Remoção de nitrogênio em biofiltros aerado e anóxico, com alto índice de vazios e sem remoção de lodo

The improper disposal of nitrogen in receiving water courses causes problems such as toxicity to living beings through the consumption of oxygen to meet the nitrogen demand, eutrophication and nitrate contamination of aquifers. For this reason it is often necessary to be carried out complementary treatment of wastewater to eliminate or reduce the concentration of this compound in the wastewater. The objective of this study is to evaluate the biological removal of nitrogen compounds using submerged aerated and anoxic filters as post-treatment of an anaerobic system, with low cost and innovative technology, which in previous studies has shown high removal efficiency of organic matter and great potential biological nitrogen compounds removal. The simple design with perforated hoses for air distribution and filling with plastic parts proved to be very efficient in relation to organic matter removal and nitrification. The system presented, in the best stage, efficiency in converting ammonia to nitrate by 71%, and produced a final effluent concentration below 10 mg / L of NH3-N. In addition, carbon concentration was removed by 77%, producing final effluent with 24 mg/L COD. However, denitrification in anoxic filter was not effective even with the addition of an external carbon source. There was a reduction of up to 56% of nitrogen caused by the process of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND). The high voids space presented by this type of support material coupled with direct aeration of the sludge, allows the respiration of biomass retained between the endogenous phase, increased cell retention time and sludge retention capacity, producing a final effluent with turbidity less than 5 UT and total suspended solids around 5.0 mg/L

Aspectos didáticos, laicos e científicos de artigos de divulgação científica de duas revistas de conteúdo geral

Muitos professores buscam, em textos jornalísticos, revistas ou jornais, matérias com conteúdo científico para utilizarem como material de apoio em classe. Será que o conteúdo científico contido nesse material é, realmente, aproveitável? O discurso utilizado pelos jornalistas promove o conhecimento científico sobre os assuntos que discutem? Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar, quanto ao conteúdo científico, didático e acessível, matérias das revistas semanais de conteúdo geral mais lidas do país, Veja e Época, publicadas em 2008, com o tema Meio Ambiente. Os resultados permitiram concluir que os textos apresentados pela revista Veja promovem um discurso científico aproveitável do ponto de vista didático, podendo ser utilizados em sala de aula como material de apoio e complementar pelos professores.

The dead core model applied to beads with immobilized cells in a fed-batch cephalosporin C production bioprocess

Viable cells immobilized in inert supports are currently studied for a wide range of bioprocesses. The intrinsic advantages of such systems over suspended cultures incite new research, including studies on fundamental aspects as well as on the industrial viability of these non-conventional processes. In aerobic culture of filamentous fungi, scale-up is hindered by oxygen mass transfer limitation through the support material and bioprocess kinetics must be studied together with mass transfer limitation. In this work, experimental and simulated data of cephalosporin C production were compared. Concentrations in the bulk fermentation medium and cellular mass profiles inside the bioparticles are focused. Immobilized cells were used in a tower bioreactor, operated in fed-batch mode. To describe the radial variation of oxygen concentration within the pellet, a dead core model was used. Despite the extremely low sugar concentrations, bioreaction rates in the pellets were limited by the dissolved oxygen concentration. Cell growth occurs only in the outer layers, a result also confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. (C) 2001 Elsevier B.V. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Compendium of practices on the implementation of ICT questions in households and businesses surveys in Latin America and the Caribbean 2010

Includes bibliography

Avaliação da política curricular paulista: perspectiva docente sobre os cadernos do professor e do aluno

The current curriculum policy of the Secretary of Education in the State of Sao Paulo introduced into the education environment the Registrar of Teacher and Student - support material to ease the teacher's work and the student's learning, in order to address all the curriculum components created as strategy of learning. The resulting guidelines that aim to transform the everyday policies of educational institutions and the individuals who compose them, are incorporated into the school experience. These decisions, however, do not transfer into life outside the learning environment nor are they translated into the work of the teachers exactly as their creators intended. Thus, in order to better understand the curriculum policies introduced by the Registrar in schools, it is essential to comprehend the viewpoint of the teachers who themselves are both the targets and agents of curriculum policy, and later the Registrar. For that was made reflexive interviews with eigth teachers that teach in São Paulo metropolitan region, than we could see that they adapt their external determinations in their own reality

Depressão e apoio social percebido por mães de crianças hospitalizadas

This study was performed as a requirement of the final course in Nursing. The study is cross-cutting, in order to identify associations between socioeconomic factors, education, child hospitalization in the ICU or not, degree of depression and level of social support (material, affective, emotional, informational and positive social interaction) and how to identify subgroups of mother - child vulnerable. Constitute themselves as subjects, mothers of children 0 to 17 years, 11 months and 29 days in hospital after the second day of hospitalization in the pediatric unit of a State Hospital Interior Paulista. Data collection was initiated after obtaining the assent of the Research Ethics Committee, as well as signing the consent form. We used the following instruments to collect data: the data form for socioeconomic and hospitalization; Beck Depression Inventory and Medical Outcomes Study (MOS). We obtained the result that there is a strong association between availability and social support and income per capita and the degree of depression, but did not find an association between time and hospital stay and whether the child was admitted to the ICU or not. We conclude that it is necessary to establish treatment services from the patient’s family, plus an appropriate social service support to meet this big demand for mothers who need support

Performance and composition of bacterial communiies in anaerobic fluidized bed reactors for hydrogen production: Effects of organic loading rate and alkalinity

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Circulação de textos midiáticos entre alunos de escola pública básica

The text characterizes the reading of media-related materials by students of the public basic education system in the State of São Paulo, based on a systematic observation of the circulation of press texts within the school daily life. In a study carried out during two academic years with groups of students from fundamental and secondary education classes belonging to two different schools situated in the outskirts of a town in the interior of the state, the students' reports on their appropriation of media-based information obtained from a variety of sources were analyzed, with particular emphasis on written newspapers. During the period investigated individual and group interviews, as well as texts produced by the students, were taken as points of departure for the analysis. Among the aspects noted from the contact with communication media is the establishment of press information inside the school, albeit with fragmentary repercussions, not fully integrated into the pedagogical daily life, but somewhat circumstantial in the students' lives. The themes that receive more attention circulate through the television, mediated by family or peers, but not by teachers. A proposal for the analysis of these data is made, followed by concrete suggestions as to the treatment to be given to support material, texts and media-based issues at school, taking into account the resources available and the school context such as it appears nowadays.

Uso de experimentos, confeccionados com materiais alternativos, no processo de ensino e aprendizagem de Física: Lei de Hooke

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Algumas técnicas de construção de alguns poliedros e suas aplicações no ensino

Pós-graduação em Matemática em Rede Nacional - IBILCE

Algumas técnicas de construção de alguns poliedros e suas aplicações no ensino

Pós-graduação em Matemática em Rede Nacional - IBILCE

Performance and composition of bacterial communities in anaerobic fluidized bed reactors for hydrogen production: Effects of organic loading rate and alkalinity

This study evaluated the effects of the organic loading rate (OLR) and pH buffer addition on hydrogen production in two anaerobic fluidized bed reactors (AFBRs) operated simultaneously. The AFBRs were fed with glucose, and expanded clay was used as support material. The reactors were operated at a temperature of 30 degrees C, without the addition of a buffer (AFBR1) and with the addition of a pH buffer (AFBR2, sodium bicarbonate) for OLRs ranging from 19.0 to 140.6 kg COD m(-3) d(-1) (COD: chemical oxygen demand). The maximum hydrogen yields for AFBR1 and AFBR2 were 2.45 and 1.90 mol H-2 mol(-1) glucose (OLR of 84.3 kg COD m(-3) d(-1)), respectively. The highest hydrogen production rates were 0.95 and 0.76 L h(-1) L-1 for AFBR1 and AFBR2 (OLR of 140.6 kg COD m(-3) d(-1)), respectively. The operating conditions in AFBR1 favored the presence of such bacteria as Clostridium, while the bacteria in AFBR2 included Clostridium, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Veillonellaceae, Chryseobacterium, Sporolactobacillus, and Burkholderiaceae. Copyright (C) 2012, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of a multimedia online tool for teaching bronchial hygiene to physical therapy students

Background: Advances in information technology have been widely used in teaching health care professionals. The use of multimedia resources may be important for clinical learning and we are not aware of previous reports using such technology in respiratory physical therapy education. Objectives: Our approach was to evaluate a conventional bronchial hygiene techniques (BHTs) course with an interactive online environment, including multimedia resources. Methods: Previous developed audiovisual support material comprised: physiology, physiopathology and BHTs, accessible to students through the Internet in conjunction with BHTs classes. Two groups of students were compared and both attended regular classes: the on-line group (n=8) received access to online resources, while the control group (n=8) received conventional written material. Student's performance was evaluated before and after the course. Results: A preliminary test (score 0 to 10) was applied before the beginning of the course, showing that the initial knowledge of both groups was comparable [online, 6.75 (SD=0.88) vs. control, 6.125 (SD=1.35); p>0.05]. Two weeks after the end of the course, a second test showed that the online group performed significantly better than the control group [respectively, 7.75 (SD=1.28) vs. 5.93 (SD=0.72); p>0.05]. Conclusions: The use of a multimedia online resource had a positive impact on student's learning in respiratory therapy field in which instrumental and manual resources are often used and can be explored using this technology.

Kern-Schale-Katalysatorsysteme in der Polyolefinpolymerisation

Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Synthese eines Katalysatorpartikels, der in der Lage ist, in nur einem Polymerisationsschritt einen Kern-Schale-artigen Produktpartikel herzustellen, bei dem zwei verschiedene Polyolefine jeweils ortsaufgelöst in der Schale bzw. im Kern vorhanden sein sollten. Dabei wurden zwei Grundbedingungen erfüllt: Optimale Trennung der verschiedenen Katalysatordomänen in Kern und Schale; diese Trennung durfte auch bei den in industriellen Polymerisationen herrschenden Reaktionsbedingungen (Druck, Scherkräfte, Temperatur, Lösungsmittel) nicht verloren gehen. Beibehaltung der Aktivität und Spezifität der einzelnen Katalysatoren; dabei muß besonderes Augenmerk auf den Kern gelegt werden, der ggf. durch die aufzutragende Schale nicht ausreichend mit Monomer versorgt wird oder während dem Aufbringen der Schale desaktiviert werden könnte. Die entwickelte Trägerungsroute besticht durch das simple Trägerungsverfahren des Schalenmaterials und des Schalenkatalysators, bedingt durch die Affinität der funktionalisierten Schalenpartikel mit dem Kernkatalysatorsystem. Die entwickelte Trägerungsroute kann industriell mit allen gängigen (Post)Metallocenen sowie (als Kernpartikel) Ziegler-Natta-Systemen anwendbar sein und ist hierdurch sehr flexibel.

Genexpressionsanalyse boviner mesenchymaler Stammzellen und deren in-vitro-differenzierten Folgelinien

Mesenchymale Stamzellen (MSC) sind Vertreter der adulten Stammzellen. Sie bergen durch ihre große Plastizität ein immenses Potential für die klinische Nutzung in Form von Stammzelltherapien. Zellen dieses Typs kommen vornehmlich im Knochenmark der großen Röhrenknochen vor und können zu Knochen, Knorpel und Fettzellen differenzieren. MSC leisten einen wichtigen Beitrag im Rahmen regenerativer Prozesse, beispielsweise zur Heilung von Frakturen. Breite Studien demonstrieren bereits jetzt auch bei komplexeren Erkrankungen (z.B. Osteoporose) therapeutisch vielversprechende Einsatzmöglichkeiten. Oft kommen hierbei aus MSC gezielt differenzierte Folgelinien aus Zellkulturen zum Einsatz. Dies bedingt eine kontrollierte Steuerung der Differenzierungsprozesse in vitro. Der Differenzierung einer Stammzelle liegt eine komplexe Veränderung ihrer Genexpression zugrunde. Genexpressionsmuster zur Erhaltung und Proliferation der Stammzellen müssen durch solche, die der linienspezifischen Differenzierung dienen, ersetzt werden. Die mit der Differenzierung einhergehende, transkriptomische Neuausrichtung ist für das Verständnis der Prozesse grundlegend und wurde bislang nur unzureichend untersucht. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist eine transkriptomweite und vergleichende Genexpressionsanalyse Mesenchymaler Stammzellen und deren in vitro differenzierten Folgelinien mittels Plasmid - DNA Microarrays und Sequenziertechniken der nächsten Generation (RNA-Seq, Illumina Plattform). In dieser Arbeit diente das Hausrind (Bos taurus) als Modellorganismus, da es genetisch betrachtet eine hohe Ähnlichkeit zum Menschen aufweist und Knochenmark als Quelle von MSC gut verfügbar ist. Primärkulturen Mesenchymaler Stammzellen konnten aus dem Knochenmark von Rindern erfolgreich isoliert werden. Es wurden in vitro Zellkultur - Versuche durchgeführt, um die Zellen zu Osteoblasten, Chondrozyten und Adipozyten zu differenzieren. Zur Genexpressionsanalyse wurde RNA aus jungen MSC und einer MSC Langzeitkultur („alte MSC“), sowie aus den differenzierten Zelllinien isoliert und für nachfolgende Experimente wo nötig amplifiziert. Der Erfolg der Differenzierungen konnte anhand der Genexpression von spezifischen Markergenen und mittels histologischer Färbungen belegt werden. Hierbei zeigte sich die Differenzierung zu Osteoblasten und Adipozyten erfolgreich, während die Differenzierung zu Chondrozyten trotz diverser Modifikationen am Protokoll nicht erfolgreich durchgeführt werden konnte. Eine vergleichende Hybridisierung zur Bestimmung differentieller Genexpression (MSC vs. Differenzierung) mittels selbst hergestellter Plasmid - DNA Microarrays ergab für die Osteogenese mit Genen wie destrin und enpp1, für die undifferenzierten MSC mit dem Gen sema3c neue Kandidatengene, deren biologische Funktion aufzuklären in zukünftigen Experimenten vielversprechende Ergebnisse liefern sollte. Die Analyse der transkriptomweiten Genexpression mittels NGS lieferte einen noch umfangreicheren Einblick ins Differenzierungsgeschehen. Es zeigte sich eine hohe Ähnlichkeit im Expressionsprofil von jungen MSC und Adipozyten, sowie zwischen den Profilen der alten MSC (eine Langzeitkultur) und Osteoblasten. Die alten MSC wiesen deutliche Anzeichen für eine spontane Differenzierung in die osteogene Richtung auf. Durch Analyse der 100 am stärksten exprimierten Gene jeder Zelllinie ließen sich für junge MSC und Adipozyten besonders Gene der extrazellulären Matrix (z.B col1a1,6 ; fn1 uvm.) auffinden. Sowohl Osteoblasten, als auch die alten MSC exprimieren hingegen verstärkt Gene mit Bezug zur oxidativen Phosphorylierung, sowie ribosomale Proteine. Eine Betrachtung der differentiellen Genexpression (junge MSC vs. Differenzierung) mit anschließender Pathway Analyse und Genontologie Anreicherungsstatistik unterstützt diese Ergebnisse vor allem bei Osteoblasten, wo nun jedoch zusätzlich auch Gene zur Regulation der Knochenentwicklung und Mineralisierung in den Vordergrund treten. Für Adipozyten konnte mit Genen des „Jak-STAT signaling pathway“, der Fokalen Adhäsion, sowie Genen des „Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway“ sehr spannende Einsichten in die Biologie dieses Zelltyps erlangt werden, die sicher weiterer Untersuchungen bedürfen. In undifferenzierten MSC konnte durch differentielle Genexpressionsanalyse die Rolle des nicht kanonischen Teils des WNT Signalweges als für die Aufrechterhaltung des Stammzellstatus potentiell äußerst einflussreich ermittelt werden. Die hier diskutierten Ergebnisse zeigen beispielhaft, dass besonders mittels Genexpressionsanalyse im Hochdurchsatzverfahren wertvolle Einblicke in die komplexe Biologie der Stammzelldifferenzierung möglich sind. Als Grundlage für nachfolgende Arbeiten konnten interessante Gene ermittelt und Hypothesen zu deren Einfluss auf Stammzelleigenschaften und Differenzierungsprozesse aufgestellt werden. Um einen besseren Einblick in den Differenzierungsverlauf zu ermöglichen, könnten künftig NGS Analysen zu unterschiedlichen Differenzierungszeitpunkten durchgeführt werden. Zudem wären weitere Anstrengungen zur erfolgreichen Etablierung der chondrogenen Differenzierung zur vollständigen Analyse der Genexpression des trilinearen Differenzierungspotentials von MSC wünschenswert.