Exoplanets or Dynamic Atmospheres? The Radial Velocity and Line Shape Variations of 51 Pegasi and tau Bootis

The stars 51 Pegasi and tau Bootis show radial velocity variations that have been interpreted as resulting from companions with roughly Jovian mass and orbital periods of a few days. Gray and Gray & Hatzes reported that the radial velocity signal of 51 Peg is synchronous with variations in the shape of the line lambda 6253 Fe I; thus, they argue that the velocity signal arises not from a companion of planetary mass but from dynamic processes in the atmosphere of the star, possibly nonradial pulsations. Here we seek confirming evidence for line shape or strength variations in both 51 Peg and tau Boo, using R = 50,000 observations taken with the Advanced Fiber Optic Echelle. Because of our relatively low spectral resolution, we compare our observations with Gray's line bisector data by fitting observed line profiles to an expansion in terms of orthogonal (Hermite) functions. To obtain an accurate comparison, we model the emergent line profiles from rotating and pulsating stars, taking the instrumental point-spread function into account. We describe this modeling process in detail. We find no evidence for line profile or strength variations at the radial velocity period in either 51 Peg or in tau Boo. For 51 Peg, our upper limit for line shape variations with 4.23 day periodicity is small enough to exclude with 10 sigma confidence the bisector curvature signal reported by Gray & Hatzes; the bisector span and relative line depth signals reported by Gray are also not seen, but in this case with marginal (2 sigma ) confidence. We cannot, however, exclude pulsations as the source of 51 Peg's radial velocity variation because our models imply that line shape variations associated with pulsations should be much smaller than those computed by Gray & Hatzes; these smaller signals are below the detection limits both for Gray & Hatzes's data and for our own. tau Boo's large radial velocity amplitude and v sin i make it easier to test for pulsations in this star. Again we find no evidence for periodic line shape changes, at a level that rules out pulsations as the source of the radial velocity variability. We conclude that the planet hypothesis remains the most likely explanation for the existing data.

Response characteristics of optical sensors for oxygen: models based on a distribution in tau(o) or kappa(q)

The features of two popular models used to describe the observed response characteristics of typical oxygen optical sensors based on luminescence quenching are examined critically. The models are the 'two-site' and 'Gaussian distribution in natural lifetime, tau(o),' models. These models are used to characterise the response features of typical optical oxygen sensors; features which include: downward curving Stern-Volmer plots and increasingly non-first order luminescence decay kinetics with increasing partial pressures of oxygen, pO(2). Neither model appears able to unite these latter features, let alone the observed disparate array of response features exhibited by the myriad optical oxygen sensors reported in the literature, and still maintain any level of physical plausibility. A model based on a Gaussian distribution in quenching rate constant, k(q), is developed and, although flawed by a limited breadth in distribution, rho, does produce Stern-Volmer plots which would cover the range in curvature seen with real optical oxygen sensors. A new 'log-Gaussian distribution in tau(o) or k(q)' model is introduced which has the advantage over a Gaussian distribution model of placing no limitation on the value of rho. Work on a 'log-Gaussian distribution in tau(o)' model reveals that the Stern-Volmer quenching plots would show little degree in curvature, even at large rho values and the luminescence decays would become increasingly first order with increasing pO(2). In fact, with real optical oxygen sensors, the opposite is observed and thus the model appears of little value. In contrast, a 'log-Gaussian distribution in k(o)' model does produce the trends observed with real optical oxygen sensors; although it is technically restricted in use to those in which the kinetics of luminescence decay are good first order in the absence of oxygen. The latter model gives a good fit to the major response features of sensors which show the latter feature, most notably the [Ru(dpp)(3)(2+)(Ph4B-)(2)] in cellulose optical oxygen sensors. The scope of a log-Gaussian model for further expansion and, therefore, application to optical oxygen sensors, by combining both a log-Gaussian distribution in k(o) with one in tau(o) is briefly discussed.

Simultaneous optical and X-ray observations of flares and rotational modulation on the RS CVn binary HR 1099 (V711 Tau) from the MUSICOS 1998 campaign

We present simultaneous and continuous observations of the Halpha, Hbeta, He I D-3, Na I D-1,D-2 doublet and the Ca II H&K lines for the RS CVn system HR 1099. The spectroscopic observations were obtained during the MUSICOS 1998 campaign involving several observatories and instruments, both echelle and long-slit spectrographs. During this campaign, HR 1099 was observed almost continuously for more than 8 orbits of 2.(d)8. Two large optical flares were observed, both showing an increase in the emission of Halpha, Ca II H K, Hbeta and He I D-3 and a strong filling-in of the Na I D-1, D-2 doublet. Contemporary photometric observations were carried out with the robotic telescopes APT-80 of Catania and Phoenix-25 of Fairborn Observatories. Maps of the distribution of the spotted regions on the photosphere of the binary components were derived using the Maximum Entropy and Tikhonov photometric regularization criteria. Rotational modulation was observed in Halpha and He I D-3 in anti-correlation with the photometric light curves. Both flares occurred at the same binary phase (0.85), suggesting that these events took place in the same active region. Simultaneous X-ray observations, performed by ASM on board RXTE, show several flare-like events, some of which correlate well with the observed optical flares. Rotational modulation in the X-ray light curve has been detected with minimum flux when the less active G5 V star was in front. A possible periodicity in the X-ray flare-like events was also found.

ASYN and tau interaction : new drug target for neurodegenerative diseases

Tese de doutoramento, Bioquímica (Biotecnologia), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2014

Kuailous ou Po tau ya : imagens no feminino sobre os portugueses em Macau

Tendo Macau por contexto, quinze anos após a transferência da sua administração para a República Popular da China e cinco séculos de presença portuguesa, o estudo efetua uma abordagem às representações e estereótipos sociais dos portugueses, a partir de um inquérito a cento e setenta e cinco mulheres chinesas desta Região Administrativa Especial (RAEM). Tendo como marcos conceptuais a Teoria das Representações Sociais, de Moscovici, e a Teoria da Identidade Social, de Tajfel, o estudo procura explicitar os saberes sociais construídos por esse grupo de referência, determinantes na forma como se processa a comunicação e a interação grupal com portugueses e âncora para a construção de estereótipos com os quais esses processos são simplificados, mas também enviesados. Antevendo-se, num horizonte não muito longínquo, decisões quanto à manutenção do princípio “um país, dois sistemas”, que viabiliza a preservação de marcas portuguesas (como a língua) e uma abertura especial à presença de portugueses em Macau, a compreensão das imagens e metáforas sobre esta comunidade constitui estratégia relevante para a perspetivação, no presente como no futuro, das relações intergrupais que a envolvem. O estudo conclui que as representações sobre os portugueses são, no essencial, de pendor positivo e exibem uma abertura à proximidade social e à participação desta comunidade nas dinâmicas sociais da RAEM. Mas assinala também áreas de potencial maior conflitualidade na defesa, pelo endogrupo, de áreas vitais de afirmação dessa nova ordem social pós- transferência.

Aplicação do Método de TAU a um modelo de descontaminação de água subterrânea

Neste trabalho são apresentados alguns resultados obtidos com o método de TAU implementado sobre um modelo dinâmico de transferência de massa em colunas com enchimento desordenado. A solução do sistema de equações em derivadas parciais que traduz o modelo em estado transiente revelou-se ajustada com resultados neméricos muito interessantes.

Interaction de Tau avec la petite GTPase Rab5

La protéine Tau joue un rôle essentiel dans les neurones, notamment par ses interactions avec les éléments du cytosquelette. Des études récentes ont également montré que Tau était impliquée dans la motilité des organelles le long des microtubules axonaux. Dans ce mémoire de Maîtrise, nous avons démontré par recouvrement sur gel une nouvelle interaction in vitro pour Tau avec la petite GTPase Rab5, qui est impliquée dans l’endocytose précoce. De plus, nous avons montré que Tau et Rab5 immuno-précipitaient sur une même population de vésicules in vivo. La sur-expression de Tau dans des neurones primaires de l’hippocampe nous a permis de montrer que Tau et Rab5 avaient une distribution similaire dans l’axone des neurones, suggérant un rôle de Tau dans l’ancrage des endosomes précoces sur les microtubules. Par contre, à la différence de ce qui a pu être observé dans certaines études, la sur-expression de Tau n’a pas inhibé le transport axonal des endosomes précoces. Enfin, nous avons montré que Tau interagissait préférentiellement avec la Rab5 active liée au GTP et des résultats préliminaires nous laissent penser que Tau serait un effecteur ou une GAP pour Rab5. Dans les tauopathies, la Tau devient hyperphosphorylée, décroche des microtubules axonaux et forme des agrégats dans le corps cellulaire du neurone. Ces modifications biochimiques et de localisation de la protéine Tau pourraient être la source d’une perte d’interaction de la Tau avec Rab5 et être responsable de certaines atteintes neurologiques observées dans les tauopathies.

La sécrétion de la protéine Tau : nouveau mécanisme de propagation de la pathologie de Tau dans la maladie d'Alzheimer

Tau est une protéine associée aux microtubules enrichie dans l’axone. Dans la maladie d’Alzheimer, Tau devient anormalement hyperphosphorylée, s’accumule dans le compartiment somato-dendritique et s’agrège pour former des enchevêtrements neurofibrillaires (NFTs). Ces NFTs se propagent dans le cerveau dans un ordre bien précis. Ils apparaissent d’abord dans le cortex transenthorinal pour ensuite se propager là où ces neurones projettent, c’est-à-dire au cortex entorhinal. Les NFTs s’étendent ensuite à l’hippocampe puis à différentes régions du cortex et néocortex. De plus, des études récentes ont démontré que la protéine Tau peut être sécrétée par des lignées neuronales et que lorsqu’on injecte des agrégats de Tau dans un cerveau de souris, ceux-ci peuvent pénétrer dans les neurones et induire la pathologie de Tau dans le cerveau. Ces observations ont mené à l’hypothèse que la protéine Tau pathologique pourrait être sécrétée par les neurones, pour ensuite être endocytée par les cellules avoisinantes et ainsi propager la maladie. L’objectif de la présente étude était donc de prouver la sécrétion de la protéine Tau par les neurones et d’identifier par quelle voie elle est secrétée. Nos résultats ont permis de démontrer que la protéine Tau est sécrétée par des neurones corticaux de souris de type sauvage ainsi que dans un modèle de surexpression dans des cellules HeLa et PC12. Nos résultats indiquent que la sécrétion de Tau se ferait par les autophagosomes. Finalement, nous avons démontré que la protéine Tau sécrétée est déphosphorylée et clivée par rapport à la protéine Tau intracellulaire non sécrétée.

The Cochaperone BAG2 Sweeps Paired Helical Filament-Insoluble Tau from the Microtubule

Tau inclusions are a prominent feature of many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer`s disease. Their accumulation in neurons as ubiquitinated filaments suggests a failure in the degradation limb of the Tau pathway. The components of a Tau protein triage system consisting of CHIP/Hsp70 and other chaperones have begun to emerge. However, the site of triage and the master regulatory elements are unknown. Here, we report an elegant mechanism of Tau degradation involving the cochaperone BAG2. The BAG2/Hsp70 complex is tethered to the microtubule and this complex can capture and deliver Tau to the proteasome for ubiquitin-independent degradation. This complex preferentially degrades Sarkosyl insoluble Tau and phosphorylated Tau. BAG2 levels in cells are under the physiological control of the microRNA miR-128a, which can tune paired helical filament Tau levels in neurons. Thus, we propose that ubiquitinated Tau inclusions arise due to shunting of Tau degradation toward a less efficient ubiquitin-dependent pathway.

Ab initio calculation of the BCC Fe-Al-Mo (Iron-Aluminum-Molybdenum) phase diagram: Implications for the nature of the tau(2) phase

The metastable phase diagram of the BCC-based ordering equilibria in the Fe-Al-Mo system has been calculated via a truncated cluster expansion, through the combination of Full-Potential-Linear augmented Plane Wave (FP-LAPW) electronic structure calculations and of Cluster Variation Method (CVM) thermodynamic calculations in the irregular tetrahedron approximation. Four isothermal sections at 1750 K, 2000 K, 2250 K and 2500 K are calculated and correlated with recently published experimental data on the system. The results confirm that the critical temperature for the order-disorder equilibrium between Fe(3)Al-D0(3) and FeAl-B2 is increased by Mo additions, while the critical temperature for the FeAl-B2/A2 equilibrium is kept approximately invariant with increasing Mo contents. The stabilization of the Al-rich A2 phase in equilibrium with overstoichiometric B2-(Fe,Mo)Al is also consistent with the attribution of the A2 structure to the tau(2) phase, stable at high temperatures in overstoichiometric B2-FeAl. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Time-to-Collision (TTC) judgements with offsize objects show that Tau needs to be intergrated with familiar size to explain TTC performance

Observers judged TTC with computer-generated displays simulating an approaching object in three familiar-size conditions:

(i) Real-size (smaller, larger objects depicted as tennis, soccer balls respectively).
(ii) Off-size (smaller, larger objects depicted as soccer, tennis balls respectively).
(iii) Ambiguous-size (smaller, larger objects depicted as texture-less black balls of different size).

Displays simulated objects approaching observersí viewpoint from 24.96 m, and disappearing at 5.76 m. Manipulation of approach velocities (4.8-19.2 msec-1) produced viewing times from 1.0 to 4.0 sec, and delays between object disappearance and tau-based TTC ranging from 0.3 to 1.2 sec. Motion characteristics of smaller and larger objects in the three familiar-size conditions simulated those of approaching real-sized tennis and soccer balls respectively; that is, for each approach velocity, tau‚-based TTC was the same across the three conditions for smaller and larger objects.

Results showed that, consistent with the proposition of tau-determined TTC, TTC estimates in the real-size condition were uninfluenced by object size. This is contrary to previous reports that TTC for larger objects is underestimated relative to TTC for smaller objects. However, such size-dependent TTC differences were found in the ambiguous-size condition, with even larger differences in the off-size condition; TTCs for the ëlargerí tennis ball were much less than TTCs to the ësmallerí soccer ball compared to corresponding TTCs in the ambiguous-size condition. These results are problematic for the proposition that tau solely determines TTC. We discuss the role of perceptual learning in resolving this problem.