Suplementação da dieta de vacas leiteiras mantidas em pastagens com virginiamicina e soja crua ou tostada

Pós-graduação em Zootecnia - FCAV

Influência do despendoamento e da desfolha na produção e qualidade de sementes de milho

Pós-graduação em Agronomia - FCAV

Digestibilidade e exigência de aminoácidos para juvenis de pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Qualidade do café natural e despolpado em diferentes condições de secagem e tempos de armazenamento

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Testes de estresse na avaliação do vigor de sementes de milho

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Rotação e técnicas de manejo de biomassa em sistema plantio direto no cultivo de soja e milho

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Ciência do Solo) - FCAV

2D-DIGE analysis of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit reveals major proteomic changes associated with ripening

A comparative proteomic investigation between the pre-climacteric and climacteric mango fruits (cv. Keitt) was performed to identify protein species with variable abundance during ripening. Proteins were phenol-extracted from fruits, cyanine-dye-labeled, and separated on 2D gels at pH 4-7. Total spot count of about 373 proteins spots was detected in each gel and forty-seven were consistently different between pre-climacteric and climacteric fruits and were subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis. Functional classification revealed that protein species involved in carbon fixation and hormone biosynthesis decreased during ripening, whereas those related to catabolism and the stress-response, including oxidative stress and abiotic and pathogen defense factors, accumulated. In relation to fruit quality, protein species putatively involved in color development and pulp softening were also identified. This study on mango proteomics provides an overview of the biological processes that occur during ripening. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Uso de marcadores moleculares para la racionalización y evaluación de la calidad en las colecciones de Recursos Fitogenéticos de trigo

Esta tesis tiene dos objetivos generales: el primero, analizar el uso de proteínas del endospermo y SSRs para la racionalización de las colecciones de trigo, y el segundo, estudiar la influencia de las proteínas del endospermo, del año de cultivo y del abonado nitrogenado en la calidad en un grupo de variedades locales españolas. Dentro del primer objetivo, se estudió la diversidad genética de la colección de Triticum monococcum L. (escaña menor), y de una muestra de la colección de Triticum turgidum L. (trigo duro) del CRF-INIA, con 2 y 6 loci de gliadinas, y 6 y 24 SSRs, para la escaña menor y el trigo duro, respectivamente. Ambas colecciones presentaron una gran diversidad genética, con una gran diferenciación entre las variedades y pequeña dentro de ellas. Los loci de gliadinas mostraron una gran variabilidad, siendo los loci Gli-2 los más útiles para distinguir variedades. En la escaña menor, las gliadinas presentaron mayor poder de discriminación que los SSRs; aunque en trigo duro los SSRs identificaron más genotipos. El número de alelos encontrado fue alto; 24 y 38 en gliadinas, y 29 y 203 en SSRs, en escaña menor y trigo duro, respectivamente. En trigo duro, se identificaron 17 alelos nuevos de gliadinas lo que demuestra que el germoplasma español es muy singular. En ambas especies, se detectaron asociaciones entre la variación alélica en prolaminas y el origen geográfico y filogenético de las variedades. La utilidad de las proteínas (6 loci de gliadinas, 2 loci de gluteninas y proteína total) y de los SSRs (24 loci) para verificar duplicados, y analizar la variabilidad intraaccesión, se estudió en 23 casos de duplicados potenciales de trigo duro. Los resultados indicaron que tanto los biotipos como las accesiones duplicadas mostraban el mismo genotipo en gliadinas, pocas diferencias o ninguna en las subunidades de gluteninas HMW y proteína total, y diferencias en menos de tres loci de SSRs. El mismo resultado se obtuvo para los biotipos de la colección de T. monococcum. Sin embargo, las discrepancias observadas en algunos casos entre proteínas y SSRs demostraron la utilidad del uso conjunto de ambos tipos de marcadores. Tanto las proteínas como los SSRs mostraron gran concordancia con los caracteres agro-morfológicos, especialmente cuando las diferencias entre los genotipos eran grandes. Sin embargo, los caracteres agro-morfológicos fueron menos discriminantes que los marcadores moleculares. Para el segundo objetivo de la tesis, se analizó la variación alélica en siete loci de prolaminas relacionados con la calidad en trigo duro: Glu-A1 y Glu-B1 de gluteninas HMW, Glu-A3, Glu-B3 y Glu-B2 de gluteninas B-LMW, y Gli-A1 y Gli-B1 de gliadinas. La submuestra analizada incluía variedades locales de todas las provincias españolas donde se ha cultivado tradicionalmente el trigo duro. Todos los loci, excepto el Glu-B2, mostraron gran variabilidad genética, siendo los Glu-3 los más polimórficos. En total, se identificaron 65 alelos, de los que 29 eran nuevos, que representan una fuente importante de variabilidad genética para la mejora de la calidad. Se detectaron diferencias en la composición en prolaminas entre la convar. turgidum y la zona norte, y la convar. durum y la zona sur; el genotipo Glu-B3new-1 - Gli-B1new-1 fue muy común en la convar. turgidum, mientras que el Glu-B3a - Gli-B1c, asociado con mejor calidad, fue más frecuente en la convar. durum. En la convar. turgidum, se observó mayor variabilidad que en la convar. durum, principalmente en los loci Glu-B1 y Glu-B3, lo que indica que esta convariedad puede ser una fuente valiosa de nuevos alelos de gluteninas. Esta submuestra fue evaluada para calidad (contenido en proteína, P, y test de sedimentación, SDSS) con dos dosis de abonado nitrogenado (N), y en dos años diferentes. No se detectaron interacciones Variedad × Año, ni Variedad × N en la calidad. Para la P, los efectos ambientales (año y N) fueron mayores que el efecto de la variedad, siendo, en general, mayor la P con dosis altas de N. La variedad influyó más en el test SDSS, que no se vio afectado por el año ni el N. El aumento del contenido en proteína no influyó significativamente sobre la fuerza del gluten estimada con el SDSS. Respecto a la influencia de las prolaminas en la fuerza del gluten, se confirmó la superioridad del Glu-B3a; aunque también se detectó una influencia alta y positiva de los alelos nuevos Glu-A3new-1, y Glu-B3new-6 y new-9. La no correlación entre el rendimiento (evaluado en un trabajo anterior) y la P, en las variedades adaptadas a bajo N, permitió seleccionar cuatro variedades locales con alto rendimiento y buena fuerza del gluten para producción con bajo N. SUMMARY There are two main objectives in this thesis: The first, to analyse the use of endosperm proteins and SSRs to rationalize the wheat collections, and the second, to study the influence on quality of endosperm proteins, year and nitrogen fertilization in a group of Spanish landraces. For the first objective, we studied the genetic diversity of the collection of Triticum monococcum L. (cultivated einkorn), and of a sample of the collection of Triticum turgidum L. (durum wheat) maintained at the CRF-INIA. Two and 6 gliadin loci, and 6 and 24 SSRs, were used for einkorn and durum wheat, respectively. Both collections possessed a high genetic diversity, being the differentiation large between varieties and small within them. Gliadin loci showed great variability, being the loci Gli-2 the most useful for distinguish among varieties. In einkorn, the gliadins showed higher discrimination power than SSRs; although SSRs identified more genotypes in durum wheat. Large number of alleles were found; 24 and 38 in gliadins, and 29 and 203 in SSRs, for einkorn and durum wheat, respectively. In durum wheat, 17 new alleles of gliadins were identified, which indicate that Spanish durum wheat germplasm is rather unique. Some associations between prolamin alleles and geographical and phylogenetic origin of varieties were found in both species. The value of endosperm proteins (6 gliadin loci, 2 glutenin loci and total protein) and SSRs (24 loci) for validation of duplicates, and monitoring the intra-accession variability, was studied in 23 potential duplicates of durum wheat. The results indicated that biotypes and duplicated accessions showed identical gliadin genotype, few or none differences in HMW glutenin subunits and total protein, and less than three different SSR loci. A similar result was obtained for biotypes of T. monococcum. However, the discrepancies in some cases support the convenience to use together both marker systems. A good concordance among endosperm proteins, agro-morphological traits and SSRs were also found, mainly when differences between genotypes were high. However, agro-morphological traits discriminated less between accessions than molecular markers. For the second objective of the thesis, we analysed the allelic variation at seven prolamin loci, involved in durum wheat quality: Glu-A1 and Glu-B1 of HMW glutenin, Glu-A3, Glu-B3 and Glu-B2 of B-LMW glutenin, and Gli-A1 and Gli-B1 of gliadin. The subsample analysed included landraces from all the Spanish provinces where the crop was traditionally cultivated. All the loci, except for Glu-B2, showed high genetic variability, being Glu-3 the most polymorphic. A total of 65 alleles were studied, 29 of them being new, which represent an important source of variability for quality improvement. Differences in prolamin composition were detected between convar. turgidum and the North zone, and the convar. durum and the South zone; the genotype Glu-B3new-1 - Gli-B1new-1 was very common in the convar. turgidum, while the Glu- B3a - Gli-B1c, associated with better quality, was more frequent in the convar. durum. Higher variability was detected in the convar. turgidum than in the convar. durum, mainly at the Glu-B1 and Glu-B3, showing that this convariety could be a valuable source of new glutenin alleles. The subsample was evaluated for quality (protein content, P, and sedimentation test, SDSS) with two doses of nitrogen fertiliser (N), and in two different years. No significant Variety x Year or Variety x Nitrogen interactions were detected. For P, environmental (year and N) effects were higher than variety effect, being P values , in general, larger with high dose of N. The variety exhibited a strong influence on SDSS test, which was not affected by year and N. Increasing values of P did not significantly influence on gluten strength, estimated with the SDSS. Respect to the prolamin effects on gluten strength, the superiority of Glu-B3a was confirmed; although a high positive effect of the new alleles Glu-A3new-1, and Glu-B3new-6 and new-9 was also detected. The no correlation between yield (evaluated in a previous research) and P, in the landraces adapted to low N, allowed to select four landraces with high yield and high gluten strength for low N production.

Parâmetros genéticos e obtenção de genótipos de soja com ausência de lipoxigenase e características agronômicas em baixas latitudes

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, 2016.

Aluminium tolerance in bean traditional cultivars from Madeira

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important legume crop in the world, providing low-cost, high quality protein, minerals and dietary fiber for human nutrition. The crop was originated from diversity centers in America and exhibits adaptation abilities to different environmental conditions, including soil with low pH. Acid soils occupy 30% of the agro ecosystem areas in the world. In Madeira, acid Andosols and unsatured Cambisols are the dominant groups of soils. Generally, under acidic and infertile conditions, besides of H+ toxicity, soluble aluminium (Al) is the most important abiotic factor limiting plant development and crop productivity. In the field, the hidden roots are also affected and the reduction of root growth under Al stress can be clearly observed in early stages. Seedlings of fifty bean accessions from the Archipelago of Madeira were tested under controlled conditions in the presence of 50 mM Al at pH 4.4. In general, the tested germplasm appeared to be sensitive or very sensitive to Al toxicity. However, fifteen traditional cultivars clearly exhibited elevated Al-tolerance, with an average root relative elongation (RRE) exceeding 50%, while top six accessions surpassed the 60% RRE mark. The Madeira bean germplasm is a valuable resource for sustainable crop production in acid soils and it could be used as parental lines in breeding programs aimed for Al tolerance in common beans.

Aluminium tolerance in bean traditional cultivars from Madeira

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important legume crop in the world, providing low-cost, high quality protein, minerals and dietary fiber for human nutrition. The crop was originated from diversity centers in America and exhibits adaptation abilities to different environmental conditions, including soil with low pH. Acid soils occupy 30% of the agro ecosystem areas in the world. In Madeira, acid Andosols and unsatured Cambisols are the dominant groups of soils. Generally, under acidic and infertile conditions, besides of H+ toxicity, soluble aluminium (Al) is the most important abiotic factor limiting plant development and crop productivity. In the field, the hidden roots are also affected and the reduction of root growth under Al stress can be clearly observed in early stages. Seedlings of fifty bean accessions from the Archipelago of Madeira were tested under controlled conditions in the presence of 50 mM Al at pH 4.4. In general, the tested germplasm appeared to be sensitive or very sensitive to Al toxicity. However, fifteen traditional cultivars clearly exhibited elevated Al-tolerance, with an average root relative elongation (RRE) exceeding 50%, while top six accessions surpassed the 60% RRE mark. The Madeira bean germplasm is a valuable resource for sustainable crop production in acid soils and it could be used as parental lines in breeding programs aimed for Al tolerance in common beans.

Intake, growth and meat quality of steers given diets based on varying proportions of maize silage and grass silage

Simmental × Holstein-Friesian steers were offered four forage diets. These comprised grass silage (G); proportionately 0·67 grass silage, proportionately 0·33 maize silage (GGM); 0·33 grass silage, 0·67 maize silage ( MMG); maize silage ( M) from 424 (s.d. = 11·5) kg to slaughter at a minimum weight of 560 kg. Forages were mixed and offered ad libitum. Steers were offered 2 kg of a concentrate daily, the concentrate being formulated such that all steers had similar crude protein intakes across dietary treatments. A sample of steers was slaughtered at the beginning of the experimental period to allow the calculation of the rate of gain of the carcass and its components. Carcass dissection of a sample of steers allowed the development of a prediction equation of carcass composition based on thoracic limb dissection of all carcasses. Forage dry matter intake and live-weight gain increased linearly as maize silage replaced grass silage in the forage mixture, resulting in improvements in food conversion ratio (all P = 0·001). Killing-out proportion increased with maize silage inclusion ( P < 0·001) but fat and conformation scores did not differ significantly between diets. However, increasing maize inclusion in the diet resulted in a greater weight ( P = 0·05) and proportion ( P = 0·008) of fat in the carcass, and significant increases in internal fat deposition. The inclusion of maize led to a progressive increase in the daily gains of carcass ( P < 0·001), and significant increases in the daily gains of both fat ( P < 0·001) and lean tissue ( P < 0·001). Fat colour was more yellow in cattle given diets G and GGM than diets MMG and M ( P < 0·001) and colour intensity was lower on diet M than the other three diets ( P < 0·001). There were no significant differences in any aspects of eating quality between diets. Therefore, maize silage has the potential to reduce the time taken for finishing beef animals to achieve slaughter weight with no apparent detrimental effects on subsequent meat quality.

Identification of non-zein proteins in BR473 maize protein bodies by LC-nanoESI-MS/MS

The nutritional value of maize seed is limited due to its high content of storage proteins (zeins), which are deficient in essential amino acids such as lysine and tryptophan. In a previous paper, we showed that protein bodies obtained from BR473 maize variety, developed by Embrapa (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation), were mainly constituted by Z27 and a smaller quantity of Z50 gamma-zeins. Besides zein proteins, other not identified protein band in the SDS/PAGE was also observed, which could indicate the presence of non-zein proteins additionally to gamma-zeins. In the present paper, we have demonstrated the presence of non-zein proteins in BR473 maize protein bodies by LC-nanoESI-MS/MS and database searching. This fact could be related to the excellent energetic value and higher protein quality of BR473 maize grains, since high lysine concentration in some maize varieties has been related to the presence of cytoskeleton proteins that are non-zeins. We have identified the following proteins: Brittle-1 protein (chloroplast precursor), Legumin-1, glyceroldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and elongation factor 1-alpha.

Nutritional Quality of Sorghum Seeds: Storage Proteins and Amino Acids

One sorghum commercial genotype (MASSA 03) and nine ICRISAT high-lysine genotypes from India were analyzed for storage protein content, distribution profile, and soluble amino acid concentrations. Storage proteins fraction were extracted and separated by SDS-PAGE. Soluble amino acids contents were determined by HPLC. Variations in intensity and appearance and disappearance of protein bands were observed among the sorghum genotypes suggesting genetic variability. Amino acid profile also indicated large variations in the amino acid concentrations. The high lysine and threonine soluble concentrations observed in the seeds of the sorghum genotypes encouraged the use of these genotypes as potential food source due to the better balanced amino acids profile.

Feed intake and liveweight responses to nitrogen and/or protein supplements by steers of Bos taurus, Bos indicus and Bos taurus x Bos indicus breed types offered a low quality grass hay

Thirty steers were used in two pen experiments (Expts 1 and 2). and 27 of these in a third (Expt 3), to quantify their responses of hay intake, rumen ammonia nitrogen (RAN) concentrations, and liveweight to inputs of rumen soluble nitrogen (urea) and rumen undegradable protein (formaldehyde-treated casein; F-casein) when added to a basal diet of low quality hays. The hays were made From unimproved native pastures typical of those grazed by cattle in the subtropics of Australia and contained 7.8 g N/kg dry matter (DM) with coefficient of organic matter digestibility of 0.503 in Expts 1 and 2, and 5.2 g N/kg DM with a digestibility range from 0.385 to 0.448 in Expt 3. The steers (15 months old) were either Brahman (B), Hereford (H) or the F-1 Brahman x Hereford (BH) cross. Steers were offered supplementary minerals with the hays in each experiment. In Expt 1 (35 days) urea was sprayed on part of the hay, allowing for daily urea intakes (g/steer) of either 0, 5, 11, 16 or 26. In Expt 2 (42 days), F-casein was offered daily (g/steer) at either 0, 75, 150, 225 or 300 and in Expt 3 (56 days) discrete offerings were made of soluble casein (225 g/day), of urea (18 g/day) + F-casein (225 g/day) or of nil. There were significant linear effects of urea intake upon hay intake and liveweight change of steers. However, B steers had smaller increases in intake and liveweight change than did H steers, and B steers did not have a linear increase in RAN concentrations with increasing urea intake as did H and SH steers. In Expt 2 there were significant linear effects of F-casein supplements on hay intake and liveweight change of steers and a significant improvement in their feed conversion ratio (i.e. DM intake:liveweight change). The B steers did not differ from H and BH steers in liveweight change but had significantly lower hay intakes and non-significantly smaller increases in RAN with increasing F-casein intake. In Expt 3, hay intake of the steers increased with soluble casein (by 16.8 %) and with urea + F-casein (24.5 %). Only steers given urea + F-casein had a high RAN concentration (94 mg/l) and a high liveweight gain. The B steers had a liveweight loss and a lower hay intake than H or BH steers in Expt 3 but a higher RAN concentration. These studies have indicated the importance of the form and quantity of additional N required by cattle of differing breed types to optimize their feed intake and liveweight gain when offered low-N, low-digestible hays.