864 resultados para sistemas de manejo


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Neste trabalho, foi determinada a estrutura da variabilidade espacial da emissão de CO2, temperatura e umidade de solos desprovidos de vegetação em duas localidades sob cultivo da cana-de-açúcar, em sistemas de manejos de cana crua e de cana queimada, no nordeste do Estado de São Paulo. A emissão de CO2 e a temperatura do solo foram registradas utilizando-se de câmara de fluxo portátil e sensor de temperatura do sistema LI-6400. A umidade foi avaliada utilizando sistema portátil TDR. A maior emissão foi observada no local sob manejo de cana queimada, com valor médio de 2,05 μmol m-2 s-1, porém a dependência espacial na emissão de CO2 foi encontrada somente na área sob manejo de cana crua. Os mapas de krigagem da emissão de CO2, temperatura e umidade do solo sob manejo de cana queimada mostraram correspondência à declividade do terreno, com as maiores emissões e temperaturas localizadas na parte mais alta, sendo as maiores umidades do solo encontradas na parte mais baixa do local estudado. Os resultados indicam correlação linear positiva da emissão de CO2 com a temperatura, e negativa com a umidade do solo somente no local com manejo de cana queimada, e não no sistema de cana crua, onde a presença de palhada certamente impede a ação direta da radiação solar e o escoamento de chuvas.

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O presente trabalho de pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar a composição florística de comunidades de plantas daninhas presentes em áreas agrícolas de várzea, manejadas em diferentes sistemas. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em áreas de produção de arroz irrigado das cooperativas: Cooperativas Mista Rural Vale do Javaés e Cooperativa Agroindustrial Rio Formoso, em Formoso do Araguaia-TO. Foram separadas três áreas de 1 ha, sendo: 1 - área sem rotação de culturas (arroz/pousio) há mais de cinco anos; 2 - área com rotação de culturas (arroz/soja) há mais de cinco anos; 3 - área com rotação de culturas (arroz/melancia) há mais de dois anos. Para caracterização e estudo fitossociológico da comunidade infestante foi utilizado, como unidade amostral, um quadro (1,0 x 1,0 m), lançado aleatoriamente dentro da área de estudo (método do quadrado inventário), por meio de um caminhamento em ziguezague. Na área sem rotação, foram identificadas 8 famílias e 16 espécies, destacando-se a família Poaceae com maior número espécies; Fimbristylis miliacea (Cyperaceae) foi a espécie com o maior índice de importância relativa (84,46%). Na área com rotação arroz/soja, foram identificadas 8 famílias e 12 espécies, destacando-se as famílias Poaceae e Cyperaceae com maior número espécies; Cyperus esculentus (Cyperaceae) foi a espécie com o maior índice de importância relativa (91,4%). Na área com rotação arroz/melancia foram identificadas seis famílias e oito espécies, destacando-se as famílias Euphorbiaceae e Lamiaceae com maior número espécies; Physalis angulata (Solanaceae) foi a espécie com o maior índice de importância relativa (153,1%), seguida por Eclipta alba (Compositae) e Hyptis lophanta (Lamiaceae), com 40,45 e 37,6%, respectivamente.

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No-tillage system is an efficient technique in control of soil erosion, when compared with conventional tillage, however, some studies indicate higher compaction under no-tillage, mainly in the surface layer. Strategies that increase the organic matter content, as crop rotation and organic fertilization, can be used to solve the soil compaction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of soil managements (crop succession and crop rotation) and fertilization (organic, mineral and organic-mineral) in the physical properties of the soil, under no-tillage system, from 2006 to 2008. The evaluations were carried out in February 2007, after the summer corn harvest, and in September 2008, after the winter corn harvest. Crop rotation decreased the soil density and soil resistance to penetration and increased the macroporosity and total porosity. The use of organic sources of fertilization did not affect any of the physical attributes of soil. The yield of summer corn was highest in succession crop and mineral fertilization, however, in the winter, there was no difference between the soil managements and among the fertilizations.

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Soil management measures that increase the efficiency of organic matter cycling and maintain favorable soil structure are needed for improving soil quality. On the other hand, soil structure degradation due to inadequate soil management systems is widespread. Among the indicators of soil physical quality, saturated hydraulic conductivity and penetration resistance are thought to be sensitive to soil management system. The aim of this work was to study the influence of soil tillage system and organic fertilization on selected soil physical properties after the first year of treatment. The field work was conducted in Selviria, MS, Brazil on an Oxisol. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks with split-plots, with 12 treatments and 4 repetitions. Tillage treatments included conventional ploughing (CT) and direct drilling (DD). Fertilizer treatments were: 1) manure, 2) manure plus mineral, 3) traditional mineral 4) plant residues of Crotalaria juncea, 5) plant residues of Pennisetum americanum and 6) control plot. The plots were cropped to bean in winter and to cotton in summer, and both cultures were irrigated. After one year no significant differences between treatments in mechanical resistance and porosity were found. However, saturated hydraulic conductivity and infiltration were higher in the conventional tillage treatment at the 0.00-0.10 m depth. Moreover, an improvement in soil physical condition by organic fertilizers was shown.

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Management systems affect soil structure, causing changes in porosity that can influence water infiltration into the soil. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different management systems on the porosity and water infiltration in Distroferric Red Nitosol with clay texture. The management systems were: conventional with disc plow + two soft harrowing, conventional with heavy disc harrow + two soft harrowing, no tillage and fallow. The following attributes: porosity, pore shape and water infiltration velocity into the soil were determined. Management systems such as no-tillage, conventional with disc plow and heavy disc harrow, and fallow modify the porosity and the shape of pores of a Distroferric Red Nitosol, influencing water infiltration, which was favored in no-tillage for the greater presence of elongated pores.

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The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the hydro-physical attributes of the Red Oxisol cultivated with maize in Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil, under different systems of use and periods of adoption of managements. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with split-plot arrangement, with six replications and the treatments were: six years of no-tillage system (SPD6), eight years of no-tillage system (SPD8), ten years of no-tillage system (SPD10), conventional tillage system (SPC) and an adjacent area of native forest (NF). The soil penetration resistance (PR), density, macroporosity, microporosity of the soil in layers of 0-0.05; 0.05-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m, and the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kθ) in 0.15 m depth were evaluated. It was found that the PR conditions were favorable for the cultivation to 0.20 m, indicating a structure preserved even after soil chiseling. Furthermore, the Kθ in the soil showed similar behavior between SPC and periods of SPD, although this was shown in a part of maize cycle, macroporosity values near 0.10 m3 m-3 and soil water tensions near 0.09 MPa.

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Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp] have great social and economic importance for the Para State. It grows well in areas with low precipitation and two crop cycles can be obtained annually. This study aimed to assess the effect of the residual fertilization from a previous culture (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) and crop systems on cowpea yield and macronutrient concentration on leaves of three cowpea cultivars (BRSMilênio, BRS-Urubuquara e BRS-Guariba). The study was conducted at the UFRA. The treatments were two crop systems (minimum tillage and conventional), four levels of potassium (50, 100, 200 e 300 kg de KCl ha-1 applied to a previous sorghum culture) and the three cowpea cultivars. Treatments were organized as a three (4 x 2 x 3) factor experiment on a randomized complete block design. The soil was a yellow latosol. In each experiment plot five plants were selected to determine shoot dry matter and foliar nutrient concentration. Grain yield was determined after harvesting all plants on the experiment plot. The residual KCl fertilization affected foliar nutrient content, but did not affect shoot dry mass or yield of grain. Yield was higher in the minimum tillage system. Highest yield (1590 kg ha-1) was recorded int the cv. 'Guariba' when 100 kg of KCl ha-1 had been used in the previous crop. The highest content of leaf N and K was found in cowpea under minimum tillage system. The amount of P and Mg were higher in the conventional system whereas the amount of Ca did not change.

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Corn cultivation is part of crop rotation used by irrigation farmers from the southwestern region of São Paulo state, Brazil, who use no-tillage soil management as a kind of sustainable use of soil. The effect of this conservative practice on physical and hydrical properties of the soil, root development and corn crop yield compared to the conventional management was the objective of this work. The experiment was held at the Buriti-Mirim Farm, Angatuba, SP, Brazil, using an irrigated area with a center pivot system and two types of soil management: conventional and no-tillage systems. Although the no-tillage management had higher soil density and less water availability, no significant difference was found for both management systems concerning soil resistance to penetration, root development and crop yield. In both systems of soil management, 90% of roots were concentrated in the first 0-20cm of soil layer.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Agricultura) - FCA

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)