La historia carnavalesca del 68 en Palinuro de México de Fernando del Paso

Résumé Ce travail cherche à révéler les stratégies utilisées dans Palinuro de México (1977) de Fernando del Paso pour représenter l’histoire du mouvement étudiant de 1968, qui se termina par le massacre de Tlatelolco. Afin de protéger son image, le gouvernement censura cet événement, qui compte parmi les plus marquants de l’histoire contemporaine du Mexique. Nous situons Palinuro de México dans un corpus littéraire qui résiste au silence imposé par les autorités avec la création d’une poétique capable de raconter l’histoire et de dénoncer la censure. Notre hypothèse s’appuie sur les réflexions de Paul Veyne et Jacques Rancière, qui démontrent que l’écriture de l’histoire ne possède pas de méthode scientifique, mais procède plutôt d’une construction littéraire. Cela nous permet d’affirmer que l’histoire, puisqu’elle relève de la littérature, peut aussi être racontée dans un roman. La théorie de la littérature carnavalesque de Mijail Bajtin, qui se caractérise par le rire, la liberté d’expression et l’opposition aux règles officielles, nous sert à identifier les procédés utilisés dans Palinuro de México pour créer une mémoire de Tlatelolco. Ce style rappelle la vitalité du mouvement étudiant, en soulignant la joyeuse subversion des valeurs. De plus, son caractère polyphonique permet d’inclure une pièce de théâtre dans un roman et de confronter les différentes idéologies qui s’opposaient durant le conflit.

La entrevista sociolingüística y su valor como método de investigación

Dans cette étude, nous analysons les principaux problèmes que nous retrouvons lorsque nous utilisons les entrevues sociolinguistiques comme méthode d’analyse pour obtenir des échantillons de l’actuation linguistique authentiques. Cette problématique provient de la nature même de la méthodologie employée en fonction du paradoxe de l’observateur (Labov 1972) et elle impose la nécessité de réfléchir sur les avantages et les désavantages inhérents à l’instrument de recherche utilisé. En ayant ce propos, l’objectif principal qu’on poursuit est celui de donner réponse à une question que surgit lorsqu’on parle de l’entrevue sociolinguistique : Comment pourrait-on obtenir des échantillons de parole de style spontané dans l’observation systématique de l’entrevue? Pour essayer de répondre à cette problématique, on a revu et analysé un échantillon de vingt entrevues semi dirigées (25 heures d’enregistrement) qui font partie du Corpus Oral et Sonore de l’Espagnol Rural (COSER). L’étude des entrevues sociolinguistiques comme méthode scientifique montre, comme principal résultat, que parmi les stratégies utilisées pour essayer de réduire les effets du paradoxe de l’observateur on devrait inclure celle de la tactique de faire parler l’informateur à propos d’un objet qui ait une particulière valeur affective pour lui, pour générer ainsi une déstructuration du schéma formel de l’entrevue et une situation émotionnelle de sorte que l’émotivité neutralise sa conscience linguistique et son discours. De cette façon, l’attention du parlant se concentrera dans l’objet même plutôt que dans sa parole formelle et, de cette manière, on obtiendrait des échantillons de style plus spontané et colloquial.

Socio-Economic Dimensions of Health Care Development Among Tribals in Kerala: A Study of Tribal Communities in Wynad

The contemporary explanations and discussions of the relationship between medicine and health, and society centre around assumptions that can be broadly classified into three setsl. The first set considers health and illness as predominantly ‘biological’ and therefore, having nothing to do with the social and economic environment in which it occurs. The struggle to combat illness therefore, lies entirely within the purview of modern medicine which is neutral to economic or social change. The second considers practice of medicine as a natural science. It allows the doctor to separate himself from his subject matter, the patient, in the samelway as the natural scientist is assumed to separate himself from his subject matter, the natural world. As a 'science' and with the scientific method, it can produce unchallengable and autonomous body of knowledge which is free from the wider social and economic context. The third, different from the above, recognises the relationship between health, medicine and society. Social and environmental aspects as determinants of illness or of health comes to sharp focus here and it assigns to medicine the status of a mediator, the only viable mediator, between people and diseases. In this scheme of things the usefulness of medicine is unquestionable but the problem lies in not having enough of it to go arounds.

Causas que motivan la conformación de comunidades alternativas como crítica a la sociedad occidental moderna. Caso Kunagua, Silvania, Colombia

La conformación de comunidades alternativas comúnmente se genera tras el abandono voluntario de ciudades occidentales modernas y actualmente está cobrando mayor importancia a nivel mundial. Por lo general las comunidades alternativas se caracterizan por ser asentamientos humanos que buscan integrar todos los aspectos de la vida en un entorno saludable, en el que se promueve la auto-sostenibilidad. Las causas de tipo político, económico y espiritual que motivan esta decisión en ciertos grupos de personas, relejan una posición no solo crítica sino también activa frente a la sociedad contemporánea. El presente estudio de caso pretende identificar estas causas y articularlas para presentar una crítica a la sociedad occidental moderna, sociedad en la cual se le ha dado preponderancia al método científico para explicar incluso el origen de los seres humanos, reconociendo la razón como modo supremo de conocimiento y olvidando por tanto que existe otro modo de conocer superior y previo a la razón.

Estudo das associações significativas e fortes dos acidentes de trabalho com o efetivo laboral e com as horas trabalhadas

O presente artigo teve como base uma aula de mestrado, em laboratório de estatística, para posterior conceção de um artigo científico, em grupo, em 4 horas. Teve como objeto de estudo a variação dos acidentes de trabalho com o efetivo laboral, com as horas trabalhadas, com a duração média da jornada de trabalho. O objetivo científico foi pesquisar correlações entre variáveis. O objetivo didático foi demonstrar os passos do método científico e o objetivo pedagógico foi quebrar preconceitos sobre a dificuldade de produzir trabalho científico. Partindo de uma sumária revisão da literatura, colocaram-se hipóteses de investigação e prosseguiu-se para tratamento estatístico inferencial sobre os dados dos acidentes de trabalho com baixa médica, do efetivo médio laboral, das horas trabalhadas e da duração da jornada média de trabalho, de uma grande empresa, durante 20 anos consecutivos. Os resultados revelaram uma associação direta, estatisticamente significativa e forte, dos acidentes de trabalho às horas trabalhadas e ao efetivo. No caso da associação dos acidentes à duração média da jornada de trabalho, a associação é estatisticamente significativa, mas de intensidade moderada. Este ensaio permitiu também intrapolar e extrapolar, com reservas, os acidentes esperados em função de uma dada carga de trabalho. As competências desenvolvidas neste trabalho revelaram-se úteis para a produção de conhecimento científico, em geral, e para gestão da prevenção dos riscos laborais, em particular. / This article was based on a master class, in statistical laboratory, of 4 hours, for subsequent group production of a scientific paper. The object of study was the variation of occupational accidents with number of employees and with hours worked, as well as with the average duration of the workday. The scientific objective has been researching correlations between variables. The learning objective was to demonstrate the steps of the scientific method, and the educational objective was to break down prejudices about the difficulty of making scientific research. Starting from a brief literature review on the subject, research hypotheses were formulated. Then, it was done inferential statistics of data regarding occupational accidents with sick leave, average number of employees, hours worked per year, and average duration of the workday, of a large enterprise, during 20 years in a row. Results revealed that there is statistically significant and strong direct association between occupational accidents and hours worked, as well as between occupational accidents and number of employees. In the case of the association of accidents to the average duration of the workday, identical data analysis revealed this association is statistically significant, but of moderate intensity. This essay also enabled to interpolate and extrapolate, with proper caution, the accidents expected to occur in a given workload. The skills developed from this research proved to be useful to create scientific knowledge, as well as to manage labour risk prevention.

Birding 2.0: Citizen Science and Effective Monitoring in the Web 2.0 World

The amateur birding community has a long and proud tradition of contributing to bird surveys and bird atlases. Coordinated activities such as Breeding Bird Atlases and the Christmas Bird Count are examples of "citizen science" projects. With the advent of technology, Web 2.0 sites such as eBird have been developed to facilitate online sharing of data and thus increase the potential for real-time monitoring. However, as recently articulated in an editorial in this journal and elsewhere, monitoring is best served when based on a priori hypotheses. Harnessing citizen scientists to collect data following a hypothetico-deductive approach carries challenges. Moreover, the use of citizen science in scientific and monitoring studies has raised issues of data accuracy and quality. These issues are compounded when data collection moves into the Web 2.0 world. An examination of the literature from social geography on the concept of "citizen sensors" and volunteered geographic information (VGI) yields thoughtful reflections on the challenges of data quality/data accuracy when applying information from citizen sensors to research and management questions. VGI has been harnessed in a number of contexts, including for environmental and ecological monitoring activities. Here, I argue that conceptualizing a monitoring project as an experiment following the scientific method can further contribute to the use of VGI. I show how principles of experimental design can be applied to monitoring projects to better control for data quality of VGI. This includes suggestions for how citizen sensors can be harnessed to address issues of experimental controls and how to design monitoring projects to increase randomization and replication of sampled data, hence increasing scientific reliability and statistical power.

Construction management research: a field of application

Research in construction management is diverse in content and in quality. There is much to be learned from more fundamental disciplines. Construction is a sub-set of human experience rather than a completely separate phenomenon. Therefore, it is likely that there are few problems in construction requiring the invention of a completely new theory. If construction researchers base their work only on that of other construction researchers, our academic community will become less relevant to the world at large. The theories that we develop or test must be of wider applicability to be of any real interest. In undertaking research, researchers learn a lot about themselves. Perhaps the only difference between research and education is that if we are learning about something which no-one else knows, then it is research, otherwise it is education. Self-awareness of this will help to reduce the chances of publishing work which only reveals a researcher’s own learning curve. Scientific method is not as simplistic as non-scientists claim and is the only real way of overcoming methodological weaknesses in our work. The reporting of research may convey the false impression that it is undertaken in the sequence in which it is written. Construction is not so unique and special as to require a completely different set of methods from other fields of enquiry. Until our research is reported in mainstream journals and conferences, there is little chance that we will influence the wider academic community and a concomitant danger that it will become irrelevant. The most useful insights will come from research which challenges the current orthodoxy rather than research which merely reports it.

Construction research: a field of application

Research in construction management is diverse in content and in quality. There is much to be learned from more fundamental disciplines. Construction is a sub-set of human experience rather than a completely separate phenomenon. Therefore, it is likely that there are few problems in construction requiring the invention of a completely new theory. If construction researchers base their work only on that of other construction researchers, our academic community will become less relevant to the world at large. The theories that we develop or test must be of wider applicability to be of any real interest. In undertaking research, researchers learn a lot about themselves. Perhaps the only difference between research and education is that if we are learning about something which no-one else knows, then it is research, otherwise it is education. Self-awareness of this will help to reduce the chances of publishing work which only reveals a researcher’s own learning curve. Scientific method is not as simplistic as non-scientists claim and is the only real way of overcoming methodological weaknesses in our work. The reporting of research may convey the false impression that it is undertaken in the sequence in which it is written. Construction is not so unique and special as to require a completely different set of methods from other fields of enquiry. Until our research is reported in mainstream journals and conferences, there is little chance that we will influence the wider academic community and a concomitant danger that it will become irrelevant. The most useful insights will come from research which challenges the current orthodoxy rather than research which merely reports it.

Introducing Undergraduate Students to Science

Understanding the scientific method fosters the development of critical thinking and logical analysis of information. Additionally, proposing and testing a hypothesis is applicable not only to science, but also to ordinary facts of daily life. Knowing the way science is done and how its results are published is useful for all citizens and mandatory for science students. A 60-h course was created to offer undergraduate students a framework in which to learn the procedures of scientific production and publication. The course`s main focus was biochemistry, and it was comprised of two modules. Module I dealt with scientific articles, and Module II with research project writing. Module I covered the topics: 1) the difference between scientific knowledge and common sense, 2) different conceptions of science, 3) scientific methodology, 4) scientific publishing categories, 5) logical principles, 6) deductive and inductive approaches, and 7) critical reading of scientific articles. Module II dealt with 1) selection of an experimental problem for investigation, 2) bibliographic revision, 3) materials and methods, 4) project writing and presentation, 5) funding agencies, and 6) critical analysis of experimental results. The course adopted a collaborative learning strategy, and each topic was studied through activities performed by the students. Qualitative and quantitative course evaluations with Likert questionnaires were carried out at each stage, and the results showed the students` high approval of the course. The staff responsible for course planning and development also evaluated it positively. The Biochemistry Department of the Chemistry Institute of the University of Sao Paulo has offered the course four times.

Studio enquiry and new frontiers of research

Given the growing complexity of human existence, there is a need for new ways of representing ideas and of illuminating the world and domains of knowledge. A growing recognition of the limits of traditional ways of representing the world has given rise to a search for alternative approaches to transform and represent the contents of consciousness or what can be known of lived experience. Researchers are recognising that scientific inquiry is just one type of research and that ‘research is not merely a species of social science’ (Eisner 1997: 261). Dissatisfaction with positivism and behaviourism as reductive modes of knowing has also come from within the science disciplines themselves. In his work entitled, The Discontinuous Universe, (1972) Werner Heisenberg states that the knowledge of science is applicable only to limited realms of experience and the scientific method is but a single method for understanding the world. Moreover, the notion of scientifically-based knowledge as statements of ultimate truth contains an inner contradiction since ‘the employment of this procedure changes and transforms its object’ (Heisenberg 1972: 189). The work of Heisenberg and others including: Lincoln and Denzin (2003), Schwandt, (2001) and Schon (1983) reveals that knowledge is relational and that different models of inquiry will yield different forms of knowledge.

Aristotle's teleology

This thesis examines Aristotle’s dynamic, organic model of teleological explanation to see if it is a viable alternative to material reductionism. I argue that his teleology provides both a model for and an overview of the scientific enterprise. Aristotle’s theory of knowledge and perception is capable of exerting a unifying effect on the diversity of knowledge. The adoption of substance ontology gives a deeper understanding of any subject than a strictly cause-effect approach. His hylomorphism provides a clearer idea of the role of necessity in regular natural processes, and identifies the role of chance events as accidental anomalies. His actual-potential distinction is the key to understanding both Aristotle’s teleological approach and the complexity and diversity of living things. Aristotle’s teleology does not use only finality: all four conditions of change are incorporated as necessary and sufficient conditions for explanation and full understanding of change. Aristotle’s teleology, based on the human being as part of nature, is applicable at least in biological sciences to provide both a scientific methodology and a scientific method for the study of nature. It is particularly relevant to ecological studies, while his notion of the ‘good’ could be an acceptable criterion for funding of sustainable development.

Eureka moments in research : exploring abductive processes using four case examples

Abduction plays an important but often unacknowledged role in research – this regrettably leaving a large part of the research process hidden and unexamined (Levin-Rozalis 2000), particularly important innovative or creative components. This paper, firstly, introduces abduction and discusses some important concepts related to abduction and innovation. Secondly, it presents author’s own re-descriptions of previous research work. This new description seeks to describe perceived key “Eureka” moments in the research and thus make the creative components and abductive elements more visible. The paper demonstrates that much can be gained from opening a reflective space for the role of abduction in the research process.

Use of expert knowledge to elicit population trends for the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)

Aim: The koala is a widely distributed Australian marsupial with regional populations that are in rapid decline, are stable or have increased in size. This study examined whether it is possible to use expert elicitation to estimate abundance and trends of populations of this species. Diverse opinions exist about estimates of abundance and, consequently, the status of populations. Location: Eastern and south-eastern Australia Methods: Using a structured, four-step question format, a panel of 15 experts estimated population sizes of koalas and changes in those sizes for bioregions within four states. They provided their lowest plausible estimate, highest plausible estimate, best estimate and their degree of confidence that the true values were contained within these upper and lower estimates. We derived estimates of the mean population size of koalas and associated uncertainties for each bioregion and state. Results: On the basis of estimates of mean population sizes for each bioregion and state, we estimated that the total number of koalas for Australia is 329,000 (range 144,000-605,000) with an estimated average decline of 24% over the past three generations and the next three generations. Estimated percentage of loss in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia was 53%, 26%, 14% and 3%, respectively. Main conclusions: It was not necessary to achieve high levels of certainty or consensus among experts before making informed estimates. A quantitative, scientific method for deriving estimates of koala populations and trends was possible, in the absence of empirical data on abundances.

O que e o método científico: uma reflexão crítica sobre o método científico como subsídio para o ensino das ciências naturais

Ensinar ciência e, acima de tudo, ensinar o método científico e desenvolver a atitude crítica do estudante. Isto significa substituir a visão da ciência como uma coleção de fatos e teorias definitivamente estabelecidos, pela visão da ciência como um conhecimento racional - Porque crítico -, conjectural, provisório, sempre capaz de ser questionado e corrigido. Significa também opor à visão da ciência como uma representação completa e perfeita de fenômenos diretamente observáveis, a visão da ciência como uma reconstrução idealizada e parcial da realidade, que explica o visível pelo invisível. Nessa linha de raciocínio, devemos opor à idéia de uma observação pura e imparcial dos fatos, a ideia da observação guiada por hipóteses e teorias. Ensinar o meto do cientifico é questionar a ideia de que descobrimos e verificamos hipóteses através de procedimentos indutivos, substituindo-a pela ideia de que inventamos conjecturas ousadas, surgidas de nossa imaginação. Essas conjecturas, contudo, deverão ser testadas o mais severamente possível, através de tentativas de refutação que façam uso de experimentos controlados. No lugar da ilusória busca de teorias verificáveis, verdadeiras -ou pelo menos cada vez mais prováveis devemos buscar teorias de maior refutabilidade, cada vez mais amplas, precisas, profundas, de maior grau de corroboração e, talvez, mais próximas da verdade. Finalmente, ensinar o método científico significa também criticar cada uma das visões alternativas de ciência, propondo novos critérios para avaliar hipóteses e teorias científicas. É desnecessário dizer que estes critérios, por sua vez, devem também ser criticados, visto que a ausência de discussão crítica e a aceitação passiva e dogmática de um conjunto de ideias ou teorias e a não ciência, a pseudociência, enfim, a negação do espírito crítico e da racionalidade do homem.