An Empirical Evaluation of Novelty-SAPPhIRE Relationship

The research shown in this paper is to check whether a framework for designing: GEMS of SAPPhIRE as req-sol, developed earlier, can support in the designing of novel concepts. This is done by asking the questions: (a) Is there a relationship between the constructs of the framework and novelty? (b) If there is a relationship, what is the degree of this relationship? A hypothesis — an increase in the size and variety of ideas used while designing should enhance the variety of concepts produced, leading to an increase in the novelty of the concept space — is developed to explain the relationship between novelty and the constructs. Eight existing observational studies of designing sessions, each involving an individual designer solving a conceptual design problem by following a think aloud protocol are used for the analysis. The hypothesis is verified empirically using the observational studies. Results also show a strong correlation between novelty and the constructs of the framework; correlation value decreases as the abstraction level of the constructs reduces, signifying the importance of using constructs at higher abstraction levels especially for novelty.

Analysing modifica-tions in the synthesis of multiple state mechanical devices using configuration space and topology graphs

Automated synthesis of mechanical designs is an important step towards the development of an intelligent CAD system. Research into methods for supporting conceptual design using automated synthesis has attracted much attention in the past decades. In our research, ten experimental studies are conducted to find out how designers synthesize solution concepts for multi-state mechanical devices. The designers are asked to think aloud, while carrying out the synthesis. These design synthesis processes are video recorded. It has been found that modification of kinematic pairs and mechanisms is the major activity carried out by all the designers. This paper presents an analysis of these synthesis processes using configuration space and topology graph to identify and classify the types of modifications that take place. Understanding of these modification processes and the context in which they happened is crucial to develop a system for supporting design synthesis of multiple state mechanical devices that is capable of creating a comprehensive variety of solution alternatives.

Design e desenvolvimento de projeto de sinalização viária urbana

Reclamações contra a sinalização viária existente no Rio de Janeiro são comuns. A cidade ainda é a porta de entrada do Brasil e o destino preferido dos visitantes. Dentro de pouco tempo, o Rio será palco de importantes eventos esportivos internacionais e há preocupação em como poderá a cidade oferecer orientação para os turistas que nela venham a transitar. Este estudo procura saber quais são, de fato, os motivos que justificam as incessantes queixas contra a sinalização instalada e procura extrair daí diretrizes que possam ser aplicadas aos projetos de sistemas de sinalização que efetivamente resolvam os problemas de orientação dos usuários. Para isso, procurou-se primeiro mapear o contexto histórico em que vem evoluindo a sinalização de trânsito; em seguida, examinou-se em que implica o desenvolvimento de projetos de sinalização em geral; para no próximo passo se focar questões da sinalização de trânsito. Foram feitos dois levantamentos: o primeiro, de entrevistas estruturadas individualizadas com taxistas, que são usuários intensos das vias e da sinalização. A amostra escolhida foi de 19 taxistas frequentadores da Praça Santos Dumont, localizada na Zona Sul da cidade, e um importante entroncamento de tráfego. O segundo envolveu cinco profissionais designers com o perfil de experiência prévia no desenvolvimento de projetos de sistemas de sinalização. Com esse grupo, a técnica utilizada foi a de Think Aloud Protocol, através da qual cada um desses indivíduos foi acompanhado e documentado enquanto dirigia e se orientava pela sinalização num trajeto que vai desde a citada Praça Santos Dumont até o Estádio do Maracanã, situado na Zona Norte da cidade, e que costuma ser um destino preferencial em eventos esportivos. Os resultados das duas pesquisas foram analisados e deles extraídas diretrizes que são apresentadas nas Conclusões e que objetivam a eficácia do sistema através de mensagens claras, textos legíveis, posicionamento oportuno e estabilidade formal visando o reconhecimento e o entendimento por parte do usuário.

NHS Wales e-library portal evaluation (For Informing Healthcare Strategy implementation programme)

Thomas, R. & Urquhart, C. NHS Wales e-library portal evaluation. (For Informing Healthcare Strategy implementation programme). Aberystwyth: Department of Information Studies, University of Wales Aberystwyth Follow-on to NHS Wales User Needs study Sponsorship: Informing Healthcare, NHS Wales

Strategies that students use to trace code: an analysis based in grounded theory

Fitzgerald, S., Simon, B., and Thomas, L. 2005. Strategies that students use to trace code: an analysis based in grounded theory. In Proceedings of the First international Workshop on Computing Education Research (Seattle, WA, USA, October 01 - 02, 2005). ICER '05. ACM, New York, NY, 69-80

Making the law accessible to non-lawyers: effects of different kinds of expertise on perceived usability of online legal information services

To help design an environment in which professionals without legal training can make effective use of public sector legal information on planning and the environment - for Add-Wijzer, a European e-government project - we evaluated their perceptions of usefulness and usability. In concurrent think-aloud usability tests, lawyers and non-lawyers carried out information retrieval tasks on a range of online legal databases. We found that non-lawyers reported twice as many difficulties as those with legal training (p = 0.001), that the number of difficulties and the choice of database affected successful completion, and that the non-lawyers had surprisingly few problems understanding legal terminology. Instead, they had more problems understanding the syntactical structure of legal documents and collections. The results support the constraint attunement hypothesis (CAH) of the effects of expertise on information retrieval, with implications for the design of systems to support the effective understanding and use of information.

Pre-validation methods for developing a patient reported outcome instrument

BACKGROUND: Measures that reflect patients' assessment of their health are of increasing importance as outcome measures in randomised controlled trials. The methodological approach used in the pre-validation development of new instruments (item generation, item reduction and question formatting) should be robust and transparent. The totality of the content of existing PRO instruments for a specific condition provides a valuable resource (pool of items) that can be utilised to develop new instruments. Such 'top down' approaches are common, but the explicit pre-validation methods are often poorly reported. This paper presents a systematic and generalisable 5-step pre-validation PRO instrument methodology.

METHODS: The method is illustrated using the example of the Aberdeen Glaucoma Questionnaire (AGQ). The five steps are: 1) Generation of a pool of items; 2) Item de-duplication (three phases); 3) Item reduction (two phases); 4) Assessment of the remaining items' content coverage against a pre-existing theoretical framework appropriate to the objectives of the instrument and the target population (e.g. ICF); and 5) qualitative exploration of the target populations' views of the new instrument and the items it contains.

RESULTS: The AGQ 'item pool' contained 725 items. Three de-duplication phases resulted in reduction of 91, 225 and 48 items respectively. The item reduction phases discarded 70 items and 208 items respectively. The draft AGQ contained 83 items with good content coverage. The qualitative exploration ('think aloud' study) resulted in removal of a further 15 items and refinement to the wording of others. The resultant draft AGQ contained 68 items.

CONCLUSIONS: This study presents a novel methodology for developing a PRO instrument, based on three sources: literature reporting what is important to patient; theoretically coherent framework; and patients' experience of completing the instrument. By systematically accounting for all items dropped after the item generation phase, our method ensures that the AGQ is developed in a transparent, replicable manner and is fit for validation. We recommend this method to enhance the likelihood that new PRO instruments will be appropriate to the research context in which they are used, acceptable to research participants and likely to generate valid data.

Let's talk about health: shoppers' discourse regarding health while food shopping

Objective: The present study aimed to examine the role of health in consumers’ food purchasing decisions through investigating the nature of people’s discourse regarding health while conducting their food shopping.

Design: The study employed the think-aloud technique as part of an accompanied shop. All mentions of health and terms relating to health were identified from the data set. Inductive thematic analysis was conducted to examine how health was talked about in relation to people’s food choice decisions.

Setting: Supermarkets in Dublin, Republic of Ireland and Belfast, Northern Ireland.

Subjects Participants: (n 50) were aged over 18 years and represented the main household shopper.

Results: Responsibility for others and the perceived need to illicit strict control to avoid ‘unhealthy’ food selections played a dominant role in how health was talked about during the accompanied shop. Consequently healthy shopping was viewed as difficult and effort was required to make the healthy choice, with shoppers relating to product-based inferences to support their decisions.

Conclusions: This qualitative exploration has provided evidence of a number of factors influencing the consideration of health during consumers’ food shopping. These results highlight opportunities for stakeholders such as public health bodies and the food industry to explore further ways to help enable consumers make healthy food choices.

Tecnologias de informação e comunicação e o cidadão sénior : estudo sobre o impacto em variáveis psicossociais e a conceptualização de serviços com e para o cidadão sénior

Perante uma sociedade em célere envelhecimento demográfico e permanente avanço tecnológico, justifica-se a aposta em estudos que potenciem a ação comunicativa e a diminuição do isolamento social decorrente das perdas biopsicossociais associadas à idade sénior. Esta tese possui quatro objetivos de estudo: i) pretende-se investigar qual é o impacto da utilização das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC) no autoconceito (AC), no ânimo e na qualidade de vida (QV) de um grupo de seniores; ii) perceber se existe e qual a relação entre as variáveis independentes sexo, idade, estado civil, escolaridade, profissão, IPSS, regime de frequência, tempo na IPSS, orientação para frequentar a IPSS, visita de familiares e visita de amigos e as variáveis dependentes AC, ânimo, QV e respetivos fatores e domínios, nos momentos de pré e pós-teste; iii) perceber se a sua participação no processo de conceptualização de um serviço de comunicação assíncrona, email, influencia a sua usabilidade ao nível das componentes eficácia, eficiência e satisfação; iv) e sugerir a componente política da comunidade online sénior em desenvolvimento no âmbito do Projeto SEDUCE. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo estabeleceram-se parcerias com quatro Instituições Particulares de Segurança Social do concelho de Aveiro, integradas no âmbito do projeto SEDUCE. Os instrumentos utilizados para a avaliação do autoconceito, do ânimo e da qualidade de vida foram o Inventário Clínico de Auto-Conceito, a Escala de Ânimo do Centro Geriátrico de Philadelphia e a Escala de Qualidade de Vida da Organização Mundial de Saúde WHOQOL-Bref, respetivamente. No processo de conceptualização do serviço de email e da componente política da comunidade online utilizou-se a observação participativa e o contextual design. O estudo envolveu a participação de 42 seniores distribuídos por duas condições experimentais: 22 seniores do grupo experimental utilizaram as TIC duas vezes por semana (em sessões de 90 minutos cada, num total de 80 sessões) e 19 seniores do grupo de controlo passivo não experimentaram qualquer intervenção. Para a avaliação das variáveis psicossociais realizaram-se dois momentos de avaliação, antes e depois de 11 meses de intervenção, de Agosto de 2011 a Julho de 2012. Ao longo das sessões de envolvimento com as TIC observou-se que os seniores apresentam, continuamente, dificuldades em: manipular o rato e percecionar a sua ação no monitor; fazer a distinção entre teclas (enter, spacebar, delete, caps lock entre outras); em utilizar duplas teclas para colocar pontuação e acentuação; iniciar atividades no Microsoft Office Word; selecionar a informação disponibilizada em motores de pesquisa; perceber quais as zonas clicáveis; falta de confiança em efetivar ações; receio em iniciar nova atividades, pela falta de conhecimento e pelo medo de errar; memorizar endereços de email e passwords; e dar continuidade às tarefas. Na utilização do serviço de email consideram importante receber resposta quando enviam uma mensagem, assim como responder sempre aos remetentes; raramente colocam assunto nas mensagens; e expressam grande satisfação ao receber mensagens de familiares e/ou amigos. O processo de desenvolvimento de serviços com a participação ativa dos seniores revela-se exequível mas é necessário adaptar as práticas: os processos devem ser iterativos; evitar linguagem formal; clarificar o objetivo; deixar os seniores pensar em voz alta; dar-lhes tempo; mantê-los focados e não conduzi-los nas tarefas. Os resultados sugerem que houve aumento significativo do domínio físico da qualidade de vida do grupo experimental. Os participantes que exprimiram maiores níveis de satisfação ao utilizar as TIC apresentam uma perspetiva mais positiva sobre a maturidade psicológica e menos solidão e insatisfação. No grupo experimental e no grupo de controlo passivo verificam-se relações entre as variáveis independentes e as variáveis dependentes, quer no momento de pré-teste como de pós-teste. Conclui-se que a participação dos seniores no processo de conceptualização do serviço de email permitiu fomentar a componente eficácia da usabilidade mas não a satisfação ao utilizar o mesmo. Os resultados sobre a eficiência são inconclusivos. Sobre a componente política os seniores validam a existência de termos de utilização que orientem o comportamento de todos os utilizadores, assim como de uma política de privacidade. A área de registo proposta é adequada ao utilizador sénior.

Role of Automated Open Source Systems in the Intelligence Analysis of a High-Level Domain Expert

Motivation among reluctant readers: Capturing the goal setting experience in the 'Reading Rocks' program

This study explored goal setting among children with reading disabilities. Of particular focus was the goal setting experience of participants in a literacy-based program, titled “Reading Rocks”. Reading Rocks, offered by the Learning Disabilities Association of Niagara Region (LDANR), supports children with reading disabilities to become more confident readers. The program aims to strengthen literacy skills among vulnerable readers. Another essential component of the program targets children’s reading motivation through goal setting, a recognized strategy for increasing motivation. I outline the importance of reading, followed by exploring children’s reluctance to read. Goal setting is examined as an opportunity to increase motivation among reluctant readers. My research included a qualitative case study of one child-tutor pair in the program. I utilized a think-aloud protocol, a photo elicitation interview, and researcher observations to collect my data. Lastly, I triangulated the data to analyze how children in Reading Rocks experience goal setting.

Partager le savoir du lexicographe: extraction et modélisation ontologique des savoirs lexicographiques

Cette recherche porte sur la lexicologie, la lexicographie et l’enseignement/apprentissage du lexique. Elle s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet Modélisation ontologique des savoirs lexicographiques en vue de leur application en linguistique appliquée, surnommé Lexitation, qui est, à notre connaissance, la première tentative d’extraction des savoirs lexicographiques — i.e. connaissances déclaratives et procédurales utilisées par des lexicographes — utilisant une méthode expérimentale. Le projet repose sur le constat que les savoirs lexicographiques ont un rôle crucial à jouer en lexicologie, mais aussi en enseignement/apprentissage du lexique. Dans ce mémoire, nous décrirons les méthodes et les résultats de nos premières expérimentations, effectuées à l’aide du Think Aloud Protocol (Ericsson et Simon, 1993). Nous expliquerons l’organisation générale des expérimentations et comment les savoirs lexicographiques extraits sont modélisés pour former une ontologie. Finalement, nous discuterons des applications possibles de nos travaux en enseignement du lexique, plus particulièrement pour la formation des maîtres.

Analyse comparative de l’utilisation des ouvrages de référence chez des étudiants bilingues en traduction et en droit dans le domaine du droit pénal

L’objectif principal du présent mémoire est d’observer le processus de traduction d’un texte de nature juridique mis en oeuvre par deux groupes d’étudiants, cinq étudiants inscrits au baccalauréat en traduction et quatre inscrits au baccalauréat en droit. Tout d’abord, nous analyserons les différences qui existent entre les deux groupes dans leur utilisation des ouvrages de référence. Nous observerons entre autres la diversité générale des ouvrages consultés et la connaissance antérieure des ouvrages papier, la répartition par type d’ouvrages (dictionnaire bilingue, monolingue ou autres), la répartition par support d’ouvrages (électronique ou papier), l’utilisation des correcteurs, l’intensité des recherches effectuées et, finalement, le premier ouvrage consulté selon le type et le support. Ces données seront recueillies grâce à la méthode de verbalisation à voix haute et à l’enregistrement de l’écran d’ordinateur, au moyen du logiciel WebEx. Ensuite, nous évaluerons la qualité des traductions en faisant une distinction entre deux types d’erreurs, soit les erreurs de traduction et les erreurs de langue. Nous tenterons par la suite d’établir des liens entre l’utilisation des ouvrages de référence et la qualité des traductions. Nous observerons que les deux groupes utilisent les ouvrages de référence différemment et que les traducteurs ont semblé mieux outillés que les juristes pour remettre une traduction de qualité.

L’exercice du raisonnement clinique d’infirmières du programme SIPPE lorsqu’elles priorisent leurs interventions auprès de familles qui vivent en contexte de vulnérabilité.

Cette recherche qualitative avait pour but d’explorer le raisonnement clinique d’infirmières de première ligne en CSSS/CLSC lorsqu’elles priorisent leurs interventions auprès de familles vivant en contexte de vulnérabilité dans le cadre du programme des Services intégrés en périnatalité et pour la petite enfance (SIPPE). Il s’agit d’une étude de cas qui comporte un échantillon intentionnel de sept épisodes de soins impliquant deux infirmières auprès de sept familles en période postnatale lorsqu’elles priorisent leurs interventions. La collecte de données a procédé par méthode think aloud, suivie d’entretiens semi-dirigés auprès des infirmières. Une analyse qualitative des données a été effectuée selon des méthodes interprétatives et par comptage de catégories. Ces dernières ont été formulées et mises en relation en s’inspirant de la modélisation du processus de raisonnement clinique de Tanner (2006) ainsi que des stratégies de raisonnement clinique proposés par Fonteyn (1998). Au terme de cette étude, le processus de raisonnement clinique ne semble pas être différent selon le type de priorité d’intervention auprès de familles en contexte de vulnérabilité, particulièrement lorsque nous distinguons la priorité selon un degré d’urgence (prioritaire ou secondaire). Aussi, nous constatons qu’il existe peu de diversité dans les processus de raisonnement clinique mobilisés à travers les sept épisodes de soins; et qu’un processus narratif de raisonnement est fréquent. Si une famille exprime un besoin urgent, l’infirmière y répond prioritairement. Par ailleurs, lorsque des conditions suggèrent un potentiel accru de vulnérabilité des familles, un mode de raisonnement clinique plus systématique, qui comporte une collecte et une mise en relation d’informations afin de formuler une proposition pour soutenir le passage à l’action, semble être mobilisé pour prioriser l’intervention. Il en est ainsi s’il s’agit d’un premier bébé, que la famille n’utilise pas d’autres ressources formelles de soutien. Autrement, s’il s’agit d’un deuxième bébé et que les familles utilisent d’autres ressources, les infirmières tendent plutôt à appliquer une routine d’intervention SIPPE. Aussi, cette recherche témoigne de l’engagement soutenu des infirmières auprès de familles vivant d’importants défis. Il importe toutefois de soutenir le développement d’un répertoire plus varié de processus de raisonnement clinique afin de renforcer leur capacité de prioriser leur intervention qui se déroule dans un contexte de multiples contraintes organisationnelles et interpersonnelles.

Étude exploratoire du potentiel diagnostique des questions d’un test de concordance de scripts (TCS) pour évaluer le raisonnement clinique infirmier (RCI)

L'enseignement, l'apprentissage et l'évaluation du raisonnement clinique en sciences infirmières est un défi pour les éducateurs de cette profession et leurs étudiants. Depuis plusieurs décennies, les chercheurs et les éducateurs dans le domaine des sciences de la santé ont travaillé pour élaborer des instruments d'évaluation dans le but de pouvoir mesurer le raisonnement clinique (Charlin, Bordage & Van der Vleuten, 2003). Plusieurs études semblent appuyer le test de concordance de script (TCS) en termes de validité, fiabilité, faisabilité et applicabilité pour plusieurs disciplines et différents contextes (Carrière & al, 2009). Deschênes et ses collaborateurs (2006; Deschênes, Charlin, Gagnon & Goudreau, 2011) ont mis au point et validé un TCS spécifiquement pour le raisonnement clinique en sciences infirmières (RCI). Comme l'évaluation a un impact important sur les stratégies d'apprentissage des étudiants (Sibert et al, 2001; Durak, Caliskan & Bor, 2007), les outils d'évaluation valides et fiables qui permettraient l'identification des problèmes spécifiques dans le développement du raisonnement clinique en sciences infirmières seraient très utiles pour guider les décisions concernant l'éducation (Gierl, 2007). Nous avons donc mené une étude pour explorer le potentiel diagnostique des questions d'un TCS. La question de recherche est la suivante: «Dans quelle mesure chaque question d’un TCS visant à évaluer le RCI peut-elle être reliée à des catégories et des stratégies de pensée spécifiques?" Avec une sous-question: «Comment peut-on décrire le potentiel diagnostique d’un TCS pour évaluer le RCI?". Nous avons fait une deuxième analyse de contenu des données qui ont été obtenues dans une étude précédente dans laquelle cinq vignettes (15 questions) du TCS de Deschênes (2006) ont été utilisées. Les résultats ont montré les catégories et stratégies de pensées utilisées pour répondre à certaines questions du TCS selon les groupes de participants. Aussi, nos résultats ont permis de découvrir des disparités importantes entre les groupes, notamment que le RCI des expertes est si différent des étudiantes, qu’il ne peut servir de référence. Enfin, cette étude démontre que le TCS a un potentiel diagnostique niveau par niveau (1ère, 2e, 3e année et expertes) et non d’un niveau à un autre.