Emerging roles of non-coding RNAs in pancreatic β-cell function and dysfunction.

Pancreatic β-cells play a central role in glucose homeostasis by tightly regulating insulin release according to the organism's demand. Impairment of β-cell function due to hostile environment, such as hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia, or due to autoimmune destruction of β-cells, results in diabetes onset. Both environmental factors and genetic predisposition are known to be involved in the development of the disease, but the exact mechanisms leading to β-cell dysfunction and death remain to be characterized. Non-coding RNA molecules, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), have been suggested to be necessary for proper β-cell development and function. The present review aims at summarizing the most recent findings about the role of non-coding RNAs in the control of β-cell functions and their involvement in diabetes. We will also provide a perspective view of the future research directions in the field of non-coding RNAs. In particular, we will discuss the implications for diabetes research of the discovery of a new communication mechanism based on cell-to-cell miRNA transfer. Moreover, we will highlight the emerging interconnections between miRNAs and epigenetics and the possible role of long non-coding RNAs in the control of β-cell activities.

Update in clinical allergy and immunology.

In the recent years, a tremendous body of studies has addressed a broad variety of distinct topics in clinical allergy and immunology. In this update, we discuss selected recent data that provide clinically and pathogenetically relevant insights or identify potential novel targets and strategies for therapy. The role of the microbiome in shaping allergic immune responses and molecular, as well as cellular mechanisms of disease, is discussed separately and in the context of atopic dermatitis, as an allergic model disease. Besides summarizing novel evidence, this update highlights current areas of uncertainties and debates that, as we hope, shall stimulate scientific discussions and research activities in the field.

The importance of root-produced volatiles as foraging cues for entomopathogenic nematodes

Background Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are tiny parasitic worms that parasitize insects, in which they reproduce. Their foraging behavior has been subject to numerous studies, most of which have proposed that, at short distances, EPNs use chemicals that are emitted directly from the host as host location cues. Carbon dioxide (CO2) in particular has been implicated as an important cue. Recent evidence shows that at longer distances several EPNs take advantage of volatiles that are specifically emitted by roots in response to insect attack. Studies that have revealed these plant-mediated interactions among three trophic levels have been met with some disbelief. Scope This review aims to take away this skepticism by summarizing the evidence for a role of root volatiles as foraging cues for EPNs. To reinforce our argument, we conducted olfactometer assays in which we directly compared the attraction of an EPN species to CO2 and two typical inducible root volatiles. Conclusions The combination of the ubiquitous gas and a more specific root volatile was found to be considerably more attractive than one of the two alone. Hence, future studies on EPN foraging behavior should take into account that CO2 and plant volatiles may work in synergy as attractants for EPNs. Recent research efforts also reveal prospects of exploiting plant-produced signals to improve the biological control of insect pests in the rhizosphere.

Purely Endoscopic Keyhole Supraorbital Approaches for Anterior and Middle Skull Base Tumors

Anterior and middle skull base tumors, mainly meningiomas, are usually operated on using a sub-frontal route with a microscope. With modern radiotherapy, the goal of skull base surgery moves from a radical surgery with high rate of side effect to a functional concept that aims to remove as much as possible of the tumor without compromising the neurological status of patients. Minimally skull base surgery benefits from keyhole and endoscopy techniques. For 3 2 decades, the development of endoscopy helps to imagine innovative approaches for skull base tumors such as the endonasal route. Nonetheless, CSF leak issue and the absence of direct control of the tumor margins may limit the interest of such a route. Keyhole craniotomies have been developed with microscope but vision issue limits their use. Combining advantages of both techniques appears therefore natural and gave birth to intracranial assisted and more recently to fully endoscopic keyhole surgery. For anterior or middle skull base tumors, Keyhole supraorbital approaches can be done either by a trans-eyebrow or trans-eyelid routes. A step-by-step description of these fully endoscopic alternative routes summarizing advantages and drawbacks compared to others (traditional sub-frontal or more recent endonasal approaches) is reported in this chapter by the authors.

The IC3D classification of the corneal dystrophies.

BACKGROUND: The recent availability of genetic analyses has demonstrated the shortcomings of the current phenotypic method of corneal dystrophy classification. Abnormalities in different genes can cause a single phenotype, whereas different defects in a single gene can cause different phenotypes. Some disorders termed corneal dystrophies do not appear to have a genetic basis. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a new classification system for corneal dystrophies, integrating up-to-date information on phenotypic description, pathologic examination, and genetic analysis. METHODS: The International Committee for Classification of Corneal Dystrophies (IC3D) was created to devise a current and accurate nomenclature. RESULTS: This anatomic classification continues to organize dystrophies according to the level chiefly affected. Each dystrophy has a template summarizing genetic, clinical, and pathologic information. A category number from 1 through 4 is assigned, reflecting the level of evidence supporting the existence of a given dystrophy. The most defined dystrophies belong to category 1 (a well-defined corneal dystrophy in which a gene has been mapped and identified and specific mutations are known) and the least defined belong to category 4 (a suspected dystrophy where the clinical and genetic evidence is not yet convincing). The nomenclature may be updated over time as new information regarding the dystrophies becomes available. CONCLUSIONS: The IC3D Classification of Corneal Dystrophies is a new classification system that incorporates many aspects of the traditional definitions of corneal dystrophies with new genetic, clinical, and pathologic information. Standardized templates provide key information that includes a level of evidence for there being a corneal dystrophy. The system is user-friendly and upgradeable and can be retrieved on the website www.corneasociety.org/ic3d.

A review of malaria vaccine clinical projects based on the WHO rainbow table.

Development and Phase 3 testing of the most advanced malaria vaccine, RTS,S/AS01, indicates that malaria vaccine R&D is moving into a new phase. Field trials of several research malaria vaccines have also confirmed that it is possible to impact the host-parasite relationship through vaccine-induced immune responses to multiple antigenic targets using different platforms. Other approaches have been appropriately tested but turned out to be disappointing after clinical evaluation. As the malaria community considers the potential role of a first-generation malaria vaccine in malaria control efforts, it is an apposite time to carefully document terminated and ongoing malaria vaccine research projects so that lessons learned can be applied to increase the chances of success for second-generation malaria vaccines over the next 10 years. The most comprehensive resource of malaria vaccine projects is a spreadsheet compiled by WHO thanks to the input from funding agencies, sponsors and investigators worldwide. This spreadsheet, available from WHO's website, is known as "the rainbow table". By summarizing the published and some unpublished information available for each project on the rainbow table, the most comprehensive review of malaria vaccine projects to be published in the last several years is provided below.

La influència de les emocions, els aliments emocionals i la publicitat emocional en l'elecció d'aliments i el comportament alimentari

D'ençà que el sobrepès és un factor de risc per a moltes malalties mortals, la investigació ha intentat identificar els factors que fan a les persones vulnerables de la sobreingesta. Aquest treball es basa en una revisió sistemàtica d'estudis qualitatius amb la intenció de resumir l'evidència existent sobre les relacions que s'estableixen entre les emocions i el comportament alimentari. Els resultats indiquen que hi ha una correlació positiva entre emocions i ingesta, sent aquesta última, moltes vegades, influenciada per diferents estats emocionals. També existeix una correlació positiva entre estats d'ànim negatius i elecció d'aliments d'un alt contingut calòric. Els fabricants i venedors, conscients d'aquesta relació, han utilitzat aquestes necessitats humanes en el seu propi benefici. Entendre la manera en què les emocions es relacionen amb el comportament alimentari pot augmentar l'efectivitat de les intervencions dissenyades per a millorar les recomanacions i hàbits alimentaris que determinaran la salut i la qualitat de vida de la població.

Adaptation of AHRQ patient safety indicators for use in ICD-10 administrative data by an international consortium.

Objective: The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) developed Patient Safety Indicators (PSIs) for use with ICD-9-CM data. Many countries have adopted ICD-10 for coding hospital diagnoses. We conducted this study to develop an internationally harmonized ICD-10 coding algorithm for the AHRQ PSIs. Methods: The AHRQ PSI Version 2.1 has been translated into ICD-10-AM (Australian Modification), and PSI Version 3.0a has been independently translated into ICD-10-GM (German Modification). We converted these two country-specific coding algorithms into ICD-10-WHO (World Health Organization version) and combined them to form one master list. Members of an international expert panel-including physicians, professional medical coders, disease classification specialists, health services researchers, epidemiologists, and users of the PSI-independently evaluated this master list and rated each code as either "include," "exclude," or "uncertain," following the AHRQ PSI definitions. After summarizing the independent rating results, we held a face-to-face meeting to discuss codes for which there was no unanimous consensus and newly proposed codes. A modified Delphi method was employed to generate a final ICD-10 WHO coding list. Results: Of 20 PSIs, 15 that were based mainly on diagnosis codes were selected for translation. At the meeting, panelists discussed 794 codes for which consensus had not been achieved and 2,541 additional codes that were proposed by individual panelists for consideration prior to the meeting. Three documents were generated: a PSI ICD-10-WHO version-coding list, a list of issues for consideration on certain AHRQ PSIs and ICD-9-CM codes, and a recommendation to WHO to improve specification of some disease classifications. Conclusion: An ICD-10-WHO PSI coding list has been developed and structured in a manner similar to the AHRQ manual. Although face validity of the list has been ensured through a rigorous expert panel assessment, its true validity and applicability should be assessed internationally.

Factores críticos de éxito y competencias profesionales necesarias para la implantación de una estrategia de gestión por procesos

This report is the document summarizing the research project as final work research project done as a final work of the degree in Computer Engineering to determine which are the critical success factors in the implementation of a business strategy process management (BPM).

Microscòpia d'alta resolució aplicada a anàlisis traceològiques, tafonòmiques i zooarqueològiques

El projecte Microscòpia d'alta resolució aplicada a anàlisis traceològiques, tafonòmiques y zooarqueològiques ha permès donar continuïtat i ampliar la xarxa científica posada en marxa gràcies a dos projectes PBR anteriors entre l’IPHES i quatre centres anglesos: l’Institute of Archaeology del University College of London, el Dept of Prehistory and Europe del British Museum, el Dept of Palaeontology del Natural History Museum, i el Lithic Microwear Research Laboratory de la University of Bradford. El tema tractat ha estat l’avaluació de la resolució i de la possible complementarietat de diferents tècniques avançades de microscòpia per a l’anàlisi de les superfícies d’ossos i eines de pedra prehistòriques: microscòpia òptica, electrònica (SEM i ESEM), microscòpia làser confocal (LSCM) i el sistema Alicona 3D Infinite Imaging. Les diverses accions de mobilitat entre Catalunya i el Regne Unit realitzades han permès satisfactòriament posar en comú els procediments emprats pels diferents especialistes de cada centre. Les proves realitzades sobre materials de jaciments arqueològics clau tant britànics com de l’estat espanyol han permès avaluar els avantatges i limitacions que cada tècnica presentava segons la mostra estudiada (eines de pedra, ossos, dents...) i segons els requeriments específics de l’estudi plantejat. En termes generals, s’ha posat en evidència que les diferents tècniques explorades són força complementàries. És a dir, la gran capacitat d’augments i de resolució d’imatge dels microscopis electrònics es complementa amb unes meravelloses prestacions quant anàlisi de textures, de perfils i de reconstrucció 3D dels altres aparells. La principal conclusió que podem extreure, doncs, és que l’estudi d’aquest tipus d’objectes arqueològics requereix de l’ús combinat de diferents aparells de microscòpia. Tant els treballs realitzats com els contactes entre especialistes establerts al llarg del projecte s’han plasmat ja en treballs concrets, alguns d’ells ja publicats o en fase final de publicació.

Symbolic meaning of local identity – A case study on Barcelona place brand representation

The core objective of this research process was to design an operational tool for place brand analysis. By modelling the emotional significance and the deeper-lying symbols associated to a specific place identity I expected to create a semiotic tool that could be applied, mutatis mutandis, on other similar place brands. As a field case study to develop the instrument, my choice of the research arena was Barcelona city, the capital of Catalonia Autonomous Community, Spain. Barcelona brand identity was approached in the line of the Chicago Urban Anthropology School. The research methods were designed according to the prescriptions of the urban anthropology, namely qualitative methods: in-depth interviews and discourse analysis. The final research outcome was a model summarizing a range of specific emotional values that support a place brand to position in the collective mindset and to assume a positively valued status and identity in the world order.

Visualization and quality assessment of de novo genome assemblies.

Recent technological progress has greatly facilitated de novo genome sequencing. However, de novo assemblies consist in many pieces of contiguous sequence (contigs) arranged in thousands of scaffolds instead of small numbers of chromosomes. Confirming and improving the quality of such assemblies is critical for subsequent analysis. We present a method to evaluate genome scaffolding by aligning independently obtained transcriptome sequences to the genome and visually summarizing the alignments using the Cytoscape software. Applying this method to the genome of the red fire ant Solenopsis invicta allowed us to identify inconsistencies in 7%, confirm contig order in 20% and extend 16% of scaffolds.Scripts that generate tables for visualization in Cytoscape from FASTA sequence and scaffolding information files are publicly available at https://github.com/ksanao/TGNet.

Traitement et prévention de la maladie thromboembolique veineuse: quoi de neuf ? [Treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolic disease: what's new?]

Venous thromboembolic (VTE) disease is frequent and questions regarding its treatment or prevention are numerous. This review is aimed at summarizing and pointing out the novelties on VTE treatment and prevention recently published in the Chest journal earlier this year (8th edition of ACCP guidelines). Generally, the aim of guidelines and of this review as well, is to offer guidance to practictioners in making the most appropriate choice for treating or preventing VTE. They are not intended for strict application and doctors will always have to decide individually case by case taking into account patients preference and the risk-benefit balance.

Prise en charge des séminomes sécrétants de l'hormone chorionique gonadotrope [Management of chorionic gonadotropin-producing seminoma.]

INTRODUCTION: The human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)-producing seminoma is an uncommon entity and belongs to the overall category of pure seminoma. METHOD: The literature search was conducted on Medline(®) using the words: seminoma, human chorionic gonadotropin, HCG combined with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surveillance, management and prognosis. We extended our search of similar references by related articles function, reading the bibliography of identified articles and publications available on Medline(®) from the same authors. This research was limited to English or French publications. Articles were eligible if they were randomized trials, prospective, retrospective or systematic reviews of the literature. RESULTS: Few articles were found on this subject. We selected the most relevant series while summarizing various parameters (epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic and prognostic). CONCLUSIONS: Clinical presentation, behaviour and work-up for HCG-producing seminoma should be the same as for non-secreting seminoma. HCG-producing seminoma tumours are not more resistant to radiation therapy or chemotherapy than non-secreting seminoma tumours. Radiotherapy remains an excellent option in stage I and IIA disease with chemotherapy as an alternative; overall prognosis is excellent. Surveillance in early stage HCG-producing seminoma is followed by a higher relapse than in early stage non-secreting seminoma.

Commission on the Status of Iowans of Asian & Pacific Islander Heritage (CAPI), Spring 2009

We are pleased to present the 2009 Spring Newsletter summarizing programs and achievements from this past year. Although many challenges lie ahead as this deepening financial crisis takes its toll, CAPI remains steadfast in its commitment to serve the needs of all Asian and Pacific Islanders of Iowa. Thank you for your continued support! We look forward to having another productive year!