Lorsque l'imaginaire migratoire rencontre les réalités de la migration : parcours de migrants volontaires et qualifiés de l'Afrique de l'Ouest au Québec

Différentes réalités et contextes actuels mondiaux font en sorte que de plus en plus de gens envisagent la migration comme projet de vie. La présente recherche s’intéresse à l’imaginaire migratoire comme facteur de mobilité, mais également comme facteur de modulation des réactions et du regard qu’entretiendra le migrant en rapport avec son vécu migratoire. Ainsi, la réflexion s’amorce en Afrique de l’Ouest, tandis que de jeunes Africains instruits et qualifiés élaborent un projet de migration volontaire vers le Canada, plus précisément dans la région du Québec. C’est investi de leur désir de l’Ailleurs, des représentations de l’Occident, de leur besoin de se réaliser et de l’impossibilité qu’ils rencontrent à accéder à la vie professionnelle souhaitée en Afrique qu’ils migrent vers le Canada. Quoiqu’ils soient dotés d’une détermination et d’un optimisme considérable, la rencontre entre l’imaginé et le quotidien de la vie au Québec comme immigrant et comme émigrant n’est pas toujours facile. Elle viendra révéler la profondeur du rêve, des mythes et des ambitions; les failles intérieures individuelles, les valeurs et les ambivalences de chacun, mais surtout la capacité qu’aura l’individu à revoir son imaginaire, à effectuer la réappropriation de son expérience migratoire et à élaborer de nouveaux projets. L’écart vécu par le sujet entre l’imaginé et le rencontré nous questionnera sur ce que véhiculent les messages et les images en circulation sur le Canada et l’Occident. Aussi, il témoignera de la prédominance de la préparation factuelle et psychologique de l’individu pour anticiper et mieux accueillir les réalités du parcours migratoire.

Vivre la musique judéo-espagnole en France : de la collecte à la patrimonialisation, l’artiste et la communauté

Doctorat réalisé en cotutelle avec l'Université Paris Sorbonne. La version intégrale de cette thèse est disponible uniquement pour consultation individuelle à la Bibliothèque de musique de l’Université de Montréal (www.bib.umontreal.ca/MU).

Archipel suivi de L'étrangère en son royaume : la psyché du lieu chez Marguerite Duras

À partir de courts récits, la narratrice reconstitue le passé d’une famille. Le personnage central, une petite fille, est la narratrice qui retrace les événements qui ont mené à l’éclatement de la cellule familiale. Cette histoire autobiographique est rédigée au « elle » dans un souci de se distancier de ce passé. La petite fille a grandi et la narratrice qu’elle est devenue se réapproprie son héritage : la possibilité d’écrire cette histoire. Dans l’œuvre de Marguerite Duras, les lieux sont souvent sollicités pour participer à la narration des événements. Dans La pute de la côte normande et Écrire, deux œuvres autobiographiques rédigées au « je », les lieux sont ceux du quotidien. Ceux-ci sont révélateurs de la psychologie de l’auteure et se mêlent à la préoccupation d’écrire. Ainsi, Marguerite Duras, ses lieux et son écriture se retrouvent-ils liés par le langage de l’auteure, lequel témoigne du vide laissé par la mort de son père.

Waxing Ornamental : Reading a Poetics of Excess in Virginia Woolf’s Orlando and Djuna Barnes’s Nightwood

Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur une poétique de l’excès dans Orlando de Virginia Woolf et Nightwood de Djuna Barnes comme une stratégie combattant la tendance qu’a le modernisme à dévaloriser l’écriture des femmes comme étant trop ornementale. J’expose comment Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, et Wyndham Lewis tentent de récupérer la notion du détail afin d’affirmer une poétique masculin. Je fais appel également aux oeuvres de l’architecte autrichien Adolf Loos qui souligne sa dénonciation de l’ornement comme régressif. Dans Orlando et Nightwood, je considère l’excès associé au corps. Je soutiens que, dans ces textes, les corps dépassent les limites de la représentation moderniste. Je considère aussi comment Orlando et Nightwood font apparaître la narration comme ornement et écrivent excessivement l’histoire et le temps. Pour conclure, je propose une façon de lire l’excès afin de reconceptualiser le potentiel de production de la signification dans des textes modernistes.

Recycling of NR Based Cured Latex Material Reclaimed with 2,2'-Dibenzamidodiphenyldisulphide in a TruckTire Tread Compound

It is observed that reclamation of natural rubber latex based rubber using 2,2'-dibenzamidodiphenvldisulphide as reclaiming agent is an optional methodology for recycling of waste latex rubber (WLR). For progressive replacement of virgin natural rubber by the reclaim, two alternatives curing system were investigated: adjustment or reduction of the curing system with increasing reclaim content, to compensate for the extra amount of curatives brought along by the reclaim. For fixed curing system, as if the reclaim were equivalent to virgin NR. The cure behavior, final crosslink density and distribution, mechanical properties, and dynamic viscoelastic properties of the blends with reclaimed WLR are measured and compared with the virgin compound. The morphology of the blends, sulfur migration, and final distribution are analyzed.The mechanical and dynamic viscoelastic properties deteriorate for both curing systems, but to a lesser extent for fixed curing system compared to adjusted curing system. With the fixed cure system, many properties like tensile strength and compression set do still deteriorate, but tan 6 and Mrrr„/Murxr, representative for the rolling resistance of tires are improved. On the other hand, with the adjusted cure system both mechanical and dynamic properties still deteriorate.

Rheological and Extrudate Behaviour of Natural RubberlLatexReclaim Blends

ABSTRACT: The rheological and extrudate behaviour of natural rubber/latex reclaim blends were evaluated using a capillary viscometer . The study shows that the viscosity of natural rubber decreases marginally on the addition of latex reclaim while the variation of viscosity with shear rate is not affected. The temperature sensitivity of the blends is not affected significantly with the addition of latex reclaim . The extrudates of natural rubber/latex reclaim blends are smooth up to the addition of about 50 wt. percent latex reclaim in filled natural rubber compounds.

The Utilization of Waste Latex Products in Styrene-Butadiene Rubber

Waste latex products are converted to a processabto material by a novel economical process developed in our laboratory , It contains rubber hydrocarbon of very high quality and Is lightly cross -linked. Styrene-butadlene rubber is mixed with latex reclaim In different proportions . The mechanical properties are found to be improved up to 60 percent replacement of styrene-butadlene rubber by latex reclaim . The curing of styrene-butadiene rubber Is found to be accelerated by the addition of latex reclaim. The processablllty study shows that the blends can be processed similar to SBRINR blends.

Cure Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Maleic Anhydride Grafted Reclaimed Rubber/ Styrene Butadiene Rubber Blends

Blends of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) with maleic anhydride grafted whole tire reclaim (MA-g-WTR) have been prepared and the cure and mechanical properties have been studied with respect to the reclaim content. The grafting was carried out in the presence of dicumylperoxide (DCP) in a Brabender Plasticorder at 150'C. The presence of anhydride group on the WTR was confirmed by infrared spectrometry (IR) study. The properties were compared with those of the blends containing unmodified WTR. Though the cure time was marginally higher, the mechanical properties of the blends containing grafted WTR were better than that of the unmodified blends.

Studies - on Maleic Anhydride Grafted Reclaimed Rubber/Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber Blends

Blends of Acrylonitrile rubber with Maleic anhydride grafted Whole Tyre Reclaim WTR (MA-g-WTR) have been prepared and the cure and mechanical properties have been studied with respect to reclaim content. Control compounds containing unmodified WTR were also prepared for comparison. Grafting was confirmed by IR studies. Blends containing grafted WTR showed higher minimum torque and (max-min) torque. They also showed longer cure time, scorch time and lower cure rate. Grafting of the WTR with maleic anhydride also resulted in the improved tensile strength, abrasion resistance, compression set and resilience. However, the heat build up under dynamic loading was marginally higher for the blends containing grafted reclaimed rubber.

Studies on Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber/Reclaimed Rubber Blends

Cure characteristics and mechanical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber/reclaimed rubber blends were studied. Minimum torque, (ma)dmum -minimum) torque, scorch time, cure time and cure rate decreased in presence of reclaimed rul3ber. Tensile strength, elongation at break and compression set increased'with increase in reclaim content. Resilience and abrasion resistance decreased with reclaim loading. Heat build up was higher for the blends. The ageing resistance of the blends was inferior to that of the gum compound.

STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER/RECLAIMED RUBBER BLENDS

Cure characteristics and mechanical properties of styrene butadiene rubber reclaimed rubber blends were studied. The blends showed improved processability, as indicated by the minimum torque values. Cure characteristics like minimum torque, (maximum-minimum) torque, cure time and cure rate decreased in the presence of reclaimed rubber. Tensile strength, tear strength, elongation at break were higher for blends. Resilience decreased with reclaim content. Compression set and abrasion loss were higher in the blends.

Studies on adhesives for bonding rubber to rubber and rubber to textiles

The primary objective of this investigation has been to develop more efficient and low cost adhesives for bonding various elastomer combinations particularly NR to NR, NR/PB to NR/PB, CR to CR,NR to CR and NR to NBR.A significant achievement of the investigation was the development of solventless and environment friendly solid adhesives for NR to NR and NR/PB to NR/PB particularly for precured retreading. Conventionally used adhesives in this area are mostly NR based adhesive strips in the presence of a dough. The study has shown that an ultra accelerator could be added to the dough just before applying it on the tire which can significantly bring down the retreading time resulting in prolonged tire service and lower energy consumption. Further latex reclaim has been used for the preparation of the solid strip which can reduce the cost considerably.Another significant finding was that by making proper selection of the RF resin, the efficiency and shelflife of the RFL adhesive used for nylon and rayon tire cord dipping can be improved. In the conventionally used RFL adhesive, the resin once prepared has to be added to the latex within 30 minutes and the RFL has to be used after 4 hours maturation time maximum shelf life of the RFL dip solution being 72 hours. In this study a formaldehyde deficient resin was used and hence more flexibility was available for mixing with latex and maturing. It also has a much longer shelf life. In the method suggested in this study, formaldehyde donors were added only in the rubber compound to make up the formaldehyde deficiency in the RFL. The results of this investigation show that the pull through load by employing this method and the conventional method are comparable. This study has also shown that the amount of RF resin with RFL adhesive can be partially replaced by other modifying agents for cost reduction.Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) resin can be employed for improving the bonding of dipped nylon and rayon cord with NR.Since CNSL resin cannot be added in the dip solution since it is not soluble in water, it was added in the rubber compound. The amount of wood rosin in the rubber compound can be reduced by using CNSL resin.Another interesting result of the investigation was the use of CR based adhesive modified with chlorinated natural rubber for CR to CR bonding. Addition of chlorinated natural rubber was found to improve sea water resistance of CR based adhesive. In the bonding of a polar rubber like nitrile rubber or polychloroprene rubber to a non polar rubber like natural rubber, an adhesive based on polychloroprene rubber was found to be effective.

Short Nylon-6 Fibre/Rubber-Toughened Polystyrene Composites

The thesis describes studies on development of short Nylon-6 fibre composites based on rubber-toughened polystyrene (PS). Toughening was done using natural rubber (NR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and whole tyre reclaim (WTR). The composites were prepared by melt mixing in an internal mixer at 170 oC. It was found that the optimum blend ratio was 85/15 for PS/NR, 90/10 for PS/SBR and 90/22 for PS/WTR blends. The effect of dynamic vulcanisation on 85/15 PS/NR and 90/10 PS/SBR blends using dicumyl peroxide (DCP) at various concentrations were also studied. The dynamic crosslinking improved the tensile properties, flexural properties, impact strength and dynamic mechanical properties of both the blends. The effect of unmodified and resorcinol formaldehyde latex (RFL)-coated short Nylon-6 fibres on the mechanical properties, morphology and dynamic mechanical properties of 85/15 PS/NR, 90/10 PS/SBR and 90/22 PS/WTR blends were studied. Fibre loading was varied from 0 to 3 wt.%. For 85/15 PS/NR blend, there was a significant enhancement in tensile properties, flexural properties and impact strength with 1 wt.% of both unmodified and RFL-coated fibres. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that the storage modulus at room temperature was maximum at 1 wt.% fiber loading for both composites. The surface functionality of the fiber was improved by giving alkali treatment. Maleic anhydride-grafted-polystyrene (MA-g-PS) was prepared and used as a compatibiliser. The effect of MA-g-PS on the composites was investigated with respect to mechanical properties, morphology and dynamic mechanical properties. The compatibiliser loading was varied from 0 to 2 wt.%. The properties were enhanced significantly in the case of treated and untreated fibre composites at a compatibiliser loading of 0.75 wt.%. SEM analysis confirmed better bonding between the fibre and the matrix. Dynamic mechanical studies showed that the storage modulus at room temperature improved for treated fibre composites in the presence of compatibiliser. In the case of 90/10 PS/SBR composites, the addition of short Nylon-6 fibres at 1 wt.% loading improved the tensile modulus, flexural properties and impact strength while the tensile strength was marginally reduced. The surface treated fibers along with compatibiliser at 0.5 wt.% improved the tensile properties, flexural properties and impact strength. DMA reveale that the storage modulus at room temperature was better for composites containing untreated fibre and the compatibiliser. In the case of 90/22 PS/WTR blends, 1 wt.% unmodified fibre and 0.5 wt.% RFL-coated fibres improved tensile modulus, flexural properties and impact strength. Tensile strength was improved marginally. The surface treatment of Nylon fibre and the addition of compatibiliser at 0.5 wt.% enhanced the tensile properties, flexural properties and impact strength. The dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the storage modulus at room temperature was better for untreated fibre composites in conjunction with the compatibiliser. The thermal stability of PS/NR was studied by TGA. Thermal stability of the blends improved with dynamic vulcanisation and with the incorporation of RFL-coated Nylon fibres. The untreated and partially hydrolyzed fibre composites in conjunction with the compatibiliser enhanced the thermal stability. Kinetic studies showed that the degradation of the blends and the composites followed first order kinetics.

Covulcanization of elastomer blends with special reference to NR/EPDM blends

Attempts have been made to attain satisfactory network structures in each of the phases of a rubber blend by minimising the cure rate imbalance by employing methods such as grafting of accelerators to the slow curing rubber, chemically bonding the crosslinking agents to the rubber in which it has lower solubility, functionalisation of the slow curing rubber, masterbatching of the curing agents to the slow curing rubber etc. Functionalisation of the slow curing constituents of NR/IIR and NR/EIPDM blends is tried using novel reagents as the first part of this study. However, the crux of the present study is a more direct approach to attaining a covulcanized state in NR/IIR and NR/EPDM blends: Precuring the slow curing rubber (IIR or EPDM) to a low level when it can still blend with NR and then to ck) the final curing after blending with NR. TNM3 precuring is also likely to minimise the viscosity mismatch. Since a low level of resmmal crosslink density is likely to be present lJ1 reclaimed rubbers, blending heat resistant reclaimed rubber such as butyl reclaim with NR may also have the same effect of precuring IIR, and then blending with NR. Hence use of IIR reclaim for developing blends with NR is also proposed to be investigated in this study

Cultivating the City: Infrastructures of abundance in urban Brazil

Urban agriculture, if it is to become integrated into the city, needs landscape architectural thinking in order to be woven into the larger urban fabric. Thinking at the scale of ecosystems running through a city creates a framework for spatial change; thinking in assemblages of stakeholders and actors creates a framework for social investment and development. These overlapping frameworks are informed and perhaps even defined by the emergent field of landscape democracy. Cultivating the City is a prospective design project seeking to embody landscape democratic principles. The intention is to reclaim the meaning of landscape as the relationship between people and place, both shaping each other. The design in question is a proposed network of urban agriculture typologies in Porto Alegre, Brazil. These hypothetical designs, emphasizing agroforestry with native species, serve as a basis for dialogue between potential stakeholders and as catalysts for future projects. This landscape architecture project sets out to be a mediator in processes of spatial evolution in order to envision just and sustainable urban landscapes.