisia、常山属、绣球属、蛛网萼属、赤壁木属、冠盖藤属和钻地风属。到目前为止，绣球族内的属间关系还不清楚，族内的系统发育关系还有争论。本研究的目的是在前人研究的基础上，进一步发现新的系统学性状，为绣球族乃至绣球科补充新的证据;并综合多学科的研究结果进行分析，探讨绣球族的系统学关系。 本文研究了绣球族的外部形态学、花发育形态学、解剖学、分子系统学和分支系统学。 主要内容包括： 1. 形态学 通过标本室研究和野外观察，对绣球族植物的形态分化进行了分析。发现习性、地上茎的生存期限、花冠卷叠式、花瓣联合与否、花柱的联合程度、雄蕊的数目及排列具有系统学价值;放射花和果实是很好的分类性状，但并非可靠的系统学性状。 2. 花发育形态学 在扫描电子显微镜下，研究了绣球族常山属、绣球属、冠盖藤属、蛛网萼属共4种植物花器官发生和发育的全过程。发现它们的花萼均为螺旋式相继发生，花瓣的发生近乎同时。冠盖藤、马桑绣球及常山具两轮雄蕊，第一轮雄蕊发生于花瓣内轮正对萼片中部的位置，随后第二轮雄蕊发生于正对花瓣中部的位置。在第一轮雄蕊略靠内的位置形成第二轮雄蕊的时候，多数情况下，相邻的对萼雄蕊之间只形成1个对瓣雄蕊，但有时却形成2个对瓣雄蕊，使雄蕊群的数目略多于花被的数目。对萼雄蕊与对瓣雄蕊的分化方式基本一致，但它们在花芽中空间取向不同。 蛛网萼雄蕊数目极多，雄蕊群的发生式样较为独特，并不始于对萼三联体。最早的雄蕊于杯状体近基部发生，之后雄蕊的发生大致沿杯状体壁向上，具离心趋势。在雄蕊发生过程中杯状体继续伸长，为众多雄蕊的发生提供了空间。蛛网萼雌蕊的发生明显早于雄蕊，其它3种植物雌蕊的发生晚于雄蕊。4种植物的雌蕊在发生上较为相似，发育却不同。在常山、马桑绣球和蛛网萼中，花柱从开始到发育成熟始终分离，柱头在每个花柱的顶端形成;而冠盖藤属的花柱裂片从开始就是联合的，最终形成单一的花柱，柱头从合生花柱顶端远轴面分化形成。 3. 解剖学 在光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜下，观察了绣球族9属42种1变种及近缘8属11种共53种1变种的叶表皮特征。发现气孔的分布、气孔器的类型、表皮细胞的形状及其垂周壁式样、毛被等具有一定的系统学意义和分类价值。绣球族各属的气孔仅散生于下表皮;而在绣球族的几个近缘属中，上下表皮均有气孔分布。气孔器在多数类群中为无规则型，仅常山属和绣球属离瓣组的成员为平列型。气孔多为椭圆形，稀近圆形;外拱盖表面通常光滑，仅在钻地风属中具条状纹饰;外拱盖内缘具环状加厚，近全缘、不规则波状或浅波状。表皮细胞在多数种中为不规则形，垂周壁波状、浅波状或深波状;在有些种中为（近）多边形，垂周壁平直或弓形。叶表皮细胞形状、垂周壁式样在绣球族寡种属属级水平比较稳定，但在绣球属中变化较大。表皮角质膜纹饰形态多样，有网纹、粗网纹、浅波状条纹、波状条纹、条纹、粗条纹及丝状条纹;在钻地风属及绣球属的少数种中，角质膜条纹有时汇集呈球形或玫瑰型。表皮毛状附属物有单细胞2分枝毛（黄山梅属）、多细胞星状毛（星毛冠盖藤）、单细胞星状毛（溲疏属）和单细胞不分枝毛四种。对钻地风属所有种的观察结果表明，仅在椭圆钻地风的下表皮细胞中央观察到乳突状结构，而在白背钻地风和圆叶钻地风中并未观察到前人描述的附属物。 4. 叶绿体DNA trnL-F序列的分析 首次对绣球族9属23种及近缘类群3属3种的trnL-F序列进行了测定。序列长度在860 bp~970 bp范围内变化。在以山梅花属、溲疏属和黄山梅属为外类群，基于trnL-F序列构建的系统树上，绣球族作为一个单系群得到很高的支持率。绣球属的种出现在不同的分支上，表明该属不是一个单系群。绣球族被分为两大支：第一支由绣球属离瓣组的中国绣球、绣球、以及常山和Broussaisia arguta组成;第二支由绣球属另外的9个种与草绣球属、叉叶蓝属、蛛网萼属、赤壁木属、冠盖藤属以及钻地风属组成。在第二支中，下列类群的近缘关系得到支持：① 草绣球与叉叶蓝属;② 绣球属挂苦子组的东陵绣球、圆锥绣球和挂苦绣球。③ 钻地风属、赤壁木属和冠盖藤属;④ 蜡莲绣球、莼兰绣球、马桑绣球、粗枝绣球。 5. 分支分析 以山梅花属为外类群，基于形态、解剖、花发育、孢粉等32个性状（或性状状态）对绣球族9属的系统发育关系进行了分支分析。结果表明：草绣球属和叉叶蓝属为基出类群，这两个属有多个共同特征;绣球族其余的成员聚成一支，该支又有5个分支。其中蛛网萼属和绣球属冠盖组各为单独的分支，它们有多个自衍征，可能有各自独立的演化线;绣球属离瓣组与常山属聚成一分支，二者的密切关系得到解剖学证据的支持;绣球属绣球组和星毛组聚成一分支，这两个组包含了绣球属的多数种类;钻地风属、赤壁木属、冠盖藤属、Broussaisia和绣球属挂苦子组聚成一分支。其中钻地风属、赤壁木属与冠盖藤属具多个近裔衍征，表明它们是绣球族的晚出类群。 通过对绣球族植物外部形态、花器官发生、叶表皮微形态特征、叶绿体DNA trnL-F区的研究以及基于形态性状的分支分析，并综合已有的研究结果，我们认为： 1. 绣球族是一个单系群;绣球属不是一个单系群。 2. 在绣球族中，草绣球属和叉叶蓝属关系密切，它们可能是绣球族其余成员的姐妹群。 3. 绣球组和星毛组可能是绣球属的核心成员;离瓣组和常山属关系密切;冠盖组有单独的演化线。 4. 赤壁木属、冠盖藤属和钻地风属为单系群，它们在绣球族处于较高的演化位置。 5. 绣球属需重新界定。