Sistema de Aparcamiento Inteligente Aplicado a las Smart Cities

En las últimas décadas el mundo ha sufrido un aumento exponencial en la utilización de soluciones tecnológicas, lo que ha desembocado en la necesidad de medir situaciones o estados de los distintos objetos que nos rodean. A menudo, no es posible cablear determinados sensores por lo que ese aumento en la utilización de soluciones tecnológicas, se ha visto traducido en un aumento de la necesidad de utilización de sensórica sin cables para poder hacer telemetrías correctas. A nivel social, el aumento de la demografía mundial está estrechamente ligado al aumento de la necesidad de servicios tecnológicos, por lo que es lógico pensar que a más habitantes, más tecnología será consumida. El objetivo de este Proyecto Final de Carrera está basado en la utilización de diversos nodos o también llamados motas capaces de realizar transferencia de datos en modo sin cables, permitiendo así realizar una aplicación real que solvente problemas generados por el aumento de la densidad de población. En concreto se busca la realización de un sistema de aparcamiento inteligente para estacionamientos en superficie, ayudando por tanto a las tareas de ordenación vehicular dentro del marco de las Smart cities. El sistema está basado en el protocolo de comunicaciones 802.15.4 (ZigBee) cuyas características fundamentales radican en el bajo consumo de energía de los componentes hardware asociados. En primer lugar se realizará un Estado del Arte de las Redes Inalámbricas de Sensores, abordando tanto la arquitectura como el estándar Zigbee y finalmente los componentes XBee que se van a utilizar en este Proyecto. Seguidamente se realizará la algoritmia necesaria para el buen funcionamiento del sistema inteligente de estacionamiento y finalmente se realizará un piloto demostrador del correcto funcionamiento de la tecnología. ABSTRACT In the last decades the world has experienced an exponential increase in the use of technological solutions, which has resulted in the need to measure situations or states of the objects around us. Often, wired sensors cannot be used at many situations, so the increase in the use of technological solutions, has been translated into a increase of the need of using wireless sensors to make correct telemetries. At the social level, the increase in global demographics is closely linked to the increased need for technological services, so it is logical that more people, more technology will be consumed. The objective of this Final Project is based on the use of various nodes or so-called motes, capable of performing data transfer in wireless mode, thereby allowing performing a real application solving problems generated by the increase of population densities. Specifically looking for the realization of a smart outdoor parking system, thus helping to vehicular management tasks within the framework of the Smart Cities. The system is based on the communication protocol 802.15.4 (ZigBee) whose main characteristics lie in the low energy consumption associated to the hardware components. First there will be a State of the Art of Wireless Sensor Networks, addressing both architecture and finally the Zigbee standard XBee components to be used in this project. Then the necessary algorithms will be developed for the proper working of the intelligent parking system and finally there will be a pilot demonstrator validating the whole system.

Intentions: a confident-based interaction design for smart spaces

The paradigm of ubiquitous computing has become a reference for the design of Smart Spaces. Current trends in Ambient Intelligence are increasingly related to the scope of Internet of Things. This paradigm has the potential to support cost-effective solutions in the fields of telecare, e-health and Ambient Assisted Living. Nevertheless, ubiquitous computing does not provide end users with a role for proactive interactions with the environment. Thus, the deployment of smart health care services at a private space like the home is still unsolved. This PhD dissertation aims to define a person-environment interaction model to foster acceptability and users confidence in private spaces by applying the concept of user-centred security and the human performance model of seven stages of action.

Enhancement of a body area network to support smart health monitoring at the digital home

The deployment of home-based smart health services requires effective and reliable systems for personal and environmental data management. ooperation between Home Area Networks (HAN) and Body Area Networks (BAN) can provide smart systems with ad hoc reasoning information to support health care. This paper details the implementation of an architecture that integrates BAN, HAN and intelligent agents to manage physiological and environmental data to proactively detect risk situations at the digital home. The system monitors dynamic situations and timely adjusts its behavior to detect user risks concerning to health. Thus, this work provides a reasoning framework to infer appropriate solutions in cases of health risk episodes. Proposed smart health monitoring approach integrates complex reasoning according to home environment, user profile and physiological parameters defined by a scalable ontology. As a result, health care demands can be detected to activate adequate internal mechanisms and report public health services for requested actions.

SMArc: a proposal for a smart, semantic middleware architecture focused on Smart City energy management

Among the main features that are intended to become part of what can be expected from the Smart City, one of them should be an improved energy management system, in order to benefit from a healthier relation with the environment, minimize energy expenses, and offer dynamic market opportunities. A Smart Grid seems like a very suitable infrastructure for this objective, as it guarantees a two-way information flow that will provide the means for energy management enhancement. However, to obtain all the required information, another entity must care about all the devices required to gather the data. What is more, this entity must consider the lifespan of the devices within the Smart Grid—when they are turned on and off or when new appliances are added—along with the services that devices are able to provide. This paper puts forward SMArc—an acronym for semantic middleware architecture—as a middleware proposal for the Smart Grid, so as to process the collected data and use it to insulate applications from the complexity of the metering facilities and guarantee that any change that may happen at these lower levels will be updated for future actions in the system.

NFC based remote control of services for interactive spaces

Ubiquitous computing (one person, many computers) is the third era in the history of computing. It follows the mainframe era (many people, one computer) and the PC era (one person, one computer). Ubiquitous computing empowers people to communicate with services by interacting with their surroundings. Most of these so called smart environments contain sensors sensing users’ actions and try to predict the users’ intentions and necessities based on sensor data. The main drawback of this approach is that the system might perform unexpected or unwanted actions, making the user feel out of control. In this master thesis we propose a different procedure based on Interactive Spaces: instead of predicting users’ intentions based on sensor data, the system reacts to users’ explicit predefined actions. To that end, we present REACHeS, a server platform which enables communication among services, resources and users located in the same environment. With REACHeS, a user controls services and resources by interacting with everyday life objects and using a mobile phone as a mediator between himself/herself, the system and the environment. REACHeS’ interfaces with a user are built upon NFC (Near Field Communication) technology. NFC tags are attached to objects in the environment. A tag stores commands that are sent to services when a user touches the tag with his/her NFC enabled device. The prototypes and usability tests presented in this thesis show the great potential of NFC to build such user interfaces.

Positional Accuracy in Smart-Phones and Its Effect on LBS Applications.

Location-based services (LBS) highly rely on the location of the mobile user in order to provide the service tailored to that location. This location is calculated differently depending on the technology available in the used mobile device. No matter which technology is used, the location will never be calculated 100% correctly; instead there will always be a margin of error generated during the calculation, which is referred to as positional accuracy. This research has reviewed the eight most common positioning technologies available in the major current smart-phones and assessed their positional accuracy with respect to its usage by LBS applications. Given the vast majority of these applications, this research classified them into thirteen categories, and these categories were also classified depending on their level criticality as low, medium, or high critical, and whether they function indoor or outdoor. The accuracies of different positioning technologies are compared to these two criteria. Low critical outdoor and high critical indoor applications were found technologically covered; high and medium critical outdoor ones weren?t fully resolved. Finally three potential solutions are suggested to be implemented in future smartphones to resolve this technological gap: Real-Time Kinematics Global Positioning System (RTK GPS), terrestrial transmitters, and combination of Wireless Sensors Network and Radio Frequency Identification (WSN-RFID).

Evaluación del dispositivo Raspberry Pi como elemento de despliegue de servicios en el marco de las Smart Grids

La tendencia actual de las redes de telecomunicaciones conduce a pensar en un futuro basado en el concepto emergente de las Smart Cities¸ que tienen como objetivo el desarrollo urbano basado en un modelo de sostenibilidad que responda a las necesidades crecientes de las ciudades. Dentro de las Smart Cities podemos incluir el concepto de Smart Grid, el cual está referido a sistemas de administración y producción de energía eficientes, que permitan un sistema energético sostenible, y que den cabida a las fuentes de energía renovables. Sistemas de este tipo se muestran a los usuarios como un conjunto de servicios con los que interactuar sin ser tan sólo un mero cliente, sino un agente más del entorno energético. Por otro lado, los sistemas de software distribuidos son cada vez más comunes en una infraestructura de telecomunicaciones cada vez más extensa y con más capacidades. Dentro de este ámbito tecnológico, las arquitecturas orientadas a servicios han crecido exponencialmente sobre todo en el sector empresarial. Con sistemas basados en estas arquitecturas, se pueden ofrecer a empresas y usuarios sistemas software basados en el concepto de servicio. Con la progresión del hardware actual, la miniaturización de los equipos es cada vez mayor, sin renunciar por ello a la potencia que podemos encontrar en sistemas de mayor tamaño. Un ejemplo es el dispositivo Raspberry Pi, que contiene un ordenador plenamente funcional contenido en el tamaño de una cajetilla de tabaco, y con un coste muy reducido. En este proyecto se pretenden aunar los tres conceptos expuestos. De esta forma, se busca utilizar el dispositivo Raspberry Pi como elemento de despliegue integrado en una arquitectura de Smart Grid orientada a servicios. En los trabajos realizados se ha utilizado la propuesta definida por el proyecto de I+D europeo e-GOTHAM, con cuya infraestructura se ha tenido ocasión de realizar diferentes pruebas de las descritas en esta memoria. Aunque esta arquitectura está orientada a la creación de una Smart Grid, lo experimentado en este PFG podría encajar en otro tipo de aplicaciones. Dentro del estudio sobre las soluciones software actuales, se ha trabajado en la evaluación de la posibilidad de instalar un Enterprise Service Bus en el Raspberry Pi y en la optimización de la citada instalación. Una vez conseguida una instalación operativa, se ha desarrollado un controlador de un dispositivo físico (sensor/actuador), denominado Dispositivo Lógico, a modo de prueba de la viabilidad del uso del Raspberry Pi para actuar como elemento en el que instalar aplicaciones en entornos de Smart Grid o Smart Home. El éxito logrado con esta experimentación refuerza la idea de considerar al Raspberry Pi, como un importante elemento a tener en cuenta para el despliegue de servicios de Smart Cities o incluso en otros ámbitos tecnológicos. ABSTRACT. The current trend of telecommunication networks lead to think in a future based on the emerging concept of Smart Cities, whose objective is to ensure the urban development based on a sustainable model to respond the new necessities of the cities. Within the Smart cites we can include the concept of Smart Grid, which is based on management systems and efficient energy production, allowing a sustainable energy producing system, and that includes renewable energy sources. Systems of this type are shown to users as a set of services that allow users to interact with the system not only as a single customer, but also as other energy environment agent. Furthermore, distributed software systems are increasingly common in a telecommunications infrastructure more extensive and with more capabilities. Within this area of technology, service-oriented architectures have grown exponentially especially in the business sector. With systems based on these architectures, can be offered to businesses and users software systems based on the concept of service. With the progression of the actual hardware, the miniaturization of computers is increasing, without sacrificing the power of larger systems. An example is the Raspberry Pi, which contains a fully functional computer contained in the size of a pack of cigarettes, and with a very low cost. This PFG (Proyecto Fin de Grado) tries to combine the three concepts presented. Thus, it is intended to use the Raspberry Pi device as a deployment element integrated into a service oriented Smart Grid architecture. In this PFG, the one proposed in the European R&D e-GOTHAM project has been observed. In addition several tests described herein have been carried out using the infrastructure of that project. Although this architecture is oriented to the creation of a Smart Grid, the experiences reported in this document could fit into other applications. Within the study on current software solutions, it have been working on assessing the possibility of installing an Enterprise Service Bus in the Raspberry Pi and optimizing that facility. Having achieved an operating installation, it has been developed a driver for a physical device (sensor / actuator), called logical device, for testing the feasibility of using the Raspberry Pi to act as an element in which to install applications in Smart Grid and Smart Home Environments. The success of this experiment reinforces the idea of considering the Raspberry Pi as an important element to take into account in the deployment of Smart Cities services or even in other technological fields.

Personalisation of intelligent homecare services adapted to children with motor impairments

Ambient Intelligence could support innovative application domains like motor impairments' detection at the home environment. This research aims to prevent neurodevelopmental disorders through the natural interaction of the children with embedded intelligence daily life objects, like home furniture and toys. Designed system uses an interoperable platform to provide two intelligent interrelated home healthcare services: monitoring of children¿s abilities and completion of early stimulation activities. A set of sensors, which are embedded within the rooms, toys and furniture, allows private data gathering about the child's interaction with the environment. This information feeds a reasoning subsystem, which encloses an ontology of neurodevelopment items, and adapts the service to the age and acquisition of expected abilities. Next, the platform proposes customized stimulation services by taking advantage of the existing facilities at the child's environment. The result integrates Embedded Sensor Systems for Health at Mälardalen University with UPM Smart Home, for adapted services delivery.

Determination of the influence of specific building regulations in smart buildings

The automation of domestic services began to be implemented in buildings since the late nineteenth century, and today we are used to terms like ‘intelligent buildings’, ‘digital home’ or ‘domotic buildings’. These concepts tell us about constructions which integrate new technologies in order to improve comfort, optimize energy consumption or enhance the security of users. In conjunction, building regulations have been updated to suit the needs of society and to regulate these new facilities in such structures. However, we are not always sure about how far, from the quantitative or qualitative point of view, legislation should regulate certain aspects of the building activity. Consequently, content analysis is adopted in this research to determine the influence of building regulations in the implementation of new technologies in the construction process. This study includes the analysis of different European regulations, the collection and documentation of such guidelines that have been established and a study of the impact that all of these have had in the way we start thinking an architectural project. The achievements of the research could be explained in terms of the regulatory requirements that must be taken into account in order to achieve a successful implementation of a home automation system, and the key finding has been the confirmation of how the design of smart buildings may be promoted through specific regulatory requirements while other factors, such as the global economic situation, do not seem to affect directly the rate of penetration of home automation in construction.

Context-awareness in task automation services by distributed event processing

Everybody has to coordinate several tasks everyday, usually in a manual manner. Recently, the concept of Task Automation Services has been introduced to automate and personalize the task coordination problem. Several user centered platforms and applications have arisen in the last years, that let their users configure their very own automations based on third party services. In this paper, we propose a new system architecture for Task Automation Services in a heterogeneous mobile, smart devices, and cloud services environment. Our architecture is based on the novel idea to employ distributed Complex Event Processing to implement innovative mixed execution profiles. The major advantage of the approach is its ability to incorporate context-awareness and real-time coordination in Task Automation Services.

FIWARE Lab: managing resources and services in a cloud federation supporting future internet applications

Real-world experimentation facilities accelerate the development of Future Internet technologies and services, advance the market for smart infrastructures, and increase the effectiveness of business processes through the Internet. The federation of facilities fosters the experimentation and innovation with larger and more powerful environment, increases the number and variety of the offered services and brings forth possibilities for new experimentation scenarios. This paper introduces a management solution for cloud federation that automates service provisioning to the largest possible extent, relieves the developers from time-consuming configuration settings, and caters for real-time information of all information related to the whole lifecycle of the provisioned services. This is achieved by proposing solutions to achieve the seamless deployment of services across the federation and ability of services to span across different infrastructures of the federation, as well as monitoring of the resources and data which can be aggregated with a common structure, offered as an open ecosystem for innovation at the developers' disposal. This solution consists of several federation management tools and components that are part of the work on Cloud Federation conducted within XIFI project to build the federation of cloud infrastructures for the Future Internet Lab (FIWARE Lab). We present the design and implementation of the solution-concerned FIWARE Lab management tools and components that are deployed within a federation of 17 cloud infrastructures distributed across Europe.

Desarrollo de un modelo de evaluación de ciudades basado en el concepto de ciudad inteligente (Smart city)

La presente tesis tiene por finalidad contribuir al conocimiento de los procesos de transformación de las ciudades convencionales en Ciudades Inteligentes o Smart Cities, el nuevo paradigma urbano, que surge como consecuencia de la utilización de las Tecnologías de la Información y de las Comunicaciones, las TIC, para mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas y aumentar la eficiencia y eficacia de los procesos, servicios e infraestructuras de la ciudad. El proceso de urbanización de la población mundial constituye una de las principales tendencias globales. Los retos a los que se enfrentan las urbes actuales para satisfacer las necesidades de sus habitantes, así como la forma en que cada ciudad aborda dichos retos, propician el desarrollo de estudios comparativos y rankings de ciudades. La oportunidad para llevar a cabo esta tesis deriva de: La novedad del concepto de Ciudad Inteligente. La necesidad de establecer estudios comparativos, respecto a dicho concepto, entre ciudades con características socioeconómicas y culturales comunes, dado que la mayoría de los estudios y rankings se desarrollan para conjuntos de ciudades cuyas características son muy dispares, pues, en general son seleccionadas por su condición de capitales de estados o de centros económicos-financieros. El interés de disponer de estudios sobre ciudades con tamaños de población medianos, inferiores al millón de habitantes, las cuales tienen baja presencia en los estudios comparativos. La inexistencia de estudios comparativos entre las ciudades españolas, en relación con el concepto de Ciudad Inteligente. La existencia de la Red Española de Ciudades Inteligentes, que permite disponer de una muestra de ciudades adecuada, para llevar a cabo un estudio comparativo de acuerdo con los puntos anteriores. El objetivo general de la presente tesis es contribuir al conocimiento de los procesos de transformación de la ciudad convencional en Ciudad Inteligente, a través de la formulación y aplicación de un modelo de evaluación, basado en el concepto holístico de Ciudad Inteligente o Smart City y desde la perspectiva del ciudadano. La metodología de trabajo seguida comprende, en primer lugar, la revisión del estado del arte, centrada en tres aspectos: la evolución del concepto Smart City, los estudios comparativos sobre Ciudades Inteligentes y las medidas que las ciudades españolas están implantando en la práctica para llevar a cabo su transformación en Ciudades Inteligentes. A continuación se lleva a cabo el diseño el modelo de evaluación. Este modelo refleja el carácter holístico del concepto de Ciudad Inteligente, para lo cual, de acuerdo con las definiciones que encontramos en la literatura, evalúa la situación de cada ciudad en relación con seis ejes o pilares, comúnmente aceptados por los diferentes autores: e-Gobierno y e-Gobernanza, Movilidad, Sostenibilidad Ambiental, Desarrollo Económico, Capital Intelectual y Calidad de Vida. El trabajo desarrollado implica un análisis, que se desarrolla de forma ordenada para cada uno de los ejes y, dentro de éstos, para sus correspondientes factores. En total se analizan 18 factores. Para cada uno de los ejes se lleva a cabo una revisión de las iniciativas más representativas para, a continuación, analizar y evaluar los correspondientes los factores. De forma complementaria al desarrollo del trabajo, se llevó a cabo una encuesta, dirigida a profesionales de diferentes áreas y sectores, todos ellos en el ámbito de las Ciudades Inteligentes. El objetivo de la encuesta es conocer, de acuerdo con la opinión de los profesionales, la situación actual en materia de despliegue de Ciudades Inteligentes, las actuaciones que consideran de mayor interés para la ciudad y las barreras del proceso de cambio. Una vez definido el modelo, se ha aplicado a las 62 ciudades que forman la Red Española de Ciudades Inteligentes (RECI), valorando los factores y los ejes para cada una de ellas. Así mismo, se ha analizado la influencia de las tres variables siguientes: tamaño de población, densidad de población y presupuesto municipal por habitante, determinando la relación entre el porcentaje de ciudades inteligentes de la muestra, en cada factor. Adicionalmente en el eje Capital Intelectual,se analizó la influencia del porcentaje de habitantes con estudios superiores. Las 62 ciudades RECI que componen la muestra evaluada, representan el 43 % de las ciudades españolas que cuentan con poblaciones superiores a los 50.000 habitantes. La población que abarca la muestra de ciudades estudiada representa el 35% de la población española. Finalmente, se ha determinado el ranking con las ciudades de RECI, de acuerdo con el modelo diseñado. Así mismo se ha llevado a cabo el análisis de sensibilidad, determinado el ranking resultante para la misma muestra de ciudades, aplicando la ponderación de los factores. Las principales aportaciones de la tesis son: Desarrollar un modelo de evaluación de ciudades basada en el concepto holístico de la Smart City y desde la perspectiva del ciudadano. Desarrollar una metodología de trabajo fundamentada en el análisis sistematizado de las web municipales, como medio para conocer la situación de las ciudades, en lugar de los datos estadísticos publicados, que son la fuente de información habitualmente empleada en los estudios comparativos. Disponer de un estudio comparativo específico de ciudades españolas. Llevar a cabo un estudio sobre una muestra de ciudades de tamaño medio, con características socioeconómicas y culturales comparables. Mejorar el conocimiento de los procesos que se están llevando a cabo en ciudades con poblaciones inferiores al millón de habitantes. The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the knowledge of the cities and the transformation that is taking part in traditional cities becoming Smart Cities. The Smart City concept is the new urban paradigm that is born from the extensive use of Information Technologies (IT) in order to accomplish better citizen’s quality of life as well as improvements in urban processes, services and infrastructures. Several rankings and benchmarking studies are being conducted globally, in response to the increasing of urban population that is taking part around the world and the subsequent challenges to be confronted by the cities. This thesis aims to contribute to these studies. The opportunity for this thesis comes from: The Smart City concept as a new concept. The need of benchmarking studies focused on the Smart City concept, carried on cities with similar social and economic characteristics. The interest on benchmarking studies on medium size cities (with less than one million inhabitants). The absence of benchmarking studies on Spanish cities. The existence of the Spanish Smart Cities Network that can be considered an appropriate sample for a benchmark study. The main goal of this thesis is to develop a Smart Cities assessment model based on the citizen point of view and taking into account a holistic concept of Smart City. The thesis methodology starts with the state of the art revision, focused on three items: the Smart City concept, the benchmark studies and the projects actually developed by the Spanish cities under processes for becoming Smart Cities. The next step is the assessment model design, in accordance with the six main axes or pillars referred in the academic literature: e-Government and e-Governance, Mobility, Environmental Sustainability, Economic Development, Smart Citizens and Quality of Life. Also, a survey has been conducted and addressed to experts working on the different areas related to the Smart Cities. The aim of this survey is to know their opinion about the deployment of the Smart Cities, the priorities considered by the cities and the barriers that delay the change processes. Once the assessment model was ready, it was applied to the Spanish Smart Cities Network, with 62 member cities. Also, the bearing of three variables: city population, population density and city budget per inhabitant, are studied. The 62 cities studied are 43 % of the Spanish cities with population over 50.000 inhabitants. The population living in these cities is the 35% of total Spanish population. The main contribution of this thesis are: An assessment model for Smart Cities that takes into account the holistic concept of the Smart City as well as the citizen experience. A methodology that comprises municipal web analysis instead of statistics data, which are the usual source of data for current benchmarking studies. A Spanish Smart Cities benchmark. A benchmark on medium size cities with similar social and economic characteristics. A better understanding of the urban processes that are taking part on cities under one million inhabitants.

Monitoring and Prevention the Smart Cities

Nowadays, the intensive use of Technology Information (TI) provide solutions to problems of the high population density, energy conservation and cities management. This produces a newest concept of the city, Smart City. But the inclusion of TI in the city brings associated new problems, specifically the generation of electromagnetic fields from the available and new technological infrastructures installed in the city that did not exist before. This new scenario produces a negative effect on a particular group of the society, as are the group of persons with electromagnetic hypersensitivity pathology. In this work we propose a system that would allow you to detect and prevent the continuous exposure to such electromagnetic fields, without the need to include more devices or infrastructure which would only worsen these effects. Through the use of the architecture itself and Smart City services, it is possible to infer the necessary knowledge to know the situation of the EMF radiation and thus allow users to avoid the areas of greatest conflict. This knowledge, not only allows us to get EMF current map of the city, but also allows you to generate predictions and detect future risk situations.