Ecologia alimentar de aves insetívoras de um fragmento de mata decídua do extremo norte da Mata Atlântica

The diet study of birds has contributed historically as a model for use to understanding ecological patterns and strategies used by several other groups of vertebrates, which are observed in season patterns and temporal availability of resources, and other. This study has as objective generate information concerning the diet of insectivorous birds during rainy season and dry season, as well as analyze Index food importance, niche overlap, niche breadth, electivity, and seasonal availability of prey. The study was conducted in a fragment of about 270 ha (center coordinates and 5 º 53'S 35 ° 23'W). The sampling of birds occurred between March 2008 and December 2009 in three pre-established trails. Catches of birds were performed using 10 mist nets placed in line, where each trails was sampled once a month. Samples of pellets were obtained by means of tartar emetic. Sampling of availability of prey occurred between February 2009 to December 2009. We used two methods of sampling (pitfall traps and Shake cloths). We captured 269 individuals of 21 species of insectivorous birds. We collected 4116 invertebrates of which 3259 in the rainy season and 857 in the dry season. We obtained 174 samples stomach, where 10 species were exclusively insectivorous diet, nine fed on insect/plant material, an insect/plant material/vertebrate and one for insect/vertebrate. During the rainy season was observing difference between the consumption of items with higher food importance. The Coleoptera was item with higher food importance (73%), followed by Formicidae (7%) and Araneae (6%). During the dry season, no difference was found difference between the consumption of items with higher food importance. The Coleoptera was item with higher food importance (34%), followed by seeds (29%) and Formicidae (18%). The highest levels of niche overlap occurred during the rainy season, while the dry season was characterized by high levels of niche 11 segregation. This indicates that the local insectivorous birds community was structured differently between periods. No was found correlation between the values of niche breadth to the mean weight of the body size. We observed seasonal patterns in prey availability, with the peak availability of invertebrates observed seasonal patterns in rainy season. The insectivorous birds selected the same species richness during both periods, showing a specialized diet. Thamnophilus pelzelni was the only species that had their diet influenced by seasonality. Regarding the overall diet of insectivorous birds, observed a high consumption of prey, whose food availability caused the birds could invest and increase their food resources

Caracterização do nicho alimentar do polvo octopus insularis (cephalopoda: octopodidae): da população ao indivíduo

Octopus insularis, target species in this study, is the dominant benthic octopus of the North and Northeast Brazil. Studies on behavior and ecology of the species have been conducted primarily on oceanic islands, with little information on the continental populations. In this study, two regions of the coast of RN, Rio do Fogo and Pirangi, were chosen for the characterization of the niche by O. insularis populations. The dietary niche, habitat and distribution of O. insularis of oceanic islands and the mainland, were compared. In addition, individual characteristics of feeding behavior in a population at Atol das Rocas was studied, taking into account the size of individuals, the proximity of the dens and characteristics of their "personality". The diet of the Rio do Fogo population was composed mainly of bivalve molluscs (82%), unlike Pirangi population that has a diet consisting mainly of crustaceans Decapoda (68%), similar to that described for the populations of the islands. Consequently, the feeding niches of the island populations were more similar, with greater overlap, but the niche breadth of the continent was larger. The habitats of occurrence on the coast includes reefs, rocks, gravel and an environment called Restinga, a plateau composed of biogenic gravel, sand, sponges and algae, showed a high density of animals. Similarly to that found in the islands, O. insularis in the continent, had a clumped distribution, and a bathymetric segregation between small and large individuals. The differences in diet composition among populations were explained by differences in habitat and coverage of the substrate, which may be directly influencing the diversity and prey availability in these environments. The individual analyzes of the population at Atol das Rocas, showed no relationship between the degree of individual specialization and the different personalities, or the distance between dens. The results suggest that the foraging strategy with greater availability of prey in the environment has an influence on diet octopuses over preferences or personalities

Hábitos alimentares e análise de sobreposição trófica de elasmobrânquios no litoral sul do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

O presente trabalho analisou o conteúdo estomacal de cinco espécies de elasmobrânquios, sendo 9 estômagos de Psammobatis rutrum, 83 de Psammobatis extenta, 59 de Atlantoraja cyclophora, 112 de Rioraja agassizi e 43 de Rhizoprionodon lalandii, com o objetivo de obter informações sobre os hábitos alimentares dessas espécies, além de verificar a formação de guildas tróficas entre as espécies estudadas. As coletas ocorreram entre janeiro de 2006 e agosto de 2007, no litoral sul do Rio de Janeiro, ao largo da Ilha Grande. Os itens alimentares encontrados foram analisados quanto a Frequência de Ocorrência, Peso Percentual e Índice Alimentar, sendo a dieta de cada espécie avaliada considerando toda amostra, de acordo com o sexo dos indivíduos, estádios de maturidade e épocas do ano. Para investigar a similaridade entre as dietas e verificar a formação de guildas tróficas foi realizada uma Análise de Escalonamento Multidimensional (MDS). As dietas de Psammobatis rutrum e Psammobatis extenta foram consideradas carcino-bentófagas, com grande importância de camarões. O principal item para Atlantoraja cyclophora foi o siri Portunus spinicarpus, sendo a dieta considerada principalmente carcino-bentófaga, mas também com grande importância de teleósteos. Em Rioraja agassizi, a dieta foi considerada principalmente carcino-bentófaga, mas também com forte influência ictiófaga. Já o comportamento alimentar de Rhizoprionodon lalandii foi considerado ictio-bentófago. A dieta entre os sexos apresentou uma alta sobreposição em P. extenta, A. cyclophora e R. lalandii, mas para R. agassizi essa sobreposição foi considerada baixa. Entre os estádios de maturidade a sobreposição foi pequena para P. extenta e R. agassizi, entretanto para A. cyclophora e R. lalandii essa sobreposição foi elevada. Os exemplares maiores, aparentemente apresentaram preferência a se alimentarem de peixes, enquanto que predadores de menor porte se restringem aos invertebrados, basicamente crustáceos. Para todas as espécies foram identificadas alterações sazonais na importância dos itens alimentares, que pode ser explicado pelas oscilações naturais na composição e abundancia das presas potenciais em consequência das variações das massas de água na plataforma continental do sul fluminense. Os resultados indicaram a formação de 2 guildas, sendo a guilda 1 composta por P. rutrum e P extenta e com uma dieta principalmente de crustáceos (camarões) e a guilda 2 composta por A. cyclophora, R. agassizi e R. lalandii apresentando uma alimentação em Crustáceos e em Teleósteos.

Comparação de técnicas analíticas e numéricas para previsão de resistência de juntas adesivas de sobreposição simples

As juntas adesivas têm vindo a ser usadas em diversas áreas e contam com inúmeras aplicações práticas. Devido ao fácil e rápido fabrico, as juntas de sobreposição simples (JSS) são um tipo de configuração bastante comum. O aumento da resistência, a redução de peso e a resistência à corrosão são algumas das vantagens que este tipo de junta oferece relativamente aos processos de ligação tradicionais. Contudo, a concentração de tensões nas extremidades do comprimento da ligação é uma das principais desvantagens. Existem poucas técnicas de dimensionamento precisas para a diversidade de ligações que podem ser encontradas em situações reais, o que constitui um obstáculo à utilização de juntas adesivas em aplicações estruturais. O presente trabalho visa comparar diferentes métodos analíticos e numéricos na previsão da resistência de JSS com diferentes comprimentos de sobreposição (LO). O objectivo fundamental é avaliar qual o melhor método para prever a resistência das JSS. Foram produzidas juntas adesivas entre substratos de alumínio utilizando um adesivo époxido frágil (Araldite® AV138), um adesivo epóxido moderadamente dúctil (Araldite® 2015), e um adesivo poliuretano dúctil (SikaForce® 7888). Consideraram-se diferentes métodos analíticos e dois métodos numéricos: os Modelos de Dano Coesivo (MDC) e o Método de Elementos Finitos Extendido (MEFE), permitindo a análise comparativa. O estudo possibilitou uma percepção crítica das capacidades de cada método consoante as características do adesivo utilizado. Os métodos analíticos funcionam apenas relativamente bem em condições muito específicas. A análise por MDC com lei triangular revelou ser um método bastante preciso, com excepção de adesivos que sejam bastante dúcteis. Por outro lado, a análise por MEFE demonstrou ser uma técnica pouco adequada, especialmente para o crescimento de dano em modo misto.

Estudio del nicho alimenticio de los mamíferos depredadores del orden carnívora en la Sierra del Carmen, noroeste de Coahuila, México

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Manejo de Vida Silvestre) UANL

Preferencia de habitat, dieta, amplitud y traslape de nicho de carnívoros simpátricos (Mammalia: carnivora) en la costa sur de Jalisco,México

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Manejo de Vida Silvestre) UANL

Uso de recursos, translape de nicho y competencia de la avifauna asociada a Yucca treculeana en un matorral mediano subinerme en General Escobedo, N.L., México

Tesis (Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas con Especialidad en Ecología) UANL

Contribución al modelo de nicho ecológico de perrito llanero mexicano y su relación con la disminución de su rango geográfico así como la evaluación de su riesgo de extinción.

Tesis (Doctor en Ciencias con Especialidad en Manejo de Recursos Naturales) UANL, 2011.

Uso de R y GRASS para la obtención de mapas de disponibilidad de hábitat mediante análisis factorial de nicho

It is possible to obtain habitat suitability maps using several applications like "Biomapper" v. 3.1.5 (http://www2.unil.ch/biomapper) or the "adehabitat" library v. 1.2.1, developed to be used within R program (http//www.R-project.org)

Una Perspectiva epistemológica moderada como nicho y condición de posibilidad para propiciar la enseñanza como argumentación

Reivindicamos el valor de los lenguajes en las ciencias, priorizamos el papel de argumentación en procesos de valoración de los modelos explicativos y aceptamos que los cánones para la valoración de dichos modelos, son cambiantes con el tiempo, dada su estrecha relación con asuntos del ámbito social, político y económico

Primeira leitura e exemplos de sobreposição de vozes

Módulo 7

Dimensionamento e sobreposição de nichos dos portunídeos (Decapoda, Brachyura), na Enseada da Fortaleza, Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brasil

The niche breadth of the Portunidae and their overlap on the subtidal sediments of Fortaleza bay, Ubatuba (São Paulo) was analyzed. Samples were made monthly from November/1988 to October/1989, inseven areas of the bay using a shrimp fishery boat equipped with two otter-trawls. Each area was characterized based on environmental factors such as depth, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, organic matter and granulometric composition of the sediment. The number of individuais of each species was registered to each area (resource). Levins's standardized measure (BA) and niche percentage were calculated. Five species of swimming crabs were recorded in this study: Callinectes ornatus Ordway, 1863, Arenaeus cribrarius (Lamarck, 1818), Portunus spinimanus Latreille, 1819, Callinectes danae Smith, 1869 and Portunus spinicarpus (Stimpson, 1871). The widest ecological niche occurred to C. ornatus, present in all sampled areas (generalist species). Such fact can be related to high sediment tolerance when it is compared to P. spinimanus (especialist species) which was limited to the areas with coarse granulometric fractions. Highest niche overlap was verified between C. danae and A. cribrarius may be due to greater salinity tolerance of these species. The low occurrence of P. spinicarpus and its reduced niche size in Fortaleza Bay are due to association of this species to cold water currents (ACAS) more evidente in smaler depths during summer months. One future evaluation of the portunid diet can be useful to complement informations about this important aspect of the marine ecology.

Padrões de coexistência e utilização do hábitat por duas espécies de Herpsilochmus (Aves: Thamnophilidae)

How ecologically similar species are able to coexist has always generated great interest in the scientific community. Classical niche theory predicts that species coexistence is only possible when they segregate in at least one dimension of the ecological niche, thus leading to ecological differentiation among species. However, recent work has shown that species that are more similar in some ecological traits are the ones more prone to be able to coexist (environmental filter). The knowledge of how these forces act shaping ecological communities can reveal co-existence strategies, providing important information for management and conservation of the species. This study tested these hypotheses using a pair of coexisting species of Herpsilochmus, H. pectoralis and H. sellowi. In this study I use high resolution (50 x 50 m) ecological niche models to Identify which environmental factors best predict species occurrence. Next, I calculate the overlap in habitat use by species and build null models to test the hypothesis of spatial niche segregation. In addition, I obtain the selectivity parameters of habitat use to test whether the species H. pectoralis (larger body size) is less selective than H. sellowi (smaller body size) as stated in the literature for other species. The results reject the ecological equivalence among species, revealing that the species of Herpsilochmus explore the habitat differently, having different environmental niches. The hypothesis of environmental filter was not observed in my analysis, the observed overlap in habitat use among species was lower than expected by chance. Evidence that Herpsilochmus are spatially segregating reinforces the hypothesis of interspecific competition as the predominant force in the selection of microhabitat of the species. However, more data and experiments are necessary to state categorically that the observed pattern is a result of current or past competition

Morfologia e propriedades mecânicas da fibra de sisal unidirecional e em sobreposição de compósito com resina epóxi

The composites manufactured with long fibres aligned in a single direction, and overlay has been shown to have better performance than the short fibers randomly distributed. In particular, the lignocellulosic fibers extracted from the sisal leaves, used in conjunction with the epoxy resin has attracted the attention of many researchers because the final properties of the system formed. In this work composites based on epoxy resin reinforced with sisal fibers were manufactured. The sisal fibres were treated with an alkaline solution of 0.06 mol/l NaOH. The treated, and untreated fibres were subjected to tension x extension tests. The composites were manufactured in the "Lossy" mold with the specifications of the samples to be produced (300x20x4 mm). The tension tests were carried out in accordance with the ASTM standards 3039 (for the composite aligned in a single direction) and ASTM D5573 (for composites in overlay), three point bending tests were performed according to ASTM D790. Analyzing the results of the tests of tension and three point bending tests, it was observed that the composites with the configuration of overlapping had the better elastic module in both tests. As to the maximum resistance to tension, the best result was the composites aligned in a single direction. Tests of absorption of water and micrographs are in progress