Desarrollo y caracterización de un material celular de alta porosidad con base cementicia activada mediante agentes inorgánicos

Esta tesis ha estudiado los morteros celulares, centrándose en la experimentación con pastas de cemento aireadas (PCA) con polvo de aluminio como agente expansor. El objetivo es el desarrollo de un material cementicio con una baja conductividad térmica que sirva como aislamiento térmico. La naturaleza inorgánica del material lo hace incombustible, en contraste con las espumas poliméricas existentes en el mercado, cuya aplicación en cámaras ventiladas ha sido prohibida por normativas de construcción tanto a nivel nacional como internacional. Las posibles aplicaciones son con proyección neumática o en paneles prefabricados. Se han ensayado dos series de pastas de cemento con polvo de aluminio: - Serie WPC/CAC/CH. Mezcla de referencia con cemento blanco (WPC), cemento de aluminato cálcico (CAC) y cal aérea (CH) en proporción 5:1:4. - Serie OPC/CH. Mezcla de referencia con cemento portland con cenizas volantes (OPC) y cal aérea (CH) en proporción OPC/CH de 4:1 A las mezclas de referencia se le han añadido adiciones de metacaolín (MK) (10 y 20%) o sepiolita (SP) (1 y 2%) para observar el efecto que producen tanto en el mortero fresco como en el mortero endurecido. Se ha estudiado la reología de las pastas en estado fresco, analizando el proceso de expansión de las pastas, registrando los valores de tensión de fluencia, aire ocluido y temperatura durante la expansión. Con los valores obtenidos se ha discutido la influencia de las adiciones utilizadas en la cinética de corrosión del polvo de aluminio que genera la expansión, concluyendo que las adiciones puzolánicas (CV y MK) y la SP reducen mucho el periodo de inducción, lo que provoca poros más grandes y mayor cantidad de aire ocluido. Asimismo se ha analizado la relación entre la tensión de fluencia y el contenido de aire ocluido, deduciendo que a mayor tensión de fluencia en el momento de iniciarse la expansión, menor tamaño de poros y contenido de aire ocluido. Finalmente, se han obtenido las densidades y capacidades de retención de agua de los morteros frescos. Para caracterizar la red porosa de las pastas aireadas endurecidas, se obtuvieron tanto las densidades reales, netas, aparentes y relativas como las porosidades abiertas, cerradas y totales con ensayos hídricos. Finalmente se obtuvieron imágenes de los poros con tomografía axial computerizada para obtener las porosimetrías de las muestras. La caracterización de la red porosa ha servido para terminar de analizar lo observado en la evolución de la expansión del mortero fresco. Se ha analizado la influencia de la red porosa en la conductividad térmica, obtenida con caja caliente, comparándola con la existente en la literatura existente tanto de morteros celulares como de espumas poliméricas. Se concluye que los valores de conductividad térmica conseguida están en el mínimo posible para un material celular de base cementicia. La microestructura se ha estudiado con microscopía electrónica de barrido, difracción de rayos X y ensayos térmicos TG/ATD, observando que los productos de hidratación encontrados coinciden con los que se producen en morteros sin airear. Las imágenes SEM y los resultados de ultrasonidos han servido para analizar la presencia de microfisuras de retracción en las pastas aireadas, observando que en las muestras con adiciones de MK y SP, se reduce la presencia de microfisuras. ABSTRACT This thesis has studied cellular mortars, focusing in testing aerated cement pastes with aluminum powder as expansive agent. The purpose is the development of a cementitious material with low thermal conductivity that can be used as thermal isolation. Inorganic nature of this material makes it non-combustible, in contrast with polymeric foams in market, whose application in ventilated double skin façade systems has been banned by building standards, both domestically and internationally. Possible uses for this material are pneumatically sprayed applications and precast panels. Two series of batches with aluminum powder have been tested: - WPC/CAC/CH series. Reference paste with white portland cement (WPC), calcium aluminate cement (CAC) and lime (CH) with 5:1:4 ratio. - OPC/CH series. Reference paste with portland cement with fly ash (OPC) and lime (CH) with 4:1 ratio. Metakaolin (MK) (10 and 20%) or sepiolite (SP) (1 and 2%) additions were used in reference pastes to characterize the effect in fresh and hardened mortar. Rheology in fresh pastes was studied, expansion process of pastes was analyzed, recording yield stress, entrained air and temperature values during expansion. Recorded values were used to discuss influence of additions on reaction kinetics of aluminum powder corrosion, that produces expansion.. Conclusion is that pozzolanic additions (FA and MK) and SP greatly reduce induction period, producing bigger pores and more entrained air. Relation between yield stress and entrained air has been also analyzed, observing that the bigger yield stress at beginning of expansion, the smaller pores size and the lower entrained air values. Finally density and water retention of fresh mortars were obtained. Pore network in hardened aerated cement pastes was characterized by imbibition methods providing true, bulk and relative density, and providing also open, closed and total porosity. Finally, pore system imaging were obtained with computerized axial tomography to study porosimetry of specimens. Pore network characterization was useful to complete facts analysis observed in expansion of fresh mortars. Influence of pore network in thermal conductivity, checked in hot box, was analyzed comparing with those existing values in cellular mortar and polymeric foams researches. It was concluded that thermal conductivity values achieved are close to minimum possible in a cementitious cellular material. Microstructure was studied with Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Ray Diffractometry and TG-DTA analysis, observing that hydration phases found, are those produced in non aerated mortar. SEM imaging and ultrasound results were useful to analyze shrinkage microcracks in aerated cement pastes, concluding that microcrack presence in specimens with MK and SP additions were reduced.

Third-generation synchrotron x-ray diffraction of 6-μm crystal of raite, ≈Na3Mn3Ti0.25Si8O20(OH)2⋅10H2O, opens up new chemistry and physics of low-temperature minerals

The crystal structure of raite was solved and refined from data collected at Beamline Insertion Device 13 at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, using a 3 × 3 × 65 μm single crystal. The refined lattice constants of the monoclinic unit cell are a = 15.1(1) Å; b = 17.6(1) Å; c = 5.290(4) Å; β = 100.5(2)°; space group C2/m. The structure, including all reflections, refined to a final R = 0.07. Raite occurs in hyperalkaline rocks from the Kola peninsula, Russia. The structure consists of alternating layers of a hexagonal chicken-wire pattern of 6-membered SiO4 rings. Tetrahedral apices of a chain of Si six-rings, parallel to the c-axis, alternate in pointing up and down. Two six-ring Si layers are connected by edge-sharing octahedral bands of Na+ and Mn3+ also parallel to c. The band consists of the alternation of finite Mn–Mn and Na–Mn–Na chains. As a consequence of the misfit between octahedral and tetrahedral elements, regions of the Si–O layers are arched and form one-dimensional channels bounded by 12 Si tetrahedra and 2 Na octahedra. The channels along the short c-axis in raite are filled by isolated Na(OH,H2O)6 octahedra. The distorted octahedrally coordinated Ti4+ also resides in the channel and provides the weak linkage of these isolated Na octahedra and the mixed octahedral tetrahedral framework. Raite is structurally related to intersilite, palygorskite, sepiolite, and amphibole.

Clay-supported graphene materials: application to hydrogen storage

The present work refers to clay–graphene nanomaterials prepared by a green way using caramel from sucrose and two types of natural clays (montmorillonite and sepiolite) as precursors, with the aim of evaluating their potential use in hydrogen storage. The impregnation of the clay substrates by caramel in aqueous media, followed by a thermal treatment in the absence of oxygen of these clay–caramel intermediates gives rise to graphene-like materials, which remain strongly bound to the silicate support. The nature of the resulting materials was characterized by different techniques such as XRD, Raman spectroscopy and TEM, as well as by adsorption isotherms of N2, CO2 and H2O. These carbon–clay nanocomposites can act as adsorbents for hydrogen storage, achieving, at 298 K and 20 MPa, over 0.1 wt% of hydrogen adsorption excess related to the total mass of the system, and a maximum value close to 0.4 wt% of hydrogen specifically related to the carbon mass. The very high isosteric heat for hydrogen sorption determined from adsorption isotherms at different temperatures (14.5 kJ mol−1) fits well with the theoretical values available for hydrogen storage on materials that show a strong stabilization of the H2 molecule upon adsorption.

Clay mineralogy of carbonate-rich sediments of ODP Leg 101 sites

The insoluble residues of samples from ODP Sites 626 and 627 can be subdivided into four groups: (1) illite, 7 A minerals, quartz and feldspar; (2) smectite and zeolite (clinoptilolite); (3) palygorskite and in places sepiolite; and (4) glauconite and pyrite. Whereas group 1 is clearly terrigenous and group 4 authigenic, group 2 is most probably authigenic, as indicated by its abundance in samples with small insoluble residues and its appearance in SEM photographs. Group 3 is authigenic in Albian peritidal dolomite and possibly terrigenous in middle Miocene slumps and debris flows. Smectite crystallinity increases with age. This increase, however, is less pronounced in the Bahamian carbonate-rich samples than in the carbonate-poor silts south of Guatemala (DSDP Leg 84, Sites 569 and 570, the only comparable investigation) as far as can be judged from such a small number of samples.

(Table 1) Bulk and clay mineralogy at DSDP Leg 66 Holes

During Leg 66 eight sites on an active margin transect off southern Mexico were drilled in order to determine the nature of ocean-continent transition across a subduction zone. Present outcrops of Mesozoic to Precambrian basement at the coast intruded by Mesozoic magmas within only 65 km of the Middle America Trench axis indicate truncation of the continental margin, tectonic removal of an accretionary zone, and consumption of ocean sediments and crust by subduction.

Mineralogical compositions of sediment samples from the San Francisco Bay coastal system

The mineralogical compositions of 119 samples collected from throughout the San Francisco Bay coastal system, including bayfloor and seafloor, area beaches, cliff outcrops, and major drainages, were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Comparison of the mineral concentrations and application of statistical cluster analysis of XRD spectra allowed for the determination of provenances and transport pathways. The use of XRD mineral identifications provides semi-quantitative compositions needed for comparisons of beach and offshore sands with potential cliff and river sources, but the innovative cluster analysis of XRD diffraction spectra provides a unique visualization of how groups of samples within the San Francisco Bay coastal system are related so that sand-sized sediment transport pathways can be inferred. The main vector for sediment transport as defined by the XRD analysis is from San Francisco Bay to the outer coast, where the sand then accumulates on the ebb tidal delta and also moves alongshore. This mineralogical link defines a critical pathway because large volumes of sediment have been removed from the Bay over the last century via channel dredging, aggregate mining, and borrow pit mining, with comparable volumes of erosion from the ebb tidal delta over the same period, in addition to high rates of shoreline retreat along the adjacent, open-coast beaches. Therefore, while previously only a temporal relationship was established, the transport pathway defined by mineralogical and geochemical tracers support the link between anthropogenic activities in the Bay and widespread erosion outside the Bay. The XRD results also establish the regional and local importance of sediment derived from cliff erosion, as well as both proximal and distal fluvial sources. This research is an important contribution to a broader provenance study aimed at identifying the driving forces for widespread geomorphic change in a heavily urbanized coastal-estuarine system.