Observation of the third subband population in modulation-doped InGaAs/InAlAs heterostructure

The population of the third (n = 3) two-dimensional electron subband of InGaAs/InAlAs modulation-doped structures has been observed by means of Fourier transform photoluminescence (PL). Three well resolved PL peaks centred at 0.737, 0.908, and 0.980eV are observed, which are attributed to the transitions from the lowest three electron subbands to the n = 1 heavy-hole subband. The subband separations clearly exhibiting the features of the stepped quantum well with triangle and square potentials are consistent with numerical calculation. Thanks to the presence of Fermi cutoff, the population ratio of these three subbands can be estimated. Temperature- and excitation-dependent luminescences are also analyzed.

The third subband population in modulation-doped InGaAs/InAlAs heterostructures

We have observed the population of the third (n=3) two-dimensional electron subband of InGaAs/ InAlAs modulation-doped structures with very dense sheet carrier density by means of Fourier transform photoluminescence (PL). Three well-resolved PL peaks centered at 0.737, 0.908, and 0.980 eV are observed, which are attributed to the recombination transitions from the lowest three electron subbands to the n=1 heavy-hole subband. The subband separations clearly exhibit the features of the stepped quantum well with triangle and square potential, consistent with numerical calculation. Thanks to the presence of the Fermi cutoff, the population ratio of these three subbands can be estimated. Temperature and excitation intensity dependence of the quantum well luminescence intensity is also analyzed. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics.

Changing American Congregations: Findings from the Third Wave of the National Congregations Study

The third wave of the National Congregations Study (NCS-III) was conducted in 2012. The 2012 General Social Survey asked respondents who attend religious services to name their religious congregation, producing a nationally representative cross-section of congregations from across the religious spectrum. Data about these congregations was collected via a 50-minute interview with one key informant from 1,331 congregations. Information was gathered about multiple aspects of congregations’ social composition, structure, activities, and programming. Approximately two-thirds of the NCS-III questionnaire replicates items from 1998 or 2006-07 NCS waves. Each congregation was geocoded, and selected data from the 2010 United States census or American Community Survey have been appended. We describe NCS-III methodology and use the cumulative NCS dataset (containing 4,071 cases) to describe five trends: more ethnic diversity, greater acceptance of gays and lesbians, increasingly informal worship styles, declining size (but not from the perspective of the average attendee), and declining denominational affiliation.

DEGENERATE MUSIC?! MUSICAL CENSORSHIP IN THE THIRD REICH

In 1938, in Düsseldorf, the Nazis put on an exhibit entitled "Entartete Musik” (degenerate music), which included composers on the basis of their “racial origins” (i.e. Jews), or because of the “modernist style” of their music. Performance, publication, broadcast, or sale of music by composers deemed “degenerate” was forbidden by law throughout the Third Reich. Among these composers were some of the most prominent composers of the first half of the twentieth-century. They included Stravinsky, Schoenberg, Webern, Berg, Mahler, Ernst Krenek, George Gershwin, Kurt Weill, Erwin Schulhoff, and others. The music of nineteenth-century composers of Jewish origin, such as Mendelssohn and Meyerbeer, was also officially proscribed. In each of the three recitals for this project, significant works were performed by composers who were included in this exhibition, namely, Mendelssohn, Webern, Berg, Weill, and Hans Gal. In addition, as an example of self-censorship, a work of Karl Amadeus Hartmann was included. Hartmann chose “internal exile” by refusing to allow performance of his works in Germany during the Nazi regime. One notable exception to the above categories was a work by Beethoven that was presented as a bellwether of the relationship between music and politics. The range of styles and genres in these three recitals indicates the degree to which Nazi musical censorship cut a wide swath across Europe’s musical life with devastating consequences for its music and culture.

Homocysteine is lower in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy in Women with Enhanced Folate status from continued Folic Acid Supplementation.

Background: In many countries current recommendations are that women take a daily 400ug folic acid supplement, from before conception until the end of the 12th week of gestation, for the prevention of neural tube defects. Low folate status is associated with an elevated concentration of plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), a risk factor that is associated with pregnancy complications such as pre-eclampsia. Methods: In a longitudinal study, tHcy and corresponding folate status were determined in 101 pregnant women at 12, 20 and 35 weeks of gestation, in 35 non-pregnant control subjects sampled conconcurrently, and in a subgroup (n=21 pregnant, 19 non-pregnant women) at 3 days post-partum. Results: Plasma tHcy concentrations were significantly lower throughout pregnancy compared with control subjects, with values lowest in the 2nd trimester before increasing toward non-pregnant values in the 3rd trimester. Importantly, tHcy concentrations were lower in pregnant women taking folic acid supplements compared to those not, an effect which reached significance in the 3rd trimester (5.25 umol/l v 6.89 umol/l, P <0.05). Furthermore, during the 3rd trimester, tHcy concentrations were significantly higher in pregnant women with a history of miscarriage compared to those with no previous history (7.32 umol/l v 5.62 u­mol/l, P <0.01). Conclusion: This is the first longitudinal study to show that homocysteine levels rise in late pregnancy towards non-pregnant levels; a rise which can be limited by enhancing folate status through continued folic acid supplementation. These results indicate a potential role for continued folic acid supplementation in reducing pregnancy complications associated with hyperhomocysteinaemia.

Education, Education, Education: the Third Way and PFI

In 1997, New Labour set about the task of reforming public services in the United Kingdom through the use of an ideology that became known as the ‘Third Way’. This research examines the context from which this concept emerged, and explores its relationship with the tools of delivery, with particular reference to the Private Finance Initiative (PFI). The paper begins by reviewing the Third Way, before analysing the arguments for and against PFI. Using an example from the Northern Ireland education sector, the paper argues that the characteristics associated with the Third Way are mirrored in the operational tools of public service delivery, such as PFI. The paper concludes that, within the context of the case study reviewed, there is a ‘consistent pragmatism’ in play in relation to how these delivery initiatives are operated and how they relate to their conceptual underpinnings.